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Cerebral Venous Thrombosis As a Complication of Intracranial Hypotension After Lumbar Puncture

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Cerebral Venous Thrombosis As a Complication of Intracranial Hypotension After Lumbar Puncture Open access Short report BMJ Neurol Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjno-2020-000046 on 30 September 2020. Downloaded from Cerebral venous thrombosis as a complication of intracranial hypotension after lumbar puncture Leon Stephen Edwards,1,2,3 Ramesh Cuganesan,4 Cecilia Cappelen- Smith1,2,3 To cite: Edwards LS, ABSTRACT She was treated with 5 days of intravenous Cuganesan R, Cappelen- Smith Background Optic neuritis is recognised by the methylprednisolone (1 g daily) for the optic C. Cerebral venous thrombosis international classification of headache disorders as a neuritis and presumptively for a postdural as a complication of intracranial painful cranial nerve lesion. A lumbar puncture may be hypotension after lumbar puncture headache (PDPH) with bedrest, performed in the investigation of optic neuritis. Postdural puncture. BMJ Neurology Open intravenous hydration and regular caffeine 2020;2:e000046. doi:10.1136/ puncture headache (PDPH) due to intracranial hypotension tablets. She experienced gradual improve- is a frequent complication of this procedure. In contrast, bmjno-2020-000046 ment without full resolution of headache and cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare but potentially Accepted 08 July 2020 fatal complication of dural puncture. A few studies have was discharged home. At home, her symptoms identified an association between iron deficiency anaemia evolved and she developed a continuous right and venous thrombosis. There are no reports linking CVT frontal headache unchanged by posture. with lumbar puncture and iron deficiency anaemia. Five days after dural puncture, she re- pre- Methods and results We present a 32-year -old sented to the hospital with a cluster of three woman with optic neuritis and iron deficiency anaemia witnessed generalised tonic–clonic seizures. complicated by a PDPH and CVT. Repeat MRI brain confirmed pachymenin- Conclusion CVT should be considered in a patient with geal enhancement consistent with intracra- persistent headache, recent lumbar puncture and iron nial hypotension (figure 1A), a right parietal copyright. deficiency anaemia. Early recognition and treatment of this cortical vein thrombosis (figure 1B) and condition are vital to avoiding mortality and morbidity. small associated intraparenchymal haema- toma (figure 1C,D). Antiphospholipid anti- bodies, thrombophilic and vasculitic screens CASE were negative. Treatment with levetirac- A 32- year- old woman with optic neuritis etam, intravenous heparin and warfarin was confirmed on MRI underwent a lumbar http://neurologyopen.bmj.com/ given. An iron infusion and vitamin B12 were puncture and 1 day later, developed a diffuse replaced for nutritional deficiency related to headache and hyperacusis. The headache was the previous bariatric surgery. The seizures exacerbated when upright and resolved when terminated and the headache resolved. She © Author(s) (or their recumbent. There was a background history was discharged 7 days after admission. At employer(s)) 2020. Re- use of miscarriage and bariatric surgery 6 years permitted under CC BY- NC. No follow- up, 8 weeks after discharge, she has commercial re- use. See rights ago. She was taking no regular medications. returned to work and remains headache and and permissions. Published by Her body mass index was 36.8. Initial blood seizure free. Progress MRI brain shows the BMJ. tests demonstrated microcytic hypochromic evolution of the right parietal cortical vein 1 Department of Neurology, anaemia (haemoglobin 102 g/L, mean thrombosis and surrounding haemorrhage Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, corpuscular volume 62.8 fL, mean corpuscular and oedema. on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected New South Wales, Australia haemoglobin 19.8 pg) consistent with iron 2Stroke and Neurology Research Group, Ingham Institute for deficiency (ferritin 9 mg/L, transferrin 3.1 Applied Medical Research, g/L, transferrin saturation 12%). B12 level was DISCUSSION Liverpool, Sydney, Australia also reduced at 103 pmol/L (range: 150–750 PDPH is a common complication following 3 South West Sydney Clinical pmol/L) and serum folate was normal. Anti- a dural puncture. The international classifi- School, University of New nuclear antibodies were elevated at 1:1280 South Wales, Liverpool, Sydney, cation of headache disorder stratifies PDPH Australia with a negative extractable nuclear antigen as a subtype of headache due to low cerebro- 1 4Department of Radiology, and double-stranded DNA profile. Comple- spinal fluid pressure. The pathophysiology Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, ment C3 was 0.12 g/L (range: 0.16–0.38) and of this condition remains poorly understood. New South Wales, Australia C4 was 0.86 (range: 0.79–1.52). Cerebrospinal Studies have failed to demonstrate a consis- Correspondence to fluid (CSF) was normal. Neuromyelitis optica tent relationship of PDPH symptoms with 2 Dr Leon Stephen Edwards; and antimyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein opening or closing pressure. Incidence ledw8187@ uni. sydney. edu. au antibodies were negative. varies between 4.2% and 11%3 depending on Edwards LS, et al. BMJ Neurol Open 2020;2:e000046. doi:10.1136/bmjno-2020-000046 1 Open access BMJ Neurol Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjno-2020-000046 on 30 September 2020. Downloaded from in the sinuses. This is the first reported case of CVT in the context of iron deficiency anaemia and recent dural puncture. CONCLUSION Our case highlights the importance of early investiga- tion for an evolving headache postdural puncture. Addi- tional caution should be exercised in the presence of iron deficiency anaemia. CT and MR venography are easily accessible non-invasive methods for rapid and accurate diagnosis of CVT. Early recognition of this condition facil- itates timely management with anticoagulation. Contributors LSE was the principle author of the manuscript. RC provided expert Figure 1 (A–D) MRI brain (day 5 post- dural puncture) advise on image interpretation and selection. CC- S was involved in conception, T1- weighted post contrast axial sequences show (A) drafting and revision of the manuscript. pachymeningeal enhancement (red arrows), hypointense Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any area (blue arrows) with a focal area of enhancement and funding agency in the public, commercial or not- for- profit sectors. prominent surrounding cortical vein enhancement (B) Competing interests None declared. abnormal flow in the right cortical vein (blue arrow) with Patient consent for publication Not required. intraparenchymal haematoma and surrounding oedema (red Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. arrows). (C) Area of prominent signal hypointensity (blue Provenance and peer review arrow) on susceptibility-weighted imaging sequence with (D) Data availability statement Data sharing not applicable as no datasets generated corresponding hyperdensity (blue arrows) on non- contrast CT and/or analysed for this study. brain consistent with acute intraparenchymal haematoma. Open access This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY- NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially , the presence of various risk factors. The main modifiable and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is risk factors include technique and needle type. properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use copyright. Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare but is non- commercial. See: http:// creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by- nc/ 4. 0/. important cause of stroke in young people associated with significant morbidity and mortality.4 A predisposing condi- tion is identified in the majority of CVT.4 Widely accepted REFERENCES risk factors include gender, obesity, genetic thrombo- 1 Anon. Headache classification Committee of the International philia, inflammatory disorders (as in our patient) and headache Society (IHS) the International classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia 2018;38:1–211. http://neurologyopen.bmj.com/ malignancy. There is a lesser-known association between 2 Smith JH, Mac Grory B, Butterfield RJ, et al. Csf pressure, volume, 5 anaemia and CVT. In particular, several studies have and Post- Dural puncture headache: a case- control study and linked the subtype of iron deficiency anaemia to venous systematic review. Headache 2019;59:1324–38. 6 7 3 Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus thromboembolism including CVT. The mechanism for conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and this association is unclear. Iron deficiency has been linked meta- analysis. Lancet 2018;391:1197–204. 4 Silvis SM, de Sousa DA, Ferro JM, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis. to thrombocytosis and increased levels of factor 8, both Nat Rev Neurol 2017;13:555–65. of which have been associated with thrombosis. Similarly, 5 Coutinho JM, Zuurbier SM, Gaartman AE, et al. Association between anemia and cerebral venous thrombosis: case- control study. Stroke CVT following dural puncture is a rare but recognised 2015;46:2735–40. complication. It has been described mostly in small retro- 6 Bibi A, Liyanapthirana C, Khan S. Rare presentation of iron deficiency spective studies and case reports.7 8 These studies report anaemia with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a middle- aged woman. BMJ Case Rep 2019;12:bcr-2018-225851. on September 24, 2021 by guest. 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