Quercus Rubra L

Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group

Tree factsheet images at pages 3 and 4

Quercus rubra L. taxonomy author, year Linnaeus, 1753 synonym Quercus borealis Michx. Family Fagaceae Eng. Name Red oak, Northern Red Oak Dutch name Amerikaanse eik subspecies - varieties none hybrids Q. x columnaris Laughlin ( Q. rubra x Q. palustris ) cultivars, frequently used -

references Schmidt, P. 1987. Nederlandse boomsoorten I, Syllabus Vakgroep Bosbouw, Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen USDA Forest Service http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/index.html Plants for a Future Database; www.pfaf.org/index.html

morphology crown habit tree, round to spreading max. height (m) 30 (50) max. dbh (cm) 200 and more actual size Europe actual size Netherlands year 1750-1800, d(130) 117, h 22 year 1850-1860, d(130) 143, h 38 year 1900-1910, d(130) 178, h 28 leaf length (cm) 15-21 leaf petiole (cm) 3-4 leaf colour upper surface green leaf colour under surface green leaves arrangement alternate flowering May flowering plant monoecious flower monosexual flower diameter (cm) 0,2 pollination wind fruit; length acorn in a napkin; 2 cm fruit petiole (cm) 5-8 seed; length acorn; 2 cm seed-wing length (cm) not present weight 1000 seeds (g) 2500-4000 seeds ripen October second year seed dispersal rodents (wood mice), birds (jay)

habitat natural distribution East and Mid USA and Canada in N.W. Europe since 1825 natural areas The Netherlands - geological landscape types The Netherlands coversand area, ice-pushed ridges, till plateau (Hoek 1997) forested areas The Netherlands dry sandy, loamy soils; half shaded pine forests area Netherlands 5.961 ha (2002, Probos) % of forest trees in the Netherlands 2,3 (2002, Probos) soil type pH-KCl acid to neutral soil fertility nutrient poor to nutrient rich light half shade tolerant shade tolerance 2.8 (0=no tolerance to 5=max. tolerance) drought tolerance 2.9 (0=no tolerance to 5=max. tolerance) waterlogging tolerance 1.1 (0=no tolerance to 5=max. tolerance) plant communities in the Netherlands Klasse der Eiken-Beukenbossen op voedselarme grond

management status USA frequent species in forests and urban environment status Europe frequent exotic species in forests and urban environment status The Netherlands frequent exotic species in forests and urban environment application timber tree, street tree propagation seed regeneration planting; natural regeneration optimal gap size for regeneration 2-3x tree length first plantation Netherlands resprouting after cutting good growth rate (M.A.I. in m 3ha -1j-1) moderate; 3-9 diseases Phytophtora ramorum – fungus on bark, Sudden oak death insects larvae Operophtera brumata – Winter moth (Kleine wintervlinder)

wood wood Red oak (Amerikaans rood eiken) wood structures key characteristics of pores Ring porous. Very wide rays. Flame-like groupings of pores in latewood. vol. mass heartwood (kg/m3) (650-)700(-800) (12% moisture content) elastic modulus (N/mm 2) 12.500

durability heartwood fungus 4 heartwood color reddish light brown sapwood color white to yellow contents tannin (looizuur) products construction timber, flooring, cladding, furniture, firewood

non-timber products

Ülo Niinemets and Fernando Valladares. 2006. Tolerance to shade, drought, and waterlogging of temperate Northern Hemisphere trees and shrubs. Ecological Monographs 76:521–547

mature tree at Renkum, Veluwe

Young Red oak in Wageningen

Leaves in Spring winter twig

Acorns Stems of a young tree

Red oak trees in a double avenue, Renkum, Veluwe, in Autumn

Girdled Red oaks in National Park De Hamert, Limburg Recently cut Red oak logs at Hoenderloo, Veluwe