Revision of Lineostethus
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from Mexico and Guatemala
The Journal Volume 48: 51-57 of Research on the Lepidoptera ISSN 0022-4324 (PR in T ) THE LEPIDOPTERA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, 27 SEPTEMBER 2015 ISSN 2156-5457 (O N L in E ) Two new species of Euptychia Hübner 1818 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from Mexico and Guatemala Shinichi NA K aha R A 1*, JORGE E. LLORE N TE -BO us Q U ET S 2, ARM and O Luis -MA RTÍ N EZ 2, Jac Q U EL in E Y. MI LLER 1 & And REW D. WA RRE N 1 1McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, P.O. Box 112710, Gaines- ville, Florida 32611, USA 2Museo de Zoología, “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-399, México 04510 D.F., México [email protected] Abstract. Two new species of Euptychia are described and illustrated from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Euptychia neblina A. Warren & Nakahara n. sp., is described from eleven specimens from cloud forest habitats in the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Chiapas, as well as Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. Euptychia lacandona A. Warren & Nakahara n. sp., is currently known from a single female specimen from Chiapas, Mexico. We discuss possible relationships between these two new species and other species of Euptychia. Key words: Biogeography, butterfly, cloud forest, endemic, satyr. Resumen. Se describe e ilustra a dos especies nuevas de Euptychia del sur de México y Guatemala. Euptychia neblina A. Warren & Nakahara n. sp. se describe en base a once ejemplares de bosque mesófilo de los estados de Oaxaca y Chiapas en México, junto con Baja Verapaz, Guatemala.Euptychia lacandona A. -
ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 1, 206-211
ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 1, 206-211 Journal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH RESEARCH ARTICLE BUTTERFLY SPECIES DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE IN MANIKKUNNUMALA FOREST OF WESTERN GHATS, INDIA. M. K. Nandakumar1, V.V. Sivan1, Jayesh P Joseph1, M. M. Jithin1, M. K. Ratheesh Narayanan2, N. Anilkumar1. 1 Community Agrobiodiversity Centre, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation,Puthoorvayal, Kalpetta, Kerala- 673121, India 2 Department of Botany, Payyanur College, Edat P.O., Kannur, Kerala-670327, India Manuscript Info Abstract Manuscript History: Butterflies, one of the most researched insect groups throughout the world, are also one of the groups that face serious threats of various kinds and in Received: 11 November 2014 Final Accepted: 26 December 2014 varying degrees. Wayanad district is one of the biodiversity rich landscapes Published Online: January 2015 within the biodiversity hot spot of Western Ghats. This paper essentially deals with the abundance and diversity of butterfly species in Key words: Manikkunnumala forest in Wayanad district of Western Ghats. The hilly ecosystem of this area is under various pressures mainly being Butterfly diversity, Abundance, anthropogenic. Still this area exhibits fairly good diversity; this includes Wayanad, Western Ghats some very rare and endemic butterflies. When assessed the rarity and *Corresponding Author abundance, six out of 94 recorded butterflies comes under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The area needs immediate attention to conserve the M. K. Nandakumar remaining vegetation in order to protect the butterfly diversity. Copy Right, IJAR, 2015,. All rights reserved INTRODUCTION Butterflies are one of the unique groups of insects, which grasp the attention of nature lovers worldwide. -
Butterflies of Sri Lanka
Gehan's Photo Booklet Butterflies of Sri Lanka and Southern India YS% ,xldfõ iy ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ iuk<hska ,yq;ifapYk; njd; ,e;jpahtpYk; cs;s tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpfs; Gehan de Silva Wijeyeratne f.ydka o is,ajd úf–r;ak nf`hd; j rpy;th tpN[auj;d A Conservation Project fcÜúka n[l;tpq; Jetwing ECO HOLIDAYS Status The key used for the status in Sri Lanka is as follows. C = Common R = Resident U = Uncommon M= Migrant S = Scarce E = Endemic H = Highly as in Highly Scarce V = Vagrant (Very Scarce is not used as V is already used to denote vagrant) As can be seen from the table above, an indication of abundance on the left column combines with an indication of status on the right hand column, to indicate the overall status of a species. Thus HSR means Highly Scarce Resident, CR means Common Resident and so on. ;;ajh fuu iqÑfhka rg;=, ;;ajh fmkakqï lrh's C = iq,N R = ksjeis U = iq,N ke;s M= ksyeß$ixpdrl S = ÿ¾,N E = wdfõksl$;ekaje;s H = b;d V= wdhdf,a hk by; oelafjk j.