Variation in Collections of Bothriochloa Pertusa and B. Inscujpta

ISSN 0159-6071 ISBN 0 643 05910 5

Genetic Resources Communication No. 27,-1997

Variation in collections of Bothriochloa pertusa and B. inscuJpta

B.C. Pengelly, I.B. Staples and W.J. Scattini

CSIROTropical Agriculture, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia Variation in collections of Bothriochloa pertusaand B. insculpta.

1 B.C. Pengelly , LB. Staples2 and W.J. Scattini3.

1 CSIRO Tropical Agriculture, 306 Carmody Road St Lucia Qld 4067, Australia. 2 Queensland Department ofPrimary Industries, P. 0 Box 1054, Mareeba, Qld 4880, Australia. 3 72 Lorimar Terrace, Spring Hill, Qld 4000, Australia

Abstract

A collection of 138 accessions of two closely related species, Bothriochloa insculpta and B. pertusa, was grown at one tropical and two sub-tropical sites in Queensland. Accessions were grouped on the basis of 14 agronomic attributes measured at one or more of the sites using the classification package PATN. The attributes which contributed most to group membership were flowering time, stolon development and yield.

The classification detected significant agronomic heterogeneity within the collection and elucidated inter-site differences in plant performance although the groups were homogeneous by species. Group membership was strongly correlated with the geographic origin of collections, with latitude having the greatest influence. The majority of accessions were collected from dry or semi-arid tropical and sub tropical regions and from a wide variety of soils. In B. insculpta 5 groups were determined from only 11 accesssions but these accessions represented germplasm from a large geographic area in two continents. In B. pertusa 5 groups were determined from127 accessions of mostly Indian origin.

The characteristics of the defined groups suggest that thereis scope for selecting accessions adapted to either the tropics or sub-tropics forpasture development and foramenity use. Withinthe collection there are a number of accessions which are resistant to rust and ergot. A core set of 22 accessions has been selected to represent the diversity in the two species.

Keywords

Bothriochloa insculpta, Bothriochloa pertusa, classification, characterisation, genetic resources, diversity, geographical distribution.

Introduction

Two introduced species of the genus Bothriochloa, B. insculpta and B. pertusa, are of importance as sown pasture plants in northern Australia. B. insculpta was introduced into Australia from Africa and has provided two cultivars, cvv. Bisset and Hatch, which are being used in the southern speargrass region of Queensland. B. pertusa was introduced into Australia in the 193 0s and is now widespread over much of the dry and semi-arid tropics of north-eastern Australia. Several strains of B. pertusa are recognised (Bisset 1980). "Biloela" strain was formally registered as cv. Dawson and is used as a turf grass because of its strong stolon development and late flowering."Emerald" is similar but mid-season flowering. The cv. Medway and the "Yeppoon" and "Keppel" strains are used as pasture species because of their high yield. The very early-flowering "Bowen" strain is now widely naturalised in much of the speargrass region of north Queensland where it colonised large areas after the decline in the native grass population over a succession of drought years. It is now a major factor in limiting soil erosion in that region.

The number of accessions of particular species that can be included in field trials is usually limited by resources. Large genetic resource collections of >200 accessions are common and to embark on field evaluation of collections of that size is not practical. For this reason, studies to determine variation

1 within collections are frequently made prior to the commencement of regional evaluation trials. These studies may take a number of forms.One of the simplest is to evaluate the provenance information such as latitude, altitude, soil type and rainfall characteristics at the site of collection (Pengelly et al. 1997). Studies have also been undertaken using biochemical and molecular traits to determine variation in collections (Liu 1997).

The most common method of determining variation in germplasm collections is to study morphological and/or agronomic attributes taking special note of those which might impact on plant performance in target environments (Burt et al. 1971; Gramshaw et al. 1987). Using either morphological or agronomic attributes provides different advantages. If mainly morphological attributes are chosen, then a framework of diversity is established to which new accessions can be easily placed without being grown in the field.If mainly agronomic data are used, thenthe resultant framework is more useful in selecting germplasm for further evaluation. However, placing new accessions into such a framework is more difficult as it requires information on field performance. In crop species and in well-known forage species such as white clover and lucerne, standard sets of predominantly morphological descriptors based on the collective experience in these groups of plants have been developed (IBPGR 1991; IBPGR and ICRISAT 1992). However, in less well known species, including most tropical forage species, no such sets have been developed and the attributes or descriptors to be measured are usually selected during thecourse of the study.

