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Variation in Collections of Bothriochloa Pertusa and B. Inscujpta

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Variation in Collections of Bothriochloa Pertusa and B. Inscujpta ISSN 0159-6071 ISBN 0 643 05910 5 Genetic Resources Communication No. 27,-1997 Variation in collections of Bothriochloa pertusa and B. inscuJpta B.C. Pengelly, I.B. Staples and W.J. Scattini CSIROTropical Agriculture, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia Variation in collections of Bothriochloa pertusaand B. insculpta. 1 B.C. Pengelly , LB. Staples2 and W.J. Scattini3. 1 CSIRO Tropical Agriculture, 306 Carmody Road St Lucia Qld 4067, Australia. 2 Queensland Department ofPrimary Industries, P. 0 Box 1054, Mareeba, Qld 4880, Australia. 3 72 Lorimar Terrace, Spring Hill, Qld 4000, Australia Abstract A collection of 138 accessions of two closely related species, Bothriochloa insculpta and B. pertusa, was grown at one tropical and two sub-tropical sites in Queensland. Accessions were grouped on the basis of 14 agronomic attributes measured at one or more of the sites using the classification package PATN. The attributes which contributed most to group membership were flowering time, stolon development and yield. The classification detected significant agronomic heterogeneity within the collection and elucidated inter-site differences in plant performance although the groups were homogeneous by species. Group membership was strongly correlated with the geographic origin of collections, with latitude having the greatest influence. The majority of accessions were collected from dry or semi-arid tropical and sub­ tropical regions and from a wide variety of soils. In B. insculpta 5 groups were determined from only 11 accesssions but these accessions represented germplasm from a large geographic area in two continents. In B. pertusa 5 groups were determined from127 accessions of mostly Indian origin. The characteristics of the defined groups suggest that thereis scope for selecting accessions adapted to either the tropics or sub-tropics forpasture development and foramenity use. Withinthe collection there are a number of accessions which are resistant to rust and ergot. A core set of 22 accessions has been selected to represent the diversity in the two species. Keywords Bothriochloa insculpta, Bothriochloa pertusa, classification, characterisation, genetic resources, diversity, geographical distribution. Introduction Two introduced species of the genus Bothriochloa, B. insculpta and B. pertusa, are of importance as sown pasture plants in northern Australia. B. insculpta was introduced into Australia from Africa and has provided two cultivars, cvv. Bisset and Hatch, which are being used in the southern speargrass region of Queensland. B. pertusa was introduced into Australia in the 193 0s and is now widespread over much of the dry and semi-arid tropics of north-eastern Australia. Several strains of B. pertusa are recognised (Bisset 1980). "Biloela" strain was formally registered as cv. Dawson and is used as a turf grass because of its strong stolon development and late flowering."Emerald" is similar but mid-season flowering. The cv. Medway and the "Yeppoon" and "Keppel" strains are used as pasture species because of their high yield. The very early-flowering "Bowen" strain is now widely naturalised in much of the speargrass region of north Queensland where it colonised large areas after the decline in the native grass population over a succession of drought years. It is now a major factor in limiting soil erosion in that region. The number of accessions of particular species that can be included in field trials is usually limited by resources. Large genetic resource collections of >200 accessions are common and to embark on field evaluation of collections of that size is not practical. For this reason, studies to determine variation 1 within collections are frequently made prior to the commencement of regional evaluation trials. These studies may take a number of forms.One of the simplest is to evaluate the provenance information such as latitude, altitude, soil type and rainfall characteristics at the site of collection (Pengelly et al. 1997). Studies have also been undertaken using biochemical and molecular traits to determine variation in collections (Liu 1997). The most common method of determining variation in germplasm collections is to study morphological and/or agronomic attributes taking special note of those which might impact on plant performance in target environments (Burt et al. 1971; Gramshaw et al. 1987). Using either morphological or agronomic attributes provides different advantages. If mainly morphological attributes are chosen, then a framework of diversity is established to which new accessions can be easily placed without being grown in the field.If mainly agronomic data are used, thenthe resultant framework is more useful in selecting germplasm for further evaluation. However, placing new accessions into such a framework is more difficult as it requires information on field performance. In crop species and in well-known forage species such as white clover and lucerne, standard sets of predominantly morphological descriptors based on the collective experience in these groups of plants have been developed (IBPGR 1991; IBPGR and ICRISAT 1992). However, in less well known species, including most tropical forage species, no such sets have been developed and the attributes or descriptors to be measured are usually selected during thecourse of the study. Taxonomically, B. pertusa and B. insculpta are very close and are distinguished by the length and pubescence of the spikelets (shorter and white hairs at the spikelet base in B. pertusa) (Simon 1993). Otherwise they appear to form a continuum from very prostrate, strongly stoloniferous B. pertusa to more robust, weakly stoloniferous B. insculpta. The aim of this study was to classify and describe groups of accessions from a collection of these two species using agronomic attributes and to provide data for individual accessions which could be used in selecting germplasm for cultivar development. An attempt to relate these groups to provenance data was also made so that future plant collecting priorities could be set if further germplasm was deemed necessary. The classification was used to develop a core set of accessions which represent the diversity within the collections. Materialsand methods Plant geography B. insculpta accessions originated from eastern and southern Africa and from southern India. The collections came from soil textures ranging from sandy loams to clays with the the majority from heavier textured soils with near neutral pH. Rainfall ranged from 770 mm to 1500 mm and altitude from 500 m to 1600 m. B. pertusa accessions originatedfrom southernto central India (Fig. 1) and were collected from a wide range of soils. The accessions from central India, including those from the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka, were almost exclusively from clay-loam and clay textured soils; those from the southern states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and southern Karnataka came from light textured soils. pH ranged from 6.0 to 8.5, although there are few accessions with pH data available. B. pertusa was collected from semi-arid or sub-humid environments at altitudes ranging from sea-level to ea. 1500 m with mean annual rainfall most frequently within the range 650 to 1200 mm. Several accessions were from sites where mean annual rainfall was <600 mm while a few were fromsites with mean annual rainfall of>15 00 mm. Experimental sites and establishment 134 and 138 accessions of Bothriochloa spp. were planted at SamfordResearch Station (Lat. 27°22'S, Long. 152°53'E) and Walkamin Research Station (Lat.17°8'S, Long. 145°26'E) respectively in 1990. 2 116 of these accessions had previously been grown at Toowoomba (Lat. 27°35', Long. 151°56' ) in 1986. Mean annual rainfall at Samford, Walkamin and Toowoomba is 1015mm, 1100mm and 962mm respectively. The experiment was sown on.a red podzolic soil (Dr5.21) (Northcote 1979) at Samford, on a yellow basalt derived soil (Uf 6.4) at Walkamin and on a lateritic red earth, Gn 3 .11 at Toowoomba. At all sites seedlings were raised in a shadehouse andtransplanted into the field - on 20 January 1990 at Samford and Walkamin and on 3 January 1986 at Toowoomba. A randomised complete block design was used at each site with two replicates. At Samford each plot consisted of a row of 10 plants at 50cm spacing between plants. At Walkamin each plot consisted of 6 plants at 50 cm spacing. At Toowoomba, each plot consisted of a row of 10 plants at 0.4 m spacing within rows. Interrow spacing at Samford and Walkaminwas 2.5 m and at Toowoomba, 4 m. Measurements Measurements recorded from Samford, Walkamin and Toowoomba are listed in Table 1. Attributes included in the analysis were those which were likely to be associated with field persistence and production such as dry matter yield, time to flowering and stolon development. The appearance of rust symptoms (Puccinia deuthiae on B. pertusa and P. nakanishikii on B. insculpta ) at Walkamin and ergot (Claviceps pusilla) at Samford provided an opportunity to record relative susceptibility of accessions to these diseases. Ratings or measurements taken at one site were sometimes strongly correlated with a similar measurement taken at another. Where there was a strong correlation between attributes (i.e. r > 0.6) , only one measurement was included in the analysis to avoid problems of weighting the importance of an attribute. Similarly, where there was a strong correlation between particular attribute measurements taken at the same site but at differenttimes, only one of these was used in the analysis. Analysis A total of 138 accessions were included in the analysis of 14 attributes. Nine of the attributes were recorded at Samford, four at Walkamin and one at Toowoomba. Data were analysed with the PATN pattern analysis package (Belbin 1987). The Gower metric option was used to establish a dissimilarity matrix and the Unweighted Pair Group Arithmetic Averaging option was chosen to construct the hierarchy. The Kruskal-Wallis statistic (Conover 1980) is given as a measure of the ability of an attribute to distinguish between groups, with the higher the value, the greater the importance of that attribute in distinguishing groups.
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