=fjys jï ;Srefõ úfYaIfha iq,N;djh;a ol=Kq ;Srefõ rg;=, ;;ajh;a fmkakqï lrhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka HSR hkq b;d ÿ¾,N ksjeisfhls" CR hkq i q,N ksjeishla jYfhks' juhjuk; ,t;tl;ltiz ehl;bYs;s epiyikia fhl;Lk; C = nghJthdit R = cs;@u; U = mUikahdit M= Gyk;ngau;git S = mw;Gjkhdit E = Fwpg;ghdit H = mjpmw;Gjkhdit V = miye;Jjpuptd NkNy cs;s ml;ltizapypUe;J mwpe;Jnfhs;sf;$baJ vd;dntdpy;> tyJgf;f $l;bDs; Vwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;L;sitAld; ,lJgf;f $l;by; Fwpj;Jf;fhllg;gl;litia ,izj;J xl;Lnkhj;j ,dq;fspdJk; juhjuj;ijf; Fwpj;Jf; fl;LjyhFk;. -
INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a Synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a Historical Sketch
ZOOLOGÍA-TAXONOMÍA www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia.htm Caldasia 31(2):407-440. 2009 HACIA UNA SÍNTESIS DE LOS PAPILIONOIDEA (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a historical sketch JOSÉ LUIS SALINAS-GUTIÉRREZ El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Unidad Chetumal. Av. Centenario km. 5.5, A. P. 424, C. P. 77900. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, México. [email protected] CLAUDIO MÉNDEZ Escuela de Biología, Universidad de San Carlos, Ciudad Universitaria, Campus Central USAC, Zona 12. Guatemala, Guatemala. [email protected] MERCEDES BARRIOS Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas (CECON), Universidad de San Carlos, Avenida La Reforma 0-53, Zona 10, Guatemala, Guatemala. [email protected] CARMEN POZO El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Unidad Chetumal. Av. Centenario km. 5.5, A. P. 424, C. P. 77900. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, México. [email protected] JORGE LLORENTE-BOUSQUETS Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Apartado Postal 70-399, México D.F. 04510; México. [email protected]. Autor responsable. RESUMEN La riqueza biológica de Mesoamérica es enorme. Dentro de esta gran área geográfi ca se encuentran algunos de los ecosistemas más diversos del planeta (selvas tropicales), así como varios de los principales centros de endemismo en el mundo (bosques nublados). Países como Guatemala, en esta gran área biogeográfi ca, tiene grandes zonas de bosque húmedo tropical y bosque mesófi lo, por esta razón es muy importante para analizar la diversidad en la región. Lamentablemente, la fauna de mariposas de Guatemala es poco conocida y por lo tanto, es necesario llevar a cabo un estudio y análisis de la composición y la diversidad de las mariposas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) en Guatemala. -
A Revision of the New Genus Amiga Nakahara, Willmott & Espeland, Gen. N., Described for Papilio Arnaca Fabricius, 1776
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 821: 85–152 (2019) A revision of the new genus Amiga 85 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.821.31782 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A revision of the new genus Amiga Nakahara, Willmott & Espeland, gen. n., described for Papilio arnaca Fabricius, 1776 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) Shinichi Nakahara1,2, Gerardo Lamas2, Stephanie Tyler1,3, Mario Alejandro Marín4, Blanca Huertas5, Keith R. Willmott1, Olaf H. H. Mielke6, Marianne Espeland7 1 McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Flo- rida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA 2 Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru 3 School of Architecture, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005 USA 4 Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP. 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil 5 Life Sciences Department, Natural Hi- story Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 6 Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa postal 19020, 81.531 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil 7 Arthropoda Department, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauer Allee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany Corresponding author: Shinichi Nakahara ([email protected]) Academic editor: T. Simonsen | Received 20 November 2018 | Accepted 3 January 2019 | Published 31 January 2019 http://zoobank.org/ECFCCAF6-8D99-457B-B9F8-2443089D0182 Citation: Nakahara S, Lamas G, Tyler S, Marín MA, Huertas B, Willmott KR, Mielke OHH, Espeland M (2019) A revision of the new genus Amiga Nakahara, Willmott & Espeland gen. n., described for Papilio arnaca Fabricius, 1776 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). -
A New Species of Ragadia Westwood [1851] from N.W. Yunnan, China (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) by Song-Yun Lang Received 22.V.2017
Atalanta 48 (1-4): 238-239, Marktleuthen (1. September 2017), ISSN 0171-0079 A new species of Ragadia WESTWOOD [1851] from N.W. Yunnan, China (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) by SONG-YUN LANG received 22.V.2017 Abstract: A new species, Ragadia liae spec. nov., from Dulongjiang Valley, Gongshan County, N.W. Yunnan Province, China, is described and illustrated in this paper. Introduction: Two species of the genus Ragadia WESTWOOD, [1851] have been known from the eastern Himalayan regi- on (Bhutan, N.E. India, N. Myanmar, S.E. Tibet, northwesternmost of Yunnan), viz. R. crisilda HEWITSON, 1862 and R. crito DE NICÉVIllE, 1890 (TAlbOT, [1949]; D’ABRERA 1985; HUANG 2000, 2003; SHIZUYA et al. 2005). In this paper, a new species from Dulong-jiang (upper water of Nmai Hka River) Valley, northwesternmost of Yunnan, is described. Therefore, it is the third species of Ragadia WESTWOOD from this region. All specimens, excluding the holotype, in this study, are deposited in SONG-YUN LANG’s collection, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. The holotype is preserved in the Chongqing Museum of Natural History, China (CMNH). Ragadia l i a e spec. nov. (figs 1-4, 7) Holotype †: China, Yunnan, Gongshan, Dulong-jiang, Xiongdang, 2000 m, 9.VII.2015, leg. SONGYUN LANG, SATY0459. Paratypes: 5 ††, same data as holotype but 9.-12.VII.2015. Diagnosis: The new species is superficially similar to Ragadia crisilda HEWIT. and R. crito DE NICÉVIllE, and can be distinguished from them by the combination of the following characters: 1. Whitish bands on the upperside are less dusky, whereas they are strongly dusky in R. -
A Distinctive New Species of Cloud Forest Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from Ecuador and Peru
WILLMOTT ET AL.: New species of Erichthodes TROP. LEPID. RES., 28(1): 39-45, 2018 39 A distinctive new species of cloud forest Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from Ecuador and Peru Keith R. Willmott1, Gerardo Lamas2, James Radford3, Mario A. Marín4, Shinichi Nakahara1, Marianne Espeland5, Lei Xiao1, and Jason P. W. Hall6 1. McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA: [email protected] 2. Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. 3. Cambridge, UK. 4. Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255 - Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz - Barão Geraldo, 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. 5. Arthropoda Department, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauer Allee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany. 6. Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA Date of issue online: 13 July 2018 Zoobank Registered: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F4A0F8EB-600F-4973-9D52-DDA7E27C3EF8 Electronic copies (ISSN 2575-9256) in PDF format at: http://journals.fcla.edu/troplep; https://zenodo.org; archived by the Institutional Repository at the University of Florida (IR@UF), http://ufdc.ufl.edu/ufir;DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.1309677 © The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Abstract: A new species of Euptychiina, Erichthodes eremita Lamas, Willmott & Radford, n. sp., is described and illustrated. DNA sequence data suggest that the new species is sister to a species currently placed in Erichthodes Forster, 1964, although ongoing revision of the generic taxonomy of the subtribe might result in the reclassification of both of these species in future. -
The Radiation of Satyrini Butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): A
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 161, 64–87. With 8 figures The radiation of Satyrini butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a challenge for phylogenetic methods CARLOS PEÑA1,2*, SÖREN NYLIN1 and NIKLAS WAHLBERG1,3 1Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 2Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Arenales 1256, Apartado 14-0434, Lima-14, Peru 3Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland Received 24 February 2009; accepted for publication 1 September 2009 We have inferred the most comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis to date of butterflies in the tribe Satyrini. In order to obtain a hypothesis of relationships, we used maximum parsimony and model-based methods with 4435 bp of DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear genes for 179 taxa (130 genera and eight out-groups). We estimated dates of origin and diversification for major clades, and performed a biogeographic analysis using a dispersal–vicariance framework, in order to infer a scenario of the biogeographical history of the group. We found long-branch taxa that affected the accuracy of all three methods. Moreover, different methods produced incongruent phylogenies. We found that Satyrini appeared around 42 Mya in either the Neotropical or the Eastern Palaearctic, Oriental, and/or Indo-Australian regions, and underwent a quick radiation between 32 and 24 Mya, during which time most of its component subtribes originated. Several factors might have been important for the diversification of Satyrini: the ability to feed on grasses; early habitat shift into open, non-forest habitats; and geographic bridges, which permitted dispersal over marine barriers, enabling the geographic expansions of ancestors to new environ- ments that provided opportunities for geographic differentiation, and diversification. -
BIONOTES Vol
ISSN 0972-1800 Volume 21, No.1 QU AR TERL Y January-March,2019 Date of publication: 28 March, 2019 BIONOTES Vol. 21 (1) Mar., 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS Editorial 1 SIGHTINGS OF JAMIDES BOCHUS (STOLL, [1782]) AND PROSOTAS NORA (C. FELDER, 1860) (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) FROM URBANIZED PARTS OF NEW DELHI, INDIA by Rajesh Choudhary and Vinesh Kumar 3 GAEANA CONSORS (ATKINSON, 1884) (HEMIPTERA:CICADIDAE) IN CENTRAL NEPAL by Shristee Panthee, Bandana Subedi, Basant Sharma and Anoj Subedi 6 FIRST RECORD OF BLUE-CHEEKED BEE-EATER (MEROPS PERSICUS PALLAS, 1773) (AVES: MEROPIDAE) FROM THE SOUTHERN TIP OF INDIA by C. Susanthkumar, K. Hari Kumar and P. Prasath 8 REDISCOVERY OF THE NARROW SPARK BUTTERFLY SINTHUSA NASAKA PALLIDIOR FRUHSTORFER, 1912 (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE: THECLINAE) FROM UTTARAKHAND, INDIA by Shankar Kumar, Raj Shekhar Singh and Paramjit Singh 10 EXTENSION OF THE KNOWN DISTRIBUTION OF THE VAGRANT BUTTERFLY VAGRANS EGISTA (CRAMER, [1780])(LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) TO BASTAR, CHHATTISGARH by Anupam Sisodia and Ravi Naidu 12 ORSOTRIAENA MEDUS MEDUS (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) FROM EAST GODAVARI DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA by Peter Smetacek, Anant Kumar, Nandani Salaria, Anupam Sisodia and C. Susanthkumar 14 GAEANA CONSORS (ATKINSON, 1884) (HEMIPTERA: CICADIDAE) IN THE KUMAON HIMALAYA, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA by Peter Smetacek 16 A NEW LARVAL HOST PLANT, FICUS RACEMOSA, OF THE COPPER FLASH BUTTERFLY RAPALA PHERETIMA (HEWITSON, 1863) FROM ASSAM, INDIA by Parixit Kafley 17 OBITUARY: Martin Woodcock by Bikram Grewal 19 BIONOTES Vol. 21 (1) Mar., 2019 SIGHTINGS OF JAMIDES BOCHUS (STOLL, [1782]) AND PROSOTAS NORA (C. FELDER, 1860) (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) FROM URBANIZED PARTS OF NEW DELHI, INDIA RAJESH CHAUDHARY* & VINESH KUMAR Department of Biomedical Science, Acharya Narendra Dev College (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi-110 019. -
Varied Swordgrass Brown Butterfly, Tisiphone Abeona (Donovan, 1805) – a Personal and Historical Perspective - John Moss
Varied Swordgrass Brown Butterfly, Tisiphone abeona (Donovan, 1805) – a personal and historical perspective - John Moss Without doubt the Swordgrass Brown is my favourite butterfly species and I am not alone in this regard. The “father” of Australian butterflies, Dr. Gustavus Athol Waterhouse (1877-1950), comments in his popular 1932 book What Butterfly is That? : “This is the most remarkable butterfly in Australia. Its study illustrates an event that has not often been observed – the formation of no less than seven races in a continental area. Races more often arise in islands, limited by definite barriers not liable to be broken, except at long intervals of time. Probably similar conditions exist nowhere else than in Australia.” He elucidates: “The seven races fall naturally into two groups of three with an intermediate hybrid race at Port Macquarie. The three races from the south have a very broad orange band on the forewing and no band on the hindwing upperside. The three races to the north have white markings on the upperside of both wings; only faintly Tisiphone abeona albifascia developed in the northernmost race.” Photo by Peter Hendry He concludes: “This butterfly illustrates how species can be formed in nature. If the barriers in the past had not been broken, what I now consider one species, would be two or three. Even now it is difficult to convince some entomologists that the seven races are the one species.” Four years earlier in his second monograph of the genus Tisiphone, Waterhouse (1928) stated: “About fifteen years ago, I recognized that the butterfly …. was one that was especially worthy of study. -
Samia Cynthia in New Jersey Book Review, Market- Place, Metamorphosis, Announcements, Membership Updates
________________________________________________________________________________________ Volume 61, Number 4 Winter 2019 www.lepsoc.org ________________________________________________________________________________________ Inside: Butterflies of Papua Southern Pearly Eyes in exotic Louisiana venue Philippine butterflies and moths: a new website The Lepidopterists’ Society collecting statement updated Lep Soc, Southern Lep Soc, and Assoc of Trop Lep combined meeting Butterfly vicariance in southeast Asia Samia cynthia in New Jersey Book Review, Market- place, Metamorphosis, Announcements, Membership Updates ... and more! ________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Contents www.lepsoc.org ________________________________________________________ Digital Collecting -- Butterflies of Papua, Indonesia ____________________________________ Bill Berthet. .......................................................................................... 159 Volume 61, Number 4 Butterfly vicariance in Southeast Asia Winter 2019 John Grehan. ........................................................................................ 168 Metamorphosis. ....................................................................................... 171 The Lepidopterists’ Society is a non-profit ed- Membership Updates. ucational and scientific organization. The ob- Chris Grinter. ....................................................................................... 171 -
Extreme Diversity of Tropical Parasitoid Wasps Exposed by Iterative Integration of Natural History, DNA Barcoding, Morphology, and Collections
Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections M. Alex Smith*†, Josephine J. Rodriguez‡, James B. Whitfield‡, Andrew R. Deans§, Daniel H. Janzen†¶, Winnie Hallwachs¶, and Paul D. N. Hebert* *The Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada; ‡Department of Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801; §Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, 2301 Gardner Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613; and ¶Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018 Contributed by Daniel H. Janzen, May 31, 2008 (sent for review April 18, 2008) We DNA barcoded 2,597 parasitoid wasps belonging to 6 microgas- A detailed recognition of species in parasitoid communities is trine braconid genera reared from parapatric tropical dry forest, cloud necessary because of the pivotal role parasitoids play in food web forest, and rain forest in Area de Conservacio´ n Guanacaste (ACG) in structure and dynamics. While generalizations about the effects of northwestern Costa Rica and combined these data with records of parasitoids on community diversity are complex (7), a common- caterpillar hosts and morphological analyses. We asked whether place predictor of the impact of a parasitoid species on local host barcoding and morphology discover the same provisional species and dynamics is whether the parasitoid is a generalist or specialist. A whether the biological entities revealed by our analysis are congruent generalist, especially a mobile one, is viewed as stabilizing food webs with wasp host specificity. Morphological analysis revealed 171 (see ref.