Taxonomically, B. pertusa and B. insculpta are very close and are distinguished by the length and pubescence of the spikelets (shorter and white hairs at the spikelet base in B. pertusa) (Simon 1993). Otherwise they appear to form a continuum from very prostrate, strongly stoloniferous B. pertusa to more robust, weakly stoloniferous B. insculpta. The aim of this study was to classify and describe groups of accessions from a collection of these two species using agronomic attributes and to provide data for individual accessions which could be used in selecting germplasm for cultivar development. An attempt to relate these groups to provenance data was also made so that future plant collecting priorities could be set if further germplasm was deemed necessary. The classification was used to develop a core set of accessions which represent the diversity within the collections.

Materialsand methods

Plant geography

B. insculpta accessions originated from eastern and southern Africa and from southern India. The collections came from soil textures ranging from sandy loams to clays with the the majority from heavier textured soils with near neutral pH. Rainfall ranged from 770 mm to 1500 mm and altitude from 500 m to 1600 m.

B. pertusa accessions originatedfrom southernto central India (Fig. 1) and were collected from a wide range of soils. The accessions from central India, including those from the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka, were almost exclusively from clay-loam and clay textured soils; those from the southern states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and southern Karnataka came from light textured soils. pH ranged from 6.0 to 8.5, although there are few accessions with pH data available. B. pertusa was collected from semi-arid or sub-humid environments at altitudes ranging from sea-level to ea. 1500 m with mean annual rainfall most frequently within the range 650 to 1200 mm. Several accessions were from sites where mean annual rainfall was <600 mm while a few were fromsites with mean annual rainfall of>15 00 mm.

Experimental sites and establishment

134 and 138 accessions of Bothriochloa spp. were planted at SamfordResearch Station (Lat. 27°22'S, Long. 152°53'E) and Walkamin Research Station (Lat.17°8'S, Long. 145°26'E) respectively in 1990.

2 116 of these accessions had previously been grown at Toowoomba (Lat. 27°35', Long. 151°56' ) in 1986. Mean annual rainfall at Samford, Walkamin and Toowoomba is 1015mm, 1100mm and 962mm respectively. The experiment was sown on.a red podzolic soil (Dr5.21) (Northcote 1979) at Samford, on a yellow basalt derived soil (Uf 6.4) at Walkamin and on a lateritic red earth, Gn 3.11 at Toowoomba.

At all sites seedlings were raised in a shadehouse andtransplanted into the field - on 20 January 1990 at Samford and Walkamin and on 3 January 1986 at Toowoomba. A randomised complete block design was used at each site with two replicates. At Samford each plot consisted of a row of 10 plants at 50cm spacing between plants. At Walkamin each plot consisted of 6 plants at 50 cm spacing. At Toowoomba, each plot consisted of a row of 10 plants at 0.4 m spacing within rows. Interrow spacing at Samford and Walkaminwas 2.5 m and at Toowoomba, 4 m.

Measurements

Measurements recorded from Samford, Walkamin and Toowoomba are listed in Table 1. Attributes included in the analysis were those which were likely to be associated with field persistence and production such as dry matter yield, time to flowering and stolon development. The appearance of rust symptoms (Puccinia deuthiae on B. pertusa and P. nakanishikii on B. insculpta ) at Walkamin and ergot (Claviceps pusilla) at Samford provided an opportunity to record relative susceptibility of accessions to these diseases.

Ratings or measurements taken at one site were sometimes strongly correlated with a similar measurement taken at another. Where there was a strong correlation between attributes (i.e. r > 0.6) , only one measurement was included in the analysis to avoid problems of weighting the importance of an attribute. Similarly, where there was a strong correlation between particular attribute measurements taken at the same site but at differenttimes, only one of these was used in the analysis.

Analysis

A total of 138 accessions were included in the analysis of 14 attributes. Nine of the attributes were recorded at Samford, four at Walkamin and one at Toowoomba. Data were analysed with the PATN pattern analysis package (Belbin 1987). The Gower metric option was used to establish a dissimilarity matrix and the Unweighted Pair Group Arithmetic Averaging option was chosen to construct the hierarchy. The Kruskal-Wallis statistic (Conover 1980) is given as a measure of the ability of an attribute to distinguish between groups, with the higher the value, the greater the importance of that attribute in distinguishing groups.

