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Malaysia'snational Language Mass Media KyotoKyotoUniversity University SoittliE`Tst Asitwi Stu(ffes, Vol. 15, No. 4, ?L'Iareh 1978 Malaysia's National Language Mass Media: History and Present Status John A. LENT* and Malaysia's Compared to its English annd Chinese language newspapers periodicals, the Malay natlonal language press is relatively young, The first recognized newspaper in 1876, seven decades after the Goz'ern- (also called Bahasa Malaysia) language appeared in .Vonthly ment Gaxette was published in English, and 61 years later than the Chinese A4aga.tr.ine. However, once developed, the Malay press became extremely important in the peninsula, especially in its efforts to unify the Malays in a spirit of national consciousness. magazines and Between 1876 and 1941, at least162 Malay language newspapers, by or for Malays ancl three journals were published, plus eight others in English designed in Malay and English.i) At least another 27 were published since 1941, bringing the total to 200.2} 173 "rar II 104 were established in the Straits Settiements Of the pre-World periodicals, this is understandable in that these of Singapore and I'enang (68 and 36, respectively): firstfourdecadies cities had large concentrations of Malay population. In fact, during the in the of rvIalay journalism, only four of the 26 newspapers or periodicals were published Malay peninsular states, all four in Perak. The most prolific period in the century of press is the 35 years between 1906-1941, when 147 periodicals were issued: however, in this of the instance, 68, or nearly one half, were published in the peninsular states. Very few despite the emphasis on publications lasted Iong, to the extent that today, in Malaysia, (.rtttsan ]N'Talay as the national language, there are only three Malay dailies. The oldest, Afela)'it, dates only te 1939, Historical Perspective that owes its beginnings to the locally-born Most historians3'agree Malay journalism ttt in by Christian mission- i'S' Additionally, 15 periodicals were published in Arablc and nine Malay of-Mdlay and Arabic I'eri- aries for the{r self-serving purposes, William R. Roff. BibliograPhy edicals. London : Oxford LJniversity Press, I972, pp,1-2. in the MLilaysiaAres. Singapore: Instituteof 2) See P.Lim Pul Huen. IVlewspapers Published South East Asian Studies, April 1970. various pagings. The Origins of JfLzlay NZitionalism. Kuala Lurnpur: Univer- 3) For example: William R. Roff. "The in the Straits,''Jburnal sity ef Malaya Press, t967, p.48; E. W. Birch. Vernacular Press Zainal Abidin b. Ahmad. 'LMalay of Malayan Branch Rorval Asiatic Society, Dec, 1879, p.51; Journalism in Malaya," tJburnal Afltlayan Branch Rayal Asi･atic Society, Vel.19, Part II (lgtl), " JburnalMdlayan Branch Asiatic p. 244 ; Nik Ahmad bin Haji Nik Hassan. The Maray Press,T' Society, Vol,36, Part I (1963), p. 37. 598 NII-Electronic Library Service KyotoKyotoUniversity University J. A. LENT : Malaysia's Natienal Language Matis Meala Indian Muslims of Singapore, called the Jawi Peranakan. As Roff explained, the Jawi I'eranakan were prirnarily locally-born offspring of unions hetween indigenous Dv{alay wo- men and South Indian Muslirn traders. In late 1876, this group formed an association in Singapore, called Jawi Peranakan, which initiated a printing ofice to publish a weekly newspaper, again named .]Zi.wi kranakan. A writer of the time described ,lawi Riranakan " as having a circulation oE 250 by 1880, ably and punetually edited, having with only one exception, been issuedi consistently on the day on whic:h it professes to come out,"`) The paper during its first year used manuscript writing and lithograph and followed the example of the English press in emphasizing war news. Birch said oE its policy, Towards Government its tone is not hostile, nor even critical : indeed in only one instance was anything like a burst of feeling bent to.5) given `` '" He feresaw the main advantage of .Jdxvi/ Peranakan as settling the language and giving " a uniformity to the various dialects of Maiay."6) The first managing editor of JdzL,i kranakan was Munshi Mohd. Said bin Dada Mo- hiddin. When he died in 1888, his widow retained the paper with the aid of others until 1895, when it ceased publication. Nik said that during Said's editorsh;p, the weekly ran editorials dealing with secial events and the weather, an example of the former being an appeal to kampung (village) folk to avail themselves of medleal facilities." Besides being first and the longest lived pre-World XVar II Malay periodical, .Jdwi Pera- nakan is also remembered for its spawning of other newspapers. Roff claimed that most of the 17 periedicals between 1876 and 1905 were $ponsored or edited by Jbwi Ileranahan personnel.S) For example, all five of the nineteenth century Malay language papers of Penang had JLiwi Pbranakan staffs. Most of the were weeklies, modelled initially firstperiodicals hand lithographed after English language newspapers, and later using Egyptian and Arabic news centent. The result was that most ef the content did not relate to the Malay cemmunity, In fact, they seemed to have as their chief function the serving of reading materials in the schools.9) For example, Sekola Aflelaytt (The Malay Scheol), edited by Munshi Mohd. Ali Al-Hindi, appeared $olely for teaehing grammar and language in the school$. It was Jhwi Reranakan's 4) Birch, oP. cit., p.52. 5) ibid. 6) ibid. Zalnal, who had a copy of number 38 issue of LIdtvi Pleranakan, dated Oct. 15, 1877, verified Birch's conclusiens en content. Zainal, oP. cit,, p.244. 7) Nik, oP. cit,, pp,37-38. S) Roff, Bibliography of. .., oP. cit., p.3. Before preceeding any further, it should be mentioned that Birch recalled three other Malay periodicals publishing in the country before 188e: a sister of Jawi Peranakan, called Jdzvi Standard, which lasted a brief time in Penang ; Peridaran Shamsa ;lrZztkamer (The Revolution of the Sun and the Moon) and Bintang Barat (Western Star). Birch, ep. cit., p.sl. g) Roff, [rhe Origins efZ,., oP. cit., pp,50--52. 599 NII-Electronic Library Service KyotoKyotoUniversity University lg[M7;;7ntve 15#4" main competitor frQm its birth on August 1, 1888, until 1893, when it ceased publishing.iO' Other periodicals of this inttial era (1876--1905) which deserve mention were : -TVLi.iinn"l Fajai' (Morning Stars) : the following from Perak, Seri Pei'ak (Light of Perak), a brlefiy- . Iived 1893 paper whlch was the first publislied in any of the peninsular states, ,layahan ii-lila.vt{ (]y,Ialay Terrltories), a weekly in 1896"97, tlambangan LVa.i'ta, weekly of 1901 and Khi,rLvtah al-IXmu, a monthly in 1904; Tan,iong f'enegeri/, the first )-,Ialay paper of Penang,ii) started October 4, 1894, and the following also from Penang, I'entinzx.)in Ularta (l895-97'), Lenghengan Bttlan (The Crescent, 1900-Ol), Bintcmg 1'imor,i:' weekly of 1900 which lasted 30 issues, and Chahtt.ya Ptt･l`tit l'inang (Light of I'enang, l900-08). In July 1906, the mood of Malay journalism began to change with the appearance of a religious Shaykh Al- .ll I"iam r.The Leader), journalpublished in Singapore by Sayyid IIadii'i' and edited by Mohd. Tahir bin Jalaluddin. Previousiy, Malay media dealt with Hterarv and social interest contributions, but i'll Imatn had a drastic effect on the trends in content ancl outlook of periedicals. During its three-and-a-half year existence, .ll Jmam, pushillg for social and religious reforms in Malaya, tried to live up to the tenor of its `` introductory editorial, xvhich said in part : to remind those who are forgetful, arouse those who sleep, gulde those who stray, and give a voice to those who speak with wisdom." As Roff statecl, In an orgy of self-vilification and self-condemnation, Al-bnanz points to the back- wardness of the Malays, their domination by alien races, their laziness, their compla- cency, their bickering ameng themselves, and their inability to cooperate for the common good.i4) The first Islarnic reform journal to be published in 1{uslim Southeast Asia, Al Ihiam set an example for successors such as Neracha (The Scales), a thrice monthly journal in Singapore from 1911-15 ; Tunas O'fklab'u, monthly brought out in association with A]bi'acha in 1913 ; Afay'allah al-islam (1914･-), edited by K, Anang, assistant editor of the former two periodicals ; Saudara (The Brethren), published in Penang from 1928-41 ; and Al Jkh'wan (The Brotherhood), Penang monthly during 1926-31. The latter two were started by the '10) Nik, ol], cit., p.:39. 11) Birch's mention of a Penang tJLizvi Standard has never been substantiated. Muhammad bln Dato' Muda. Tarikh Seerat Khabar. Malaya, 1940, p. 102. 12) Another pnper by that name was started in Singapore, July 1894, by Song Ong Siang, presiclent of the Chinese Christian Association. It is identilied by Nik as being the first Rornanized Malay Bintang Tintor was for nine months, then a tri-weekly paper in the natlon, The first a daily for three months, before it died. Nik, oP, cit,, p.,11. Roff, however, reportedthat Straits Chinese Hbrald, pub]ished by the Baba Chinese and Malays in 1891, was the first Ma}ay paper in Romanized script. Roff is a more reliable souree, being a Iater reperter and havlng examined more of these than Nik. Roff, BibliograPhy oLfl,., oP. cit., papers p.4. `` 113) See S, H. Tan. Tl]e Life and Times of Sayyid Shaykh Al･Hudi," BA Henours Exercise, History Department, University of Singapere, 1961. 14) Roff, Origins of1.., oP. cit., p.57. 600 NII-Electronic Library Service KyotoKyotoUniversity University J. A. LENT : Malaysia's National Language Mass Media earlier mentloned Sayyid Shaykh.
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