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Chapter 14: File System Implementation Chapter 14: File System Implementation Operating System Concepts – 10th dition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Chapter 14: File System Implementation File-System Structure File-System Operations Directory Implementation Allocation Methods Free-Space Management Efficiency and Performance Reco ery Example: WAFL File System Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Objectives Describe the details of implementing local file systems and directory structures Discuss %lock allocation and free-block algorithms and trade-offs Explore file system efficiency and performance issues $oo' at reco ery from file system failures Describe the WAF$ file system as a concrete example Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"# Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 File-System Structure File structure $ogical storage unit )ollection of related information $ile system resides on secondary storage *dis's+ Pro ided user interface to storage, mapping logical to physical Pro ides efficient and con enient access to dis' %y allo-ing data to %e stored, located retrie ed easily Dis' pro ides in-place rewrite and random access I.O transfers performed in bloc%s of sectors *usually /01 %ytes+ $ile control bloc% *$C&+ 2 storage structure consisting of information a%out a &le Device driver controls the physical de ice File system organi3ed into layers Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Layered File System Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"( Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 File System Layers 'evice drivers manage I/O devices at the I/O control layer Given commands like 5read drive1, cylinder 72, track 1, sector 00, into memory location 10879 outputs low-level hardware speci&c commands to hardware controller &asic file system given command like 5retrieve block 12:9 translates to device driver Also manages memory buffers and caches (allocation, freeing, replacement) Bu(ers hold data in transit )aches hold frequently used data File organization module understands files, logical address, and physical blocks Translates logical block # to physical block # Manages free space, disk allocation Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!") Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 File System Layers (Cont.) Logical file system manages metadata information Translates file name into file number, file handle, location %y maintaining file control %locks inodes( in ?NIX) Directory management Protection $ayering useful for reducing complexity and redundancy, %ut adds overhead and can decrease performance=ranslates &le name into file number, file handle, location by maintaining file control blocks (inodes in UNIA+ $ogical layers can %e implemented by any coding method according to OS designer Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!", Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 File System Layers (Cont.) Many file systems, sometimes many within an operating system Each with its own format (CD-ROM is ISO B880; ?nix has .$S, FFS; Windows has FAT, FAT32, NTFS as well as floppy, CD, DVD Blu-ray, Linux has more than 130 types, -ith extended file system ext: and e!t4 leading; plus distributed file systems, etcG+ @ew ones still arriving – ZFS, GoogleFS, Oracle ASM, FUSE Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 File-System Operations We have system calls at the API level, %ut how do we implement their functions? On-disk and in-memory structures Boot control block contains info needed by system to boot OS from that volume @eeded if volume contains OS, usually &rst block of volume Volume control block 2s+perblock, master file table3 contains volume details Total # of blocks, # of free blocks, block size, free block pointers or array Directory structure organizes the files @ames and inode numbers, master file table Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"0 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 File-System Implementation (Cont.) Per-fileFile Control &lock 2FCB3 contains many details about the file typically inode number, permissions, size, dates @FTS stores into in master file table using relational DB structures Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 In-Memory File System Structures 4o+nt table storing &le system mounts, mount points, &le system types system56ide open5*le table contains a copy of the F)B of each &le and other info per5process open5*le table contains pointers to appropriate entries in system--ide open-&le table as -ell as other info =he following &gure illustrates the necessary &le system structures provided by the operating systems Figure 01-3(a) refers to opening a &le Figure 01-3*%+ refers to reading a &le Plus buffers hold data bloc's from secondary storage Open returns a &le handle for subsequent use Data from read eventually copied to specified user process memory address Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 In-Memory File System Structures Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Directory Implementation Linear list of file names with pointer to the data blocks Simple to program Time-consuming to execute $inear search time )ould keep ordered alphabetically via linked list or use ;J tree 7ash Table – linear list with hash data structure Decreases directory search time Collisions 2 situations -here t-o file names hash to the same location Only good if entries are fixed size, or use chained-overflow method Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"1# Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Allocation Methods - Contiguous An allocation method refers to how disk %locks are allocated for &les: Contiguous allocation – each file occupies set of contiguous blocks Best performance in most cases Simple – only starting location (block >) and length (number of %loc's) are required Problems include finding space for file, knowing file size, external fragmentation, need for compaction off-line *downtime) or on-line Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"1! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Contiguous Allocation Mapping from logical to physical K $A//01 R ;lock to be accessed L K J starting address Displacement into %lock L R Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"1( Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Extent-Based Systems Many newer &le systems (iGeG, Veritas File System+ use a modified contiguous allocation scheme Extent-based file systems allocate disk blocks in extents An extent is a contiguous block of disks Extents are allocated for &le allocation A file consists of one or more extents Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"1) Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Allocation Methods - Linked Linked allocation 2 each file a linked list of blocks File ends at nil pointer @o external fragmentation Each block contains pointer to next %lock @o compaction, external fragmentation Free space management system called -hen new %loc' needed Improve efficiency by clustering blocks into groups but increases internal fragmentation Reliability can %e a problem $ocating a block can take many I/Os and dis' seeks Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"1, Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Linked Allocation Each file is a linked list of disk blocks: blocks may be scattered anywhere on the dis' %loc' L pointer Mapping K LA/510 R Block to %e accessed is the Qth block in the linked chain of blocks representing the file. Displacement into block = R + 1 Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Linked Allocation Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 File-Allocation Table Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"21 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Allocation Methods - Indexed Indexed allocation Each file has its ownindex block(s) of pointers to its data blocks $ogical view index table Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"22 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Example of Indexed Allocation Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"2# Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Combined Scheme: UNIX UFS 4K bytes per block, 32-bit addresses More index blocks than can be addressed with 32-bit file pointer Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"28 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Performance ;est method depends on &le access type )ontiguous great for sequential and random $in'ed good for sequential, not random Declare access type at creation -M select either contiguous or lin'ed Inde!ed more comple! Single %loc' access could require 1 inde! %loc' reads then data %loc' read )lustering can help impro e throughput, reduce )P? overhead For @EM, no dis' head so different algorithms and optimizations needed ?sing old algorithm uses many )P? cycles trying to avoid non- e!istent head movement #ith @EM goal is to reduce )P? cycles and overall path needed for I.O Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Free-Space Management File system maintains free-space list to track available blocks/clusters *?sing term 5block9 for simplicity) &it vector or bit map *n %locks) 7 0 1 n-1 N 0 block[i] free %itO ] = i 7 %loc'OiP occupied Block number calculation (number of bits per -ord) Q (number of 0-value words) + o(set of first 1 bit CPUs have instructions to return o(set -ithin word of first 509 bit Operating System Concepts – 10th dition 1!"#1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Free-Space
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