Results

Relationships between attributes

Plant height, stolon development and time to flowering in the first year were strongly correlated across sites (Table 2). There were also strong relationships between yield ratings taken at Samford in year 1 and year 2. Consequently only the time to flowering and plant height data from Samford were included in the analysis. The poor correlation between first year yield at Samford and Walkarnin(r = 0.45) meant that both of these attributes were retained in the analysis.

Classification

Ten well defined groups emerged from the classification with B. insculpta accessions and B. pertusa accessions each distributed over five groups (Fig. 2). The most important attributes in determining group structure were time to flowering and stolon development (Table 3). Other important attributes were yield at Samford, frost tolerance and plant height. In general terms, B. insculpta was later

3 flowering, higher yielding, had larger stolons and was less susceptible to frost, although the two accessions in group 8 had similar values to some B. pertusa groups for many attributes.

Table 1. Attributes measured at the three sites. Those marked with an asterisk were used in the analysis.

Site Attribute Type Remarks Samford Yield rating yr 1 * Ordinal Rating 1-5 (5 = max) on 15/6/90 Samford Stolon length * Ratio Length oflongest stolon (cm) 23/4/90 Samford Stolon development* Ordinal Rating 1-5 of no. stolons per plant (5=max) 23/4/90 Samford Days to flower* Ratio No. days from 1/1/90 to 50% plants flowering Samford Frost damage * Ordinal Rating 1-5 (5=max) 15/7/90 Samford Height* Ratio Height to flag leaf(cm) 15/6/90 Samford Width* Ratio Width of plant (cm) 15/6/90 Samford Yield rating yr 2 Ordinal Rating 1-5 (5 = max) 14/2/91 Samford Days to flower yr 2 * Ratio No. days from 1/10/90 to 50% plants flowering Samford Ergot * Ordinal Rating 1-5 (5=max) (15/6/90) Walkamin Days to flower yr 1 Ratio No. days from 1/1/90 to 50% flowering Walkamin Habit* Ordinal Rating of plant habit** (30/7/90) Walkamin Height Ratio Height to flag leaf (18/7 /90) Walkamin Width* Ratio Width of plant (18/7/90) Walkamin Yield* Ordinal Rating of plant yield 1-18 (l 8=max) 19/7/90 Walkamin Rust symptoms* Ordinal Rating 1- 5 (5 = max) 30/7/90 Toowoomba Days to floweryr 1 Ratio No. days from 1/1/86 to 50% flowering Toowoomba Culm length Ordinal Length of culm (cm) 18/6/86 Toowoomba Stolon internode length* Ordinal Length of internode (cm) 18/6/86 ** 1 = tufted,erect, 2=tufted,semi erect, 3=tufled,decumbent, 4= decumbent, 5= prostrate decumbent, 6= prostrate.

Provenance data and data for each agronomic attribute used in the analysis are listed in Appendix 1 and 2 respectively. These data will assist in the selection of individual accessions from particular groups for regional evaluation studies.

Group descriptions and provenance data.

Group 1. B. pertusa - 35 members

Compared with other B. pertusa groups, members of this group were tall, with moderate stolon growth, usually high yielding with less frost damage than other groups. Accessions were moderately early flowering.

The members of this group originated from semi-arid to sub-humid tropical environments in central and northern India (Fig. la) with mean annual rainfall at the site of collection ranging from 650mm to 2100mm (group mean 1180mm) and latitude ranging from 14°07'N to 23°42'N. Soils at the site of collection were loams, clay loams or clays.

Group 2. B. pertusa - 42 members.

4 This group of early flowering accessions were low-growing, and had poor stolon development (both stolon length and stolon rating). Yield ratings were poor at both Samford and Walkamin.

They originated from semi-arid environments in central and northern India with latitude ranging from 13° ll'N to 23°42'N (Fig. lb). While this group was collected from a similar latitudinal range to group 1, the mean annual rainfall at collection sites was lower, ranging from 520 to 1600mm (group mean 940mm). Soils at the site of collection were heavy textured with pH ranging from slightly acid to strongly alkaline (pH 8.7 for CPI 104841).

Table 2. List of attributes excluded from the analysis because of their significant relationship with other attributes measured at either differentsites or at the same site.but in different years, together with thecorrelated attributes maintained in the analysis and thecorrelation coefficient (r).

Attributes excluded fromanalysis Attributes included in analysis r Samford yield 1991 Samford yield 1990 0.68 Samford stolon development 1991 Samford stolon development 1990 0.63 Walkamin plant height Samford plant height 0.72 Toowoomba plant height Samford plant height 0.60 Walkamindays to flower 1990 Samford days to flower 1990 0.82 Toowoomba days to flower Samforddays to flower 1990 0.80

Table 3. Means and Kruskal-Wallis value of attributes for the 10 groups determined through classification of 138 accessions of B. pertusa and B. insculpta.

Attribute KW Gl G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 GlO value (n=35) (42) (32 (11) (36) (3) (3) (2) (1) (2) Samford yield 1990 81 2.5 1.6 2.0 1.0 1.6 4.7 3.3 2.2 3.0 4.2 Samford stolon length 67 51 35 32 51 56 105 85 43 75 98 Samford stolon 95 2.1 1.3 1.0 3.4 4.1 3.8 3.3 1.2 4.5 2.5 development Samfordtime to 96 103 100 95 129 125 146 122 104 117 166 flowering 1990 Samford plant height 75 55 43 46 36 44 87 72 56 50 45 Samford plant width 66 48 33 42 34 41 82 77 40 70 100 Samfordfrost damage 80 3.1 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.8 1.7 1.8 2.5 4.0 1.2 f' Samford time to 18 28 29 38 26 32 23 30 56 70 36 flowering 1990/91 Samfordergot 25 2.2 1.9 2.5 1.6 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.5 2.5 * infection Walkaminplant habit 54 4.2 4.3 4.7 5.4 4.6 5.0 4.9 5.2 5.0 3.0 W alkamin rust 32 3.4 2.8 4.3 1.6 2.2 0.0 4.2 1.5 3.0 1.2 infection Walkaminplant width 56 117 103 53 164 118 200 171 166 185 225 Walkaminplant yield 55 9.1 7.0 2.1 11.7 7.4 17. 14.0 14.0 16.0 12.5 1990 0 Toowoomba stolon 38 2.6 2.4 2.2 1.9 1.9 5.0 6.5 3.5 2.5 * intemode length * missing data

Group 3. B. pertusa - 3 members.

This group of accessions were similar to groups 1 and 2 in many attributes including yield at Samford, time to flowering and plant height but were separated from all other accessions of B. pertusa because of

5 ■ �· •111 Ill 20N ..-..e.

··- ..... ■.a. ------·••·.•······ ·... ············ (------1 ■

(b)

ION

(c)

Figure 1. Distribution of members of the five groups of B. pertusa: (a) Group I; (b) Group 2; (c) Group 3 .A.. and 4 ■ and (d) Group 5.

6 their susceptibility to rust at Walkamin and their very poor yield and plant spread at that site. These 3 accessions were also susceptible to ergot at Samford.

There appears to be no common factor in the origin of these three accessions (Fig. le). CPI 106528 was collected at l2°25'N in a region witha mean annual rainfall of 3,345mm, CPI 106064 at 20°53'N with a mean annual rainfall of 890mm and CPI 106256 at l6°58'N and 740mm mean annual rainfall.

Group 4. B. pertusa - 11 members .

This group of accessions was characterised by low plant height and very low yield at Samford. Interestingly, this same group of accessions were amongst the highest yielding accessions at Walkamin. This group was also much later flowering in year 1 than any accession in group 1 to 3 but time to flowering in the following spring did not differ greatly from that recorded for other groups of B. pertusa. Internodelength was generally shorter in Group 4 than in groups 1, 2 and 3.

The majority of accessions were collected from central - southern India with latitude ranging from 10°03' to 15°58'N (Fig. le) Rainfall at the site of collection ranged from 600 to 1270mm with a group mean of 900mm. Soils at the site of collection were either sands or sandy loams.

Group 5. B. pertusa - 36 members

This group of accessions is characterised by late flowering, low yield and low plant height at Samford. This group differed from Group 4 primarily in being more severely affected by ergot at Samford and having lower yield at Walkamin. As was the case in Group 4, internodes were generally shorter in this group than in groups 1, 2 and3. CPI 106712 had extremely short internodes (0.5cm) and so may have potential as a lawn or amenitygrass.

Theseaccessions were collected from southernIndia with latitude ranging from 8°07'N to 15°36'N and rainfall from 600 to 1820mm (group mean of 880mm) (Fig. Id). Soils at the site of collection were most frequentlylight-textured.

Group 6. B. insculpta - 3 members

This group comprises cv. Bisset and the two accessions which were combined to form that cultivar, CPI 59584 and 59585 (Oram 1990). This group was the highest yielding at Samford and at Walkamin. These accessions were tall, had strong stolon development (stolon length and rating), were late floweringand appeared to be completely resistant to rust at Walkamin.

CPI 59584 was collected at 1700m altitude in Kenya at a rainfall of 850mm and 59585 was collected from Tanzania at 1300m altitude where the mean annual rainfall was 625mm.

Group 7. B. insculpta - 3 members

Accessions in this group, which includes cv. Hatch, has many of the characteristics of those in group 6 but were earlier flowering, had lower yield at Walkamin and Samford and, importantly, were badly affected by rust at Walkamin.

All three accessions in this group originated from southern Africa. Hatch was introduced into Australia in 193 I as CPI 2695 (Oram 1990) from Zimbabwe. CPI 59587 and CPI 65463 were both collected fromnear Bulawayo, Zimbabwe which has a mean annual rainfall of about 650mm.

7 0.70

0.26

Gl G2 G3 G4 GS G6 G7 G8 G9 GlO

Figure 2. Dendrogram of the classification of B. pertusa(groups 1-5) and B. insculpta(Groups 6-10) constructedusing 14 agronomic attributes. Attributeswhich contributed most to theclassification are listed in Table 3. Group 8. B. insculpta - 2 members.

These two accessions were the lowest yielding B. insculpta accessions at Samford (but not at Walkamin) and had poor stolon development. At Walkamin these accessions were comparable in most attributes to Groups 6 and 7. Interestingly, these two accessions were the latest flowering of all accessions in the second spring even though they were the earliest flowering accessions of B. insculpta in year 1.

Both accessions were collected from central India (l8°54'N and 22°01 'N) and rainfall at the sites of collection was 680 and 1440mm.

Group 9. B. insculpta - 1 member

This accession was a low growing, very strongly stoloniferous form of the species, badly affected by frost and ergot at Samford and moderately susceptible to rust at Walkamin. It also had the shortest internodelength of all accessions of B. insculpta. This accession was collected from 15°39'N in central India at a site with a mean annualrainfall of 1200mm.

Group 10. B. insculpta - 2 members

These accessions differed considerably from other B. insculpta accessions. Although high yielding, these accessions were very late flowering, and despite being the widest plants at Walkamin with very long stolons, possessed only mode!ate stolon number (stolon development).

These accessions were collected from relatively humid environments (mean annual rainfall 1500 and 2000mm and at relatively high altitudes ( 1400 and 1900 m) in southern India ( 10° 14 'N and 11°45'N ).

Discussion

B. insculpta accessions were allocated to 5 well-defined groups, primarily on the basis of plant yield, plant height, time to flowering and rust tolerance. The study did not identify new accessions of this species which warrant further evaluation in environments similar to those where this study was conducted. CPI 106393, the sole member of group 9, had a number of attributes such as strong stolon development and high yield that suggest comrtlercial potential, but its susceptibility to rust and ergot are major deficiencies. The two members of group 8, CPI 104862 and 106082A were also identified as having a number of usefulattributes and although one of these accessions (CPI 106082A) was resistant to rust, it possessed poorer stolon development than the currently available cv. Bisset. However, both were earlier flowering than cv. Bisset and so may have a role in drier regions with a shorter growing season.

There was a strong correlation between group membership and provenance data in B. insculpta. For the African accessions, thosefrom low latitude (Kenya and Tanzania- Group 6) were separated fromthose fromZimbabwe (Group 7). The five Indian accessions were allocated to three groups (Group 8, 9 and 10). Again, group membership for these accessions is associated with latitude of origin. The earliest flowering group, group 8, is from the most northerly collection sites and the latest flowering group, group 10, originated from southern India. The limited provenance data available for the B. insculpta accessions indicates that the species is well adapted to moderately low rainfall regimes e.g. 750mm. Al l accessions included in this study originated from < 20° latitude. However, more recent collections of the species from southern Africa have been made from rainfall regimes as low as 450mm and at higher latitudes (> 26°S) (B.C. Pengelly unpublished data).

Both Bisset and Hatch have been widely used in southern Queensland since their release, indicating that at least some forms of the species are very well adapted to the subtropical, semi-arid environment.

9 However, the few accessions of this species available for this study, including the cultivars, originate from a very restricted geographic range compared to its natural distribution. The success of these cultivars in subtropical eastern Australia suggests that germplasm from a more extensive range of its natural distribution, which extends from southern and eastern Africa through to southern Asia (Hacker and Lock 1995), should be collected and evaluated. Evaluation of recently collected new germplasm originating fromlow fertility and higher latitude in South Africa should be a priority in the drier regions of subtropical northern Australia.

There were large differences between the five groups of B. pertusa in time to flowering, stolon development and plant yield. The classification has successfully outlined the variation within this collection and provides a good basis for selecting accessions forfurt her evaluation as either amenity or pasture grasses.

In selecting for amenity use, plants which are low-growing, with strong stolon development, short internodesand later floweringmight be selected. Plants with this combination of attributes can be found in groups 4 and 5. These groups also include some accessions that are resistant to rust. In addition to plant structure and group membership, provenance data for a small number of accessions suggest that they may have special value as amenity grasses. Of particular note are the collections from soils with a pH of > 8.5 (CPI 104806, 104814, 104841, 104842, 106292 and 106350). Although no data are available on the salinity of these soils it could be expected that they are sodic and that these particular accessions may have a role in revegetating alkaline and sodic soils in northern Australia.

Within B. pertusa there were strong inter-site differences in plant performance. Group 3, for instance, performed well at Samford but poorly at Walkamin, possibly because of the high rust susceptibility of that group. On the other hand, group 4, the highest yielding group at Walkamin was the lowest yielding group at Samford. In contrast, members of group 1 appear to have a broader adaptation and were high yielding at bothsites and might be the first source of new accessions fordevelopment.

Group membership in B. pertusa is clearly related to latitude and soil texture. Soils at the collection sites were mainly medium to heavy textured in central India and light textured in the south. The relationship between latitude and group membership would be largely influenced by the time to flowering, with the accessions from central India being earlier flowering than those from the south. The relationship between group membership and soil texture appears to be associated with stolon development. Accessions from light textured soils from southern India (group 4 and 5) had much stronger stolon development than those from heavier textured soils in the north. Other attributes, including internode length, stolon development and rust resistance also appear to have a strong geographical basis. Accessions from southern India have greater resistance to rust than those from the north. However, the apparent resistance might be associated with other attributes, primarily phenology, with accessions having the ability to withstand rust infection during vegetative growth, but succumbing once flowering and seed set has commenced. There appears to be no relationship between ergot resistance and origin.

A core set of 22 accessions which represent the diversity in both species has been selected (Appendix 2). In most cases more than one accession has been selected from each group to allow for within group diversity. As this set of accessions is likely to be used to select germplasm for agronomic evaluation, accessions which were highly susceptible to rust were usually excluded from this core set. If susceptible accessions are required for other research purposes, then additional accessions should be selected using the data provided in Appendix 2.

This classification, based almost solely on agronomic data collected from primarily two contrasting environments, has confirmed the view ofEdye et al. (1973) that such studies have the potential to detect agronomic heterogeneity and elucidate inter-site differences in plant performance. The study has

10 successfully defined agronomic variation within the collections and will be important for selecting accessions forfurther evaluation.

Acknowledgements

We thank Mr Bob Greenfield, Mr Barry Lynne and Mr Maurie Conway for valuable technical assistance and Mr Cam McDonald for assistance in data analysis and for comments on an earlier draft of this paper. The support of the staffof the Samford and Walkamin Research Stations during the course of this work is acknowledged.

References

Belbin, L. (1987) PATN. Pattern Analysis Package Reference Manual. (CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Rangelands: Canberra, Australia). Bisset, W.J. ( 1980) Indian bluegrass has special uses. Queensland Agricultural Jo urnal 105: 507-517. Burt, R.L., Edye, L.A., Williams, W.T., Grof, B. and Nicholson, C.H.L. (1971) Numerical analysis of variation patterns as an aid to plant introduction and assessment. Australian Journalof Agricultural Research 22, 737-757. Conover, W.J. (1980) Practical No n-Parametric Statistics. (Wiley: New York, USA). Edye, L.A., Burt, R.L., Williams, W.T., Williams, R.J. and Grof, B. (1973) A preliminary agronomic evaluation of Stylosanthes species. Australian Jo urnalof Agricultural Research 24, 511-525. Hacker, J.B and Loch, D.S. (1995) Tropical and subtropical grasses. