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Czasopismo Hodor 29.09.15 Do Druku TECHNICAL TRANSACTIONS CZASOPISMO TECHNICZNE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITEKTURA 5-A/2015 BARBARA PIERŚCIONEK∗ THE INFLUENCE OF CHANGES IN THE CITY INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE TYPE OF PARKS ILLUSTRATED BY THE SZCZYTNICKI PARK IN WROCŁAW WPŁYW ZMIAN INFRASTRUKTURY MIEJSKIEJ NA CHARAKTER ZAŁOŻEŃ PARKOWYCH NA PRZYKŁADZIE PARKU SZCZYTNICKIEGO WE WROCŁAWIU Abstract The paper is an continuation of author’s reflections about the historical parks in Wrocław, which beauty is in danger of loss due to man’s activities. The focus of the paper is on the very controversial issue of recent years – building the inner city ring road in Wrocław. The planned location of the ring road crosses Szczyt- nicki Park – one of the oldest historical parks in the city. The project included the location of a four-lane street on the edge of the park and crossing far coherent historical urban complex (the components of this complex are remarkable modernistic building such as: UNESCO WHO Heritage site – Centennial Hall, Zoological Garden, WUWA Exhibition Area, Olimpic Stadium and housing estates Sępolno and Biskupin) generates multifaceted social conflicts. Keywords: Szczytnicki Park, Wroclaw, historical urban park, restoration and preservation Streszczenie Artykuł stanowi kontynuację rozważań autorki, dotyczących zabytkowych parków Wrocławia, których piękno może zostać wkrótce utracone w wyniku działalności człowieka. Główny nacisk położono na bar- dzo kontrowersyjny w ostatnich latach temat budowy obwodnicy śródmiejskiej Wrocławia, której pla- nowany bieg przecina Park Szczytnicki, jedno z najstarszych zabytkowych założeń parkowych miasta. Projekt przeprowadzenia w obrzeżach parku czteropasmowej drogi, przecinającej spójny dotąd zabytkowy kompleks urbanistyczny, którego elementy stanowią wybitne osiągnięcia architektury modernistycznej (m.in. wpisana na Listę Światowego Dziedzictwa Kulturalnego i Przyrodniczego UNESCO Hala Stulecia, Ogród Zoologiczny, teren wystawy WUWA, Stadion Olimpijski oraz osiedla Sępolno i Biskupin), generuje wielopłaszczyznowe konflikty społeczne. Słowa kluczowe: Park Szczytnicki, Wrocław, zabytkowy park miejski, rewaloryzacja i ochrona * PhD. Eng. Arch. Barbara Pierścionek, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Facylty of Civil Engineering, Opole University of Technology. 174 1. Introduction Urban greenery, including parks, constitutes an enclave of peace. It is also an element of the ecosystem, the “green lungs” which increase the quality of the urbanised environment, although remaining under constant pressure connected with the need to manage and improve every piece of open space. For developers, the most appealing land strips are those located near vibrant town centers. Sadly, the pace of contemporary life and transport problems faced by growing agglomerations limit their inhabitants’ access to nature. Due to the development of technology, which aims at improving our well-being, the number of motor vehicles has in- creased over the last few years. However, there is a price for fast transport, namely increased noise and environmental pollution. An interesting question arises from this problem: do we still need to protect each and every single enclave of greenery? 2. Developmen of Szczytnicki Park In accordance with rational city planning, strictly connected with intensive urbanisation, attempts at outrunning the development of subsequent urban areas were made as early as in 19th century, allocating parts of the open space to parks in order to ensure that the inhab- itants of Wrocław had places where they could stroll and relax. The park complexes which were established at that time, providing a rich offer accommodating the needs of their users, combined strict garden art with city planning and at the end of 19th century they formed the landscape architecture which was only developing at the time1. The first such venture undertaken in Wrocław was the transformation of a private garden belonging to Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen in Szczytniki into a public park. Created in 1783-1789, initially the park featured diverse landforms. In the western part of the park, there was a jardin à la française with detached buildings such as: aviary, riding arena, bowling alley and shooting range. The eastern part of the park consisted of an English garden with wild greenery, whose highlight was an old growth of trees: a relic of the Szczyt- niki forest. The space-forming elements were mainly forest clearings and a rivulet (Schwarz Wasser) that surrounded the park from the north and whose offshoots served as a basis for forming two ponds2. The plan for developing the former gardens was devised by Joseph Peter Lennè and its implementation, under the supervision of Julius Lösener, began in the autumn of 1865. At that time, the function of chief gardener was performed by Gustav Heinze. In the initial stage of land management, the vegetation was cut down and replanted and the park changed its surface as new plots and lots were continuously added. From 1865 to 1945 the park expanded from 40 to 100 ha and so far it is the largest park in Wrocław. Alleys and rec- reational areas have been created, as well as an educational botanical garden. For years, the park has served an educational, sporting, commercial, representative and most importantly a leisure function. Its creators assured its unique character and high artistic value, both from the point of view of the greenery and the facilities it contained. 1 A. Zachariasz, Ogród publiczny w centrum miasta, [in:] „Czasopismo Techniczne”, z. 4-A/2008, Kraków 2008, p. 296. 2 I. Bińkowska, Natura i miasto. Publiczna zieleń miejska we Wrocławiu od schyłku XVIII do początku XX wieku, Wrocław 2011, p. 130. 175 2.1. Premises of the rehabilitation of Szczytnicki Park Currently, Szczytnicki Park constitutes a part of the Szczytnicki Nature and Landscape Complex (defined by the Polish Act on Protection of Nature as “fragments of natural and cultural landscape protected for their scenic and aesthetic value” – translator’s note), indi- vidually protected in stages from 1997 by the Wrocław City Council. The overall surface of the area is 1131 ha and consists of two islands: Great Island (situated between the Oder River, the Old Oder River and the Oder River Flood Channel) and Opatowicka Island. The aim of the venture is conservation of valuable natural, cultural, historical and architectural sites3. This mainly concerns Szczytnicki Park with its Japanese Garden and some outstanding spatial sites of cultural value, such as: the Wrocław Zoological Garden, Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, grounds around the Olympic Stadium (including “Morskie Oko” baths) and the Centennial Hall, inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The protected area also includes riverside promenades as well as housing and garden developments of Zalesie, Dąbie, Zacisze, Sępolno and Biskupin along with the WuWA Housing Estate (Ill. 1)4. The complex situated in the east of the city between the Old Oder River and Wróblews- kiego, Kopernika, Mickiewicza, Paderewskiego and Różyckiego streets is scenic and has great compensative and dendrological value. After the Botanical Garden, Szczytnicki Park constitutes the largest agglomeration of natural monuments in Wrocław. Its surface features around 400 species of trees and shrubs, including an old growth of trees protected by law, mainly accessed from Różyckiego street. It includes: a cluster of three English oaks (Quercus robur) with girths ranging 306-427 cm and heights ranging 19-22 m, an avenue of fifteen English oaks with girths ranging 283-370 cm (heights 9-34 m), a cluster of European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) with girths of 307 and 318, a wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis) with the girth of 102 cm (height 14 m) or a sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) with the girth of 257 cm (height 20 m) and many other exotic species5. The dendrological rarities that can be found in the park include: the English yew ‘Ad- pressa’ (Taxus baccata ‘Adpressa’), bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), Nikko fir (Abies homolepis), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), golden larch (Pseudolarix amabilis), Bhutan pine (Pinus wallichiana), Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), Swiss pine (Pinus cembra), lodge pole pine (Pinus contorta), pitch pine (Pinus rigida), orien- tal spruce (Picea orientalis) and Serbian spruce (weeping form) (Picea omorica ‘Pendula’). The park also features Japanese Garden, designed by Mankichi Arai in 1909-1912 and created on the initiative of Fritz von Hochberg to commemorate the Centennial Exhibition of 1913. In 1999, as a result of international cooperation, the garden regained its original glory thanks to two Japanese experts, Hitoshi Tomita and Ikuo Taniguchi. The effect of their work can be seen to this day. They planted 15 species of trees and shrubs which naturally grow only in Japan as well as 31 species of trees and shrubs from East Asia and Japan. Some of the trees remained from the initial garden; these include an old pagoda tree, growing by the Kabuki Gate. Other species include: ginkgo, Katsura, Osage orange, golden larch, as well as 3 The Environmental Protection Programme for the City of Wrocław for 2012-2015, p. 142 (bip.um.wroc.pl – access: 05.10.2013). 4 A. Drapella-Hermansdofer, Szczytnicki Zespół Przyrodniczo-Krajobrazowy, [in:] Leksykon zieleni Wrocławia, (ed.) I. Bińkowska, E. Szopińska, keyword no 834, Wrocław 2013, pp. 806-807. 5 Abstract from a register of natural monuments on the territory of the Wrocław Commune, [in:] Leksykon
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