'The Three Living and the Three Dead

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

'The Three Living and the Three Dead A Matter of Life and Death: Forms, Functions and Audiences for ‘The Three Living and the Three Dead’ in Late Medieval Manuscripts by Christine M. Kralik A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Art University of Toronto © Copyright by Christine M. Kralik, 2013 “A Matter of Life of Death: Forms, Functions and Audiences for ‘The Three Living and the Three Dead’ in Late Medieval Manuscripts” Christine M. Kralik Doctor of Philosophy Department of Art University of Toronto 2013 Abstract This dissertation examines approaches to illustrating the Three Living and the Three Dead, a moralizing tale known across Europe in the late Middle Ages. Illustrated versions of the texts survive in a number of different manuscript contexts. While the earliest depictions show an apparently benign conversation occurring between living and dead, by the late fifteenth century other ways of illustrating the tale had emerged. The most striking of these was the aggressive chase after the living by the dead, which most often accompanied the prayers of the Office of the Dead in Books of Hours. While previous art historical investigations have concentrated on localization, chronology, as well as stylistic and formal analyses, my project engages with the larger questions of function, audience, and the relationship between text and image. The thesis begins by situating the Three Living and the Three Dead in the scholarship on the art of death of the late Middle Ages. The art of that period has long been perceived as a reflection of a time of decline. This perspective was established mainly through consideration of large-scale monuments, mostly French and primarily ii displayed in public, funerary contexts. I expand the discussion to include small scale, private devotional images of death, and demonstrate that such images could serve practical and positive functions for their users. The wide range of possibilities for illustrating the story in its early history is established in chapter 2. This overview is followed by a series of chapters that offer close examinations of individual manuscripts and establish the functions that the Three Living and the Three Dead served for their original users. In sum, my project sheds light on the importance of the imagery of death and more specifically of the Three Living and the Three Dead in late medieval culture. It contributes to our understanding of a story that became popular across Europe in a variety of forms in response to the context in which it appeared, the function it was intended to serve and the audience for which it was intended. iii Acknowledgements As a first year graduate student at the University of Toronto, one of the courses I elected to take was a graduate seminar on medieval manuscript illumination, through which I first encountered the Three Living and the Three Dead in the Psalter of Bonne of Luxembourg (New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art—The Cloisters, 69.86). I was spellbound. I found myself wondering: what was this fascinating story involving living and dead, and what was it doing in a Psalter? What meaning would it have had for the viewer? And was the story always depicted in this way? My interest in the story grew over subsequent years, and I decided to make it the focus of my doctoral dissertation. There are many to whom I owe thanks, for a variety of reasons. I was fortunate to receive funding from several agencies, including the Ontario Graduate Scholarship program, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), the Deutsche Akademische Austausch Dienst (DAAD) and the American Academy in Rome. A dissertation completion grant from the Joint Initiative of German and European Studies (JIGES) at the University of Toronto assisted with some of the costs associated with final enrolment and defense. I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Jill Caskey, committee members Profs. Adam Cohen and Matt Kavaler, reader Prof. Jordan Bear and external appraiser Prof. Erik Inglis, for critical readings of my dissertation. Prof. Caskey coaxed me again and again to push myself beyond what I thought were my limits, and the dissertation is richer and more sophisticated as a result. Prof. Inglis’ thoughtful and thorough report iv elicited deeper insights. Thanks as well to Prof. Alison Syme, Director of Graduate Studies, whose support and encouragement was instrumental during the final stretch. I would like to thank Nicole Eichenberger, Nicole Fallon, Elina Gertsman, Eileen Jacxsens, Guita Lamsechi, Henrike Manuwald and John McQuillen, who read and offered comments on parts of chapters at various stages. Thanks as well to Alixe Bovey, Aden Kumler, Jess Paehlke and Markus Stock who in the course of conversations offered provocative thoughts and insights that enriched my project. Uli Wunderlich, Sophie Oosterwijk, Suzanne Conklin Akbari and Jill Ross showed interest in my work and offered me opportunities to publish in edited volumes. During research trips abroad, I was fortunate to meet scholars who took me under their metaphorical wings. Dagmar Eichberger was a mentor during my time in Germany and spoke with me fruitfully about my work. At the American Academy in Rome, participation in Christopher Celenza’s seminar on Palaeography and its historiography was an incomparably rewarding experience. I forged friendships with brilliant seminar participants Eileen Jacxsens, Jenny Knust and Sonia Sabnis and learned a great deal from all of them. Eberhard König and Klaus Krüger welcomed me to participate in their Kolloquien at the Freie Universität in Berlin, which afforded rewarding opportunities to present research in seminar contexts. Research trips were rendered more feasible and affordable due to the generosity of friends; Aleks Koutny in Cambridge, Shana Worthen in London, Betsy Purvis in Florence and Kelly de Luca in New York City generously provided me with places to stay. The examination of manuscripts in person allowed me to form insights and observations on the material not otherwise possible. I would like to thank Julien v Chapuis, who during his tenure at The Cloisters graciously permitted me to examine the exquisite Psalter of Bonne of Luxembourg. Alixe Bovey, during her time at the British Library, invited me to examine the Smithfield Decretals with her in Conservation when the manuscript was otherwise inaccessible. For their assistance, I also wish to thank Roger Wieck and Sylvie Merian at the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York; Andreas Heese at the Kupferstichkabinett in Berlin; Dieter Kudorfer and Brigitte Gullath at the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich; and Isabella Ceccopieri at the Biblioteca Casanatense in Rome. Many thanks to Michael Koortbojian, whose undergraduate survey was so thrilling that I was inspired to pursue the study of Art History in the first place. He was a mentor through my undergraduate and graduate studies. Jens Wollesen and Elizabeth Leesti nurtured my interest in the study of Medieval art as an undergraduate, and continued to show interest in my work and achievements during my time as a graduate student. Dear friends at U of T who were sources of strength and support include Margo Beggs, Rebekah Carson, Betsy Moss, Magda Hayton, Rose Logie, Carolina Mangone and Martina Meyer. Whitney Binns, Paula Deane, Carly Klassen and Marija Popovic too were wonderful and supportive friends, who got me through some of those inevitable lonely and doubt-ridden moments. Thanks to my partner, David Strutt, for his love, support and encouragement. I was plagued by debilitating back pain and stress-related chronic fatigue for several years as I worked on my PhD, but chiropractor Shalini Bhat and Pilates instructor Leslie Parker assisted me in my efforts to keep a mentem sanam in corpore sano. vi Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Sue and Erich Kralik, for instilling in me a love and appreciation for art, music and cultural history. I also thank them for their patience and love over the course of what was a very long process. My mother’s unwavering support sustained me in more ways than one during the final push to the finish line. I dedicate this dissertation to her. vii Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents viii List of Illustrations ix Introduction: Foundations and New Directions 1 Chapter 1. A New Vision of Death: Confronting Huizinga’s Legacy for the Study of the Three Living and the Three Dead 36 Chapter 2. Images, Texts, Contexts: Situating the Three Living and the Three Dead in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Manuscripts in Northern Europe 69 Chapter 3. The Three Living and the Three Dead in Books of Hours for Women of the House of Hapsburg: Berlin, KK-SMPK MS 78 B 12 and London, BL Add. MS 35313 101 Chapter 4. The Three Living and the Three Dead in a Monastic Miscellany: Munich, BSB cgm 3974 132 Chapter 5. The Three Living and the Three Dead in a Spiritual Miscellany: Rome, Bibl. Casanatense MS 1404 156 Chapter 6. The Three Living and the Three Dead in a Housebook for a Young Woman of Strasbourg: Wolfenbüttel, HAB Aug. 16. 17 4o 177 Conclusion 201 Appendices 214 • A: Manuscripts to which I refer in this dissertation • B: Manuscripts discussed which contain the Three Living and the Three Dead • C: Transcriptions and Modern English translations of select passages • D: List of known occurrences of the Three Living and the Three Dead in Books of Hours Bibliography 230 Illustrations 264 viii List of Illustrations Fig. 1. The Three Living and the Three Dead. The Miscellany of Marie de Brabant, ca. 1285. Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal MS Fr. 3142, fol. 311v. Fig. 2. Incipit page of Cum Apertam Sepulturam, fourteenth century. Ferrara, Biblioteca Comunale Ariostea MS Classe II, n 211e, fol.
Recommended publications
  • Black Death – Primary Sources Authoritative Web Sites
    BLACK DEATH – PRIMARY SOURCES AUTHORITATIVE WEB SITES http://history.boisestate.edu/westciv/plague/07.shtml The Black Death: A Description of the Plague This account is from Messina, Sicily and describes the arrival and initial progress of the disease. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/de_mussi.shtml Gabriele de' Mussi, a notary from Piacenza, gave a vivid account of the plague in Kaffa and Sicily. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca.shtml Petrarch endured the black death in Parma, Italy and responded to its effects in highly personal and emotional lamentations. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca2.shtml Francesco Petrarca wrote in response to the black death in Tuscany, Italy. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/boccacio2.html The onset of the black death in Florence, Italy was described by Giovanni Boccaccio (1313- 1375). http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/plague.html Jean de Venette wrote on the progress of the black death in France. http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/osheim/marchione.html Marchione di Coppo Stefani was born in Florence, Italy in 1336. He wrote his Florentine Chronicle in the late 1370s and early 1380s. http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/osheim/pistoia.html Statutes of Pistoia in Italy reflected both the scientific knowledge and the practical issues which the black death brought to a head. http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/Graunt/4.html Casualties in London, England from the plague http://history.boisestate.edu/westciv/plague/08.shtml A description of the plague from Agnolo di Tura, of Siena, Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • II Quadrimestre Maggio-Agosto 2020 Sommario Cosa Leggerete in Questa Edizione P
    Anno XI - 2020 II Quadrimestre Maggio-Agosto 2020 sommario COSA LEGGERETE IN QUESTA EDIZIONE P. 3 oftalmologiadomani Anno XI - II Quadrimestre di Antonio Rapisarda Maggio-Agosto 2020 LE INTERVISTE DI OFTALMOLOGIA DOMANI P. 6 Soci Fondatori: Intervista al Dott. Lucio Zeppa Costantino Bianchi Antonio Rapisarda a cura di Amedeo Lucente Direttore Responsabile: OFTALMOLOGIA PEDIATRICA P. 11 Antonio Rapisarda Importanza della prevenzione oculare in età pediatrica di Emilia Gallo, Luca Rombetto Vice Direttore: Amedeo Lucente CHERATECTOMIA FOTOREFRATTIVA P. 14 Scientific Board: Complicanze della PRK e loro gestione Romeo Altafini di Leopoldo Spadea Paolo Angeletti Aldo Caporossi Odile Correnti Stefano Fichera COVID-19 P. 23 Michele Figus Emilia Gallo Pandemie & SARS-CoV-2 Daniela Lombardo di Amedeo Lucente Tommaso Salgarello GLAUCOMA P. 42 [email protected] Valutazione della Qualità di Vita nel glaucoma di Romeo Altafini Progetto grafico e impaginazione: PRONTO SOccORSO P. 49 Urgenze chirurgiche in oftalmologia di Antonino Pioppo, Gregorio Lo Giudice Jaka Congressi Via della Balduina, 88 00136 Roma www.jaka.it SEMEIOTICA STRUMENTALE P. 54 Semeiotica nel paziente con epifora: esami strumentali Art di Giuseppe Vadalà, Luigi Carucci, Umberto Ciabatti, Alessio Vitale Simona Pelosi [email protected] 2 cosaleggeretecosaleggeretecosaleggeretecosaleggeretecosaleggerete PDF Cosa leggerete in questa edizione Antonio Rapisarda Anche in questo tempo di pandemia e di sofferto lock- territorio, ma altrettanto pongono l’accento sulla ne- down Oftalmologia Domani arriva alla vostra atten- cessità di percorsi diagnostici, con consulti oculistici ed zione con un numero veramente ricco e interessante. eventuali valutazioni ortottiche nell’ambito di proto- Non nego la fatica che sta dietro la costruzione di una colli prestabiliti, condivisi sul territorio nazionale.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Deborah Mcgrady and Jennifer Bain Guillaume De
    INTRODUCTION Deborah McGrady and Jennifer Bain Guillaume de Machaut, poet and composer, secretary to kings and canon at Reims, lived a life far different from the narrative commonly assigned late-medieval French writers. Born, most likely, at the turn of the four- teenth century to a non-noble family in the Machault region, he appears to have benefited from the rare opportunity to receive an education from a cathedral school, which, in turn, would have prepared him for subse- quent study at the university. Having achieved the status of a clerk, he was optimally trained to enter both ecclesiastic and secular service. Until his death in 1377, Machaut remained closely linked to these two worlds. It would appear that he began his professional career in the service of John of Luxembourg, king of Bohemia, progressively advancing in rank from almoner (1330) to notary (1332) and, ultimately, to secretary (1333).1 Machaut also acquired during this period, with the king’s intervention, numerous Church benefices, most notably a canonry and prebend at the Reims cathedral chapter beginning in 1338.2 As a member of the king’s entourage, Machaut most likely directly participated in several campaigns instigated by the king across Eastern Europe and into the Italian peninsula. In spite of his longstanding affiliation with the king and well before the famous death of the then blind John of Luxembourg on the battlefield of Crécy in August of 1346, Machaut addressed texts to other members of the nobility. His literary network that originated with the king of Bohemia appears to have progressively extended outward to embrace close affili- ations to the king, starting with his daughter Bonne of Luxembourg, the future mother of Charles V of France.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf Economic History 11(3):289-317
    Copyright © 2019 by the author(s). Published here under license by the Resilience Alliance. Geobey, S., and K. A. McGowan. 2019. Panarchy, ontological and epistemological phenomena, and the Plague. Ecology and Society 24 (4):23. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11089-240423 Synthesis Panarchy, ontological and epistemological phenomena, and the Plague Sean Geobey 1 and Katharine A. McGowan 2 ABSTRACT. Building resilience to major economic, social, and ecological crises such as armed conflict and natural disasters is seen as critical to maintaining system integrity. Although studies of system survival can be used to gauge whether or not social systems are resilient, this can only be conducted in retrospect. Contemporary measures of resilience rely on proxy measures that one can argue build capacity for resilience, but are not direct proxies for resilience itself, except in highly subscribed conditions. This leads us to our key research questions: Can the resilience of a system be measured contemporaneously by those within a social system? What can we learn from past efforts to understand the resilience of social systems by those living through their transformations? To answer these we examine Europe in the second half of the 14th century, during the outbreak and spread of the Plague through the continent. Through an examination of academic research relying on contemporary accounts during this period, we examine the indicators Europeans used at the time to understand changes in their social-ecological systems. We find a time lag between quantitative indicators of system resilience and the systemic shocks introduced by the Plague. However, narratives from the time suggest that those who experienced the epidemic were trying to develop personal understandings of the social changes around them and collective understandings of how to respond to these crises, both in advance of collecting easily comparable data that could be used for broader administrative purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Pandemie & SARS-Cov-2
    Pandemie & SARS-CoV-2 Amedeo Lucente Abstract: L’articolo ha lo scopo di offrire una panoramica sulle più importanti pandemie del passato con lo spirito di co- glierne gli elementi indicativi ed aiutare, per quanto possibile, a rispondere alle domande che Covid-19 ci pone nella dram- maticità degli avvenimenti rapidamente in evoluzione. Lo studio delle pandemie del passato e di quella attuale, il riscontro di comuni assonanze, e la constatazione delle inevitabili differenze, potranno offrire energici spunti non solo speculativi, per acquisire maggiore consapevolezza verso l’immane catastrofe sanitaria che stiamo vivendo. Purtroppo impreparati, per molti versi spauriti e impotenti, nonostante il progresso scientifico, vediamo ancora lontano la fine del tunnel che stiamo percorrendo. Le nostre attività quotidiane non sono più libere nelle relazioni e nei movimenti ma inevitabilmente dettate dal timore del contagio, dal considerare come un possibile Covid positivo ogni nostro interlocutore. La nostra esistenza, per molti versi influenzata dal pericolo del contagio, continuerà comunque il suo percorso. In futuro tuttavia, con modalità e caratteristiche differenti, molti nostri atteggiamenti muteranno, e saranno caratterizzati, per un tempo non prevedibile, dalle precauzioni dettate da questa prima, inaspettata e travolgente pandemia del Terzo Millennio. Keywords and abbreviations: COVID-19 Corona Virus Disease 2019, ISS Istituto Superiore di Sanità, MERS Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, NBO Next Big One, OMS Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità, SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Infezione, influenza, epidemia, endemia, pandemia, tingere, anche come figurativo corrompere, avvelenare, pestilenza inquinare). Perché sussista un’infezione deve realizzarsi I termini infezione, endemia, epidemia, pandemia, la relazione tra due esseri viventi: un agente infettante e pestilenza sono spesso accomunati nel concetto di un ospite infettato.
    [Show full text]
  • The Experience of the Black Death in Bologna As Revealed by the Notarial Registers
    Quidditas Volume 14 Article 5 1993 The Experience of the Black Death in Bologna as Revealed by the Notarial Registers Shona Kelly Wray University of Colorado, Boulder Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Renaissance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Wray, Shona Kelly (1993) "The Experience of the Black Death in Bologna as Revealed by the Notarial Registers," Quidditas: Vol. 14 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra/vol14/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Quidditas by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Experience ofthe Black Death in Bologna as Revealed by the Notarial Registers Shona Kelly Wray University of Colorado, Boulder he Black Death of 1348 has fascinated readers and scholars for centuries. In this century it has been the subject of innumerable Tdebates. Historians have argued back and forth about the demo­ graphic effects of the plague, about whether or not it instigated a period of economic depression, or even whether it represented a major event in history. Similarly, disagreement has raged, both inside and outside of the historical discipline, about the medical history and epidemiology of the plague. Fewer studies, however, have focused on the more immediate effects of the plague in localized areas. These scholars have attempted to uncover the actions and reactions of people undergoing this remarkable disaster.
    [Show full text]
  • Program Notes FY20C1
    Piffaro’s Beginning Ah, Beginnings…they can be exciting, stimulating and even a little scary at times. They may mark a break with the preexistent in an attempt to chart some new course, or revive an older, lost tradition. So it was with a fledgling group of reed players from the Collegium Musicum at the University of Pennsylvania in 1980, when they decided to launch their own ensemble, calling it simply and graphically, the Renaissance Wind Band. Their intent was to pursue renaissance wind playing, especially the double-reed instruments, the shawms, dulcians, krumhorns and bagpipes, in a way that was lacking in the nascent early music revival in this country at the time, at least on a professional level. It was a courageous and daring leap into the unknown in many ways. And it was Piffaro’s beginning! On a somewhat ragtag collection of instruments, the best available at the time, the group formed a 5-part band and began collecting repertoire, teaching themselves the challenging techniques demanded by the horns, learned how to make successful reeds and figured out who played what, when and how. It was exciting and groundbreaking, something new and uncharted. As with many a nascent experiment in group formation, personnel changed over the first 4 years of ensemble building, but eventually settled into a coterie of like- minded individuals committed to creating an entity with roots that might support the growth of a vibrant and lasting ensemble. What’s a musical ensemble to do but perform, so by the winter of 1984 the group decided it was time to go public, to make the leap into that great unknown of audience response.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the PDF File
    Sacha Dobler AbruptEarthChanges.com Black Death and Abrupt Earth Changes in the 14th century 1290-1350: Abrupt Earth changes, astronomical, tectonic and meteorological events leading up to and culminating at the Black Death period at 1348 By Sacha Dobler 2017 © abruptearthchanges.com Fig. 1 14th Century engraving of the Black Death, depicting extreme lightning? Or fire from the sky devastating a town, a victim of plague? with spots distributed over the entire body. Image: http://www.historytoday.com 1 - (In the years before the Black Death in Europe), ”between Cathay and Persia there rained a vast rain of fire, falling in flakes like snow and burning up mountains and plains and other lands, with men and women; and then arose vast masses of smoke; and whoever beheld this died within the space of half an hour; and likewise any man or woman who looked upon those who had seen this(..)”.1 --Philip Ziegler writing about the years before the out break of the Black Death “The middle of the fourteenth century was a period of extraordinary terror and disaster to Europe. Numerous portents, which sadly frightened the people, were followed by a pestilence which threatened to turn the continent into an unpeopled wilderness. For year after year there were signs in the sky, on the earth, in the air, all indicative, as men thought, of some terrible coming event. In 1337 a great comet appeared in the heavens, its far- extending tail sowing deep dread in the minds of the ignorant masses. During the three succeeding years the land was visited by enormous flying armies of locusts, which descended in myriads upon the fields, and left the shadow of famine in their track.
    [Show full text]
  • Plague and Progress: an Analysis of Giovanni Boccaccioâ•Žs
    Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Conference, 8–10 April 2021 Ben Hecko, University of Portland, undergraduate student, “Plague and Progress: An Analysis of Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron and Reform during the Initial Outbreak of the Black Death” Abstract: Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron is a collection of one hundred stories told by a group of people during the initial outbreak of the Black Death in Italy in 1348. Though the work has been interpreted as an escapist piece, this limits its overall value. Through the inclusion of the frame that surrounds the fictional tales, Boccaccio establishes the importance of the plague to the meaning of the work as a whole. Many of the stories that Boccaccio tells attack the immorality of those in positions of authority. These critiques provide a social commentary that addresses the failures of his society and those that have greater authority within it. Furthermore, the Decameron provides a call to action to generate societal change in the wake of the Black Death. This paper argues that Boccaccio used the instability caused by the Black Death as a means of causing societal change. Through his condemning critique of those in positions of authority, he called for more just leadership from secular and religious leaders. Through a thorough analysis of the work, this paper considers the societal changes that occurred as a result of the plague and connects the overall message to the opportunity presented to Boccaccio. Plague and Progress: An Analysis of Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron and Reform during the Initial Outbreak of the Black Death By Ben Hecko Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in History University of Portland December 2020 When considering the forces that shape a society, few have as lasting of an effect as a pandemic.
    [Show full text]
  • Charlemagne Descent
    Selected descendants of Charlemagne to the early 16th century (1 of 315) Charlemagne King of the Franks Hildegard of Vinzgau b: 742 d: 28 January 813/14 Irmengard of Hesbain Louis I "The Pious" Emperor of the West Judith of Bavaria Pepin of Italy b: 778 in Casseneuil, France d: 810 d: 20 June 840 Lothair I Holy Roman Emperor Irmengard Comtesse de Tours Louis II "The German" King of the East Emma von Bayern Gisela Eberhard Duke of Fruili Cont. p. 2 Cont. p. 3 d: 29 September 855 in Pruem, Franks b: 821 b: Abt. 815 Rheinland, Germany d: 28 August 876 d: 16 December 866 Ermengarde Princesse des Francs Giselbert II Graf von Maasgau Carloman König von Bayern Cont. p. 4 Anscar I Duke of Ivrea b: 825 b: 829 d: March 901/02 d: 14 June 877 d: 880 Reginar I Comte de Hainaut Herzog von Alberade von Kleve Adalbert I Duke of Ivrea Gisela of Fruili Lothringen d: Aft. 28 February 928/29 b: 850 d: 915 in Meerssen, The Netherlands Cont. p. 5 Cont. p. 6 Selected descendants of Charlemagne to the early 16th century (2 of 315) Louis I "The Pious" Emperor of the West b: 778 in Casseneuil, France Judith of Bavaria d: 20 June 840 Cont. p. 1 Charles II King of the West Franks Ermentrude of Orléans b: 13 June 823 b: 27 September 823 d: 6 October 877 d: 6 October 869 Judith (Princess) Baldwin I Count of Flanders Louis II King of the West Franks Adelaide de Paris b: 844 d: 858 b: 1 November 846 d: 870 d: 10 April 879 Baldwin II Count of Flanders Æfthryth Ermentrude of France Cont.
    [Show full text]
  • King's Research Portal
    King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.1093/em/cay014 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Smilansky, U. (2018). Machaut and Prague: A Rare New Sighting? EARLY MUSIC, 46(2), 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1093/em/cay014 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Death Primary Sources
    BLACK DEATH – PRIMARY SOURCES AUTHORITATIVE WEB SITES http://history.boisestate.edu/westciv/plague/07.shtml The Black Death: A Description of the Plague This account is from Messina, Sicily and describes the arrival and initial progress of the disease. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/de_mussi.php Gabriele de' Mussi, a notary from Piacenza, gave a vivid account of the plague in Kaffa and Sicily. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca.php Petrarch endured the black death in Parma, Italy and responded to its effects in highly personal and emotional lamentations. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca2.php Francesco Petrarca wrote in response to the black death in Tuscany, Italy. http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/plague.html Jean de Venette wrote on the progress of the black death in France. http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/osheim/marchione.html Marchione di Coppo Stefani was born in Florence, Italy in 1336. He wrote his Florentine Chronicle in the late 1370s and early 1380s. http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/osheim/pistoia.html Statutes of Pistoia in Italy reflected both the scientific knowledge and the practical issues which the black death brought to a head. http://history.boisestate.edu/westciv/plague/08.shtml A description of the plague from Agnolo di Tura, of Siena, Italy. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/seth/ordinance-labourers.html The Ordinance of Labourers, an attempt by the king of England to freeze wages paid to laborers at their pre-plague levels, is indicative of the labor shortage caused by the black death.
    [Show full text]