Casting Material STAINLESS STEEL SS321
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Cast Stainless Steel Technology Developments
Cast Stainless Steel Technology Developments Raymond Monroe SFSA CN3MN CF8 CD4Cu CB 7 Cu CA 15 Calculation of Chromium Equivalent and Nickel Equivalent CrE = %Cr + 2 × %Si + 1.5 × %Mo + 5 × %V NiE = %Ni + 0.5 × %Mn + 30 × %C + 0.3 × %Cu Ferrite from Chemistry Schoefer Diagram 2.2 2.1 • Chemistry: C=0.07, 2 Mn=0.56, Si=1.30, 1.9 P=0.028, S=0.009, 1.8 o i t 1.7 Cr=19.5, Ni=10.7, a 1.6 on R i t i Mo=2.18 (Cb ~ 0.05 1.5 pos m o and N ~ 0.04) 1.4 C i N / r 1.3 C • ASTM A800 predicts 1.2 10.5 volume percent 1.1 1 ferrite with a range of Cr Cr (%) + 1.5Si (%) + 1.4 Mo (%) + Nb (%) − 4.99 0.9 e = 6.5 to 14.5 (chromium Ni e Ni (%) + 30 C (%) + 0.5Mn (%) + 26 ( N − 0.02 %) + 2.77 0.8 0 10203040506070 equivalent to nickel Volume Percent Ferrite equivalent = 1.19) Means of Calculating Ferrite • Severn Gage: 11 • Feritscope: 7 • Magne-Gage: 2 • Two different instruments: 5 • Manual point count • ASTM A800 • 1949 Schaeffler Diagram • WRC Diagram Unit of measure: • FN: 8 (all 4 of the non- foundry) • Volume percent: 7 • Use both methods: 2 Identification of Phases by Composition FERRITE AUSTENITE Stainless Steels - Strength Grade Yield (ksi) UTS (ksi) CF8 70 30 CF3MN 75 37 4A(2205) 90 60 6A(Zeron 100) 100 65 Stainless Steel - Corrosion Grade Critical pitting temperature oC CF8 5 (calculated) CF3MN 29 (calculated) 4A(2205) 35 - 40 6A(Zeron100) 45 – 55 Pseudo Phase Diagram for 68 % Fe – Cr Ni CCT Diagram - CD3MN 5oC/min 2oC/min 1oC/min 0.5oC/min 0.1oC/min 0.01oC/min 1100 1050 TTT curves 1000 (initial & final) 950 900 850 800 750 700 Temp. -
Repoussé Work for Amateurs
rf Bi oN? ^ ^ iTION av op OCT i 3 f943 2 MAY 8 1933 DEC 3 1938 MAY 6 id i 28 dec j o m? Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Boston Public Library http://www.archive.org/details/repoussworkforamOOhasl GROUP OF LEAVES. Repousse Work for Amateurs. : REPOUSSE WORK FOR AMATEURS: BEING THE ART OF ORNAMENTING THIN METAL WITH RAISED FIGURES. tfjLd*- 6 By L. L. HASLOPE. ILLUSTRATED. LONDON L. UPCOTT GILL, 170, STRAND, W.C, 1887. PRINTED BY A. BRADLEY, 170, STRAND, LONDON. 3W PREFACE. " JjJjtfN these days, when of making books there is no end," ^*^ and every description of work, whether professional or amateur, has a literature of its own, it is strange that scarcely anything should have been written on the fascinating arts of Chasing and Repousse Work. It is true that a few articles have appeared in various periodicals on the subject, but with scarcely an exception they treated only of Working on Wood, and the directions given were generally crude and imperfect. This is the more surprising when we consider how fashionable Repousse Work has become of late years, both here and in America; indeed, in the latter country, "Do you pound brass ? " is said to be a very common question. I have written the following pages in the hope that they might, in some measure, supply a want, and prove of service to my brother amateurs. It has been hinted to me that some of my chapters are rather "advanced;" in other words, that I have gone farther than amateurs are likely to follow me. -
Piece Mold, Lost Wax & Composite Casting Techniques of The
Piece Mold, Lost Wax & Composite Casting Techniques of the Chinese Bronze Age Behzad Bavarian and Lisa Reiner Dept. of MSEM College of Engineering and Computer Science September 2006 Table of Contents Abstract Approximate timeline 1 Introduction 2 Bronze Transition from Clay 4 Elemental Analysis of Bronze Alloys 4 Melting Temperature 7 Casting Methods 8 Casting Molds 14 Casting Flaws 21 Lost Wax Method 25 Sanxingdui 28 Environmental Effects on Surface Appearance 32 Conclusion 35 References 36 China can claim a history rich in over 5,000 years of artistic, philosophical and political advancement. As well, it is birthplace to one of the world's oldest and most complex civilizations. By 1100 BC, a high level of artistic and technical skill in bronze casting had been achieved by the Chinese. Bronze artifacts initially were copies of clay objects, but soon evolved into shapes invoking bronze material characteristics. Essentially, the bronze alloys represented in the copper-tin-lead ternary diagram are not easily hot or cold worked and are difficult to shape by hammering, the most common techniques used by the ancient Europeans and Middle Easterners. This did not deter the Chinese, however, for they had demonstrated technical proficiency with hard, thin walled ceramics by the end of the Neolithic period and were able to use these skills to develop a most unusual casting method called the piece mold process. Advances in ceramic technology played an influential role in the progress of Chinese bronze casting where the piece mold process was more of a technological extension than a distinct innovation. Certainly, the long and specialized experience in handling clay was required to form the delicate inscriptions, to properly fit the molds together and to prevent them from cracking during the pour. -
The Lost-Wax Casting Process—Down to Basics by Eddie Bell, Founder, Santa Fe Symposium
The Lost-Wax Casting Process—Down To Basics By Eddie Bell, Founder, Santa Fe Symposium. Lost-wax casting is a ancient technique that is used today in essentially the same manner as it was first used more than 5,000 years ago. As they say, there's no messing with success. Today, of course, technology has vastly expanded the technique and produced powerful equipment that makes the process faster, easier and more productive than ever, but the basic steps remain the same. The steps below represent a simple overview and are intended to provide a beginning understanding of the casting process. Concept This is obviously where the design is initally conceived, discussed,evolved, and captured on paper—or on computer; CAD (computer aided design) software is increasingly popular among designers. You create the design you envision using the computer tool and the software creates a file that can be uploaded into a CNC mill or 3D printer. Model Build a model, either by hand-carving, guided by the paper rendering, or by uploading the CAD file into a computer controlled milling machine or a 3D printing machine. Models are made using carving wax, resin or similar material. This process can also be done in metal by a goldsmith or silversmith. Note: If a 3D printer or other rapid prototyping equipment is used, it is possible to skip the molding and wax-injection steps by using one of the resins that are specially made to go directly to the treeing process. Molding Create a mold from your master model, placing it in one of a variety of rubber or silicone materials, curing the material, then removing the model from the finished mold. -
Jay's Casting Demonstration
Making a Master to Cast & Process for Casting It October 6 2018: Jay Levy What is “casting”? Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting Why cast? Process and concept – When creating jewelry, you consider casting if a piece is far too difficult to make with fabrication (metalsmithing) or when you want to produce many identical pieces using a reusable mold. Professional casters generally make castings faster and/or cheaper than you can. (fyi: Casters are lower paid than bench technicians or metalsmiths). How is a model for a casting created? Lost wax techniques are 5000-6000 years old with bee wax and clay used instead of wax. Apart from wax, your model can be anything that melts away clean. Rules for working with Wax: None or few. Don’t contaminate wax with things that don’t burn out – e.g., not bones; Flowers and pine cones are castable “doable” but the cast piece may be too heavy. Styrofoam gives off formaldehyde, only floral green foam (Sternofoam) doesn’t have formaldehyde. All metals shrink, typically 5-7%, except antimony which expands. Therefore, make models for metal rings ¼ size larger. On average, make other models about 10% larger. Edges are never clean on a casting. Consider rounding edges on outside and thin, carve out or fillet the inside. -
Foundry Industry SOQ
STATEMENT OF QUALIFICATIONS Foundry Industry SOQ TRCcompanies.com Foundry Industry SOQ About TRC The world is advancing. We’re advancing how it gets planned and engineered. TRC is a global consulting firm providing environmentally advanced and technology‐powered solutions for industry and government. From solid waste, pipelines to power plants, roadways to reservoirs, schoolyards to security solutions, clients look to TRC for breakthrough thinking backed by the innovative follow‐ through of a 50‐year industry leader. The demands and challenges in industry and government are growing every day. TRC is your partner in providing breakthrough solutions that navigate the evolving market and regulatory environment, while providing dependable, safe service to our customers. We provide end‐to‐end solutions for environmental management. Throughout the decades, the company has been a leader in setting industry standards and establishing innovative program models. TRC was the first company to conduct a major indoor air study related to outdoor air quality standards. We also developed innovative measurements standards for fugitive emissions and ventilation standards for schools and hospitals in the 1960s; managed the monitoring program and sampled for pollutants at EPA’s Love Canal Project in the 1970s; developed the basis for many EPA air and hazardous waste regulations in the 1980s; pioneered guaranteed fixed‐price remediation in the 1990s; and earned an ENERGY STAR Partner of the Year Award for outstanding energy efficiency program services provided to the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority in the 2000s. We are proud to have developed scientific and engineering methodologies that are used in the environmental business today—helping to balance environmental challenges with economic growth. -
High Integrity Die Casting Processes
HIGH INTEGRITY DIE CASTING PROCESSES EDWARD J. VINARCIK JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. This book is printed on acid-free paper. ࠗϱ Copyright ᭧ 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, New York. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected]. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, in- cidental, consequential, or other damages. -
Casting Alloys: the Saga of Their Existence and the Recipe of Their Blend
Review Article International Journal of Dental Materials 2019; 1(1) Casting alloys: The saga of their existence and the recipe of their blend Guduri Vineeth1,*, Rama Krishna Alla2, Srinivasa Raju D3, Suresh Sajjan MC4, Ramaraju AV4, Harika Yeleti5, 1Senior Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, West Godavari, 534202, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2Assistant Professor, Department of Dental Materials, Vishnu Dental College, Bimavaram, West Godavari, 534202, Andhra Pradesh, India. 3Professor, Department of Dentistry, Maharaja Institute of Medical Sciences, Nellimarala, Vizainagaram,, Andhra Pradesh, India. 4Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, West Godavari, 534202, Andhra Pradesh, India. 5Senior Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, Lenora Institute of Dental Sciences, Rajahmundry, East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh 533294, India. INFORMATIO N ABSTRACT Though a variety of metals and combinations have been in use since dec- Article History ades in the field of dentistry, there are only a few which have sustained the challenges of evolving material science. The history of these alloys, their Received 28 April 2019 constituent metals and properties impart the rationale of their use both in Received revised the past and advancing future perspectives. Also bearing the environmen- 11 May 2019 tal hazards in laboratory and clinical environments, safe levels of exposure Accepted 13 May 2019 to these alloys and aspects of selecting the best option among the different Available online 15 May 2019 alternatives is important. KEYWORDS 1. Introduction In dentistry, metals represent one of the four major classes of materials used Alloy for the reconstruction of damaged or missing oral tissues while the others Casting being ceramics, polymers and composites [1]. -
Metal Casting Terms and Definitions
Metal Casting Terms and Definitions Table of Contents A .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 B .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 C .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 D .................................................................................................................................................................... 4 E .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 F ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5 G .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 H .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 I .................................................................................................................................................................... -
Grain Structure Identification and Casting Parameters of Austenitic Stainless Steel (CASS) Piping
PNNL-19002 Prepared for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission under an Interagency Agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Grain Structure Identification and Casting Parameters of Austenitic Stainless Steel (CASS) Piping CO Ruud AA Diaz MT Anderson November 2009 DI SCLA IM ER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor Battelle Me morial Institute, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility ror t he accuracy, completeness, or useruln ess or any inrormation, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not inrringe prh'ately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Gove rn me nt or any agency thereof, or Battelle Memorial Institute. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the Uni ted States Government or any agency thereof PAC IFIC NORTH WEST NATIONAL LABORATORY operated by BATfELLE for the UN ITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERG Y under Contracf DE-ACO>76RLO/830 @T his document was printed on recycled paper. (912003) Grain Structure Identification and Casting Parameters for Austenitic Stainless Steel (CASS) Piping CO Ruud AA Diaz MT Anderson November 2009 Prepared for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission under an Interagency Agreement with the U.S. -
Steel Castings Handbook, Sixth Edition
Steel Castings Handbook, 6th Edition (#06820G) Copyright © 1995 ASM International ® Editor(s): Malcolm Blair, Thomas L. Stevens All rights reserved. www.asminternational.org 1-2 Part 1: General Information high strength, low and high temperature service and corrosion resis Introduction tance. There are approximately 300 steel foundries in North America. Steel is the most versatile engineering material available today. Due to the diversity of market requirements such as size, tolerances, Steel can be easily welded and processed and plays a vital role in chemistry, volume, etc., a single foundry cannot serve all of the maintaining the high standard of living enjoyed by the industrialized market and each company will tend to specialize in a portion of the nations of the world. total market. Some of the specialized areas are: The versatility of steel can be easily recognized by its applications which range from high strength structural applications to excellent • railroad, construction equipment, truck and mining industries. corrosion resistance in aggressive fluids. • high alloy stainless steel used in corrosion and heat resistant The differences between steel castings and its wrought counter applications or low volume prototype and service parts. parts are principally in the method of production. In the case of The balance of this chapter indicates chapters which will contain wrought steel cast bars, slabs and ingots are mechanically worked to detailed information regarding the casting processes, applications produce sheet, bar, tube and other product forms. However, steel for steel castings and suggestions regarding the use of steel castings. castings are produced in the final product form without any interme diate mechanical working. -
Casting with Argentium® Silver 935 Pro
Sharing your passion for making jewelry. Products. Service. Know-how. Casting with Argentium® Silver 935 Pro Eddie Bell, Vice President of Manufacturing; Rio Grande, Inc. Introduction Rio Grande regularly casts findings using Argentium® Pro 935 silver grain and we have enjoyed excellent results with this innovative metal. Here is a look at some of our methods and techniques for ensuring dependably good cast parts. Quenching After casting, we hold the cast flask for 15 minutes and then quench in water. The cast tree comes out of the investment nice and white. The as-cast hardness of the Argentium® Silver sterling is a little softer than traditional Ag-Cu sterling, which makes the parts easier to clip off the tree. We have found that, by quenching after 15 minutes, there are no difficulties such as cracking, and we can age-harden the metal without performing a solution anneal. The investment is still hot enough that devesting is easy. Casting Parameters We use the same casting parameters for traditional sterling and Argentium® Pro 935 (except for quenching time— traditional sterling flasks are quenched after only three minutes). Our casting temperatures are uniformly lower than those recommended for traditional sterling. I think alloy manufacturers fudge the recommended metal and flask temperatures to help compensate for inadequate sprue size; they get many complaints about incomplete filling from casters who followed the recommended temperatures but neglected to consider the influence of their sprue system. If a pattern does not fill completely in Rio Grande's processes, we adjust the feed sprue until we get the results we need rather than increasing casting temperatures for a surface to volume ratio category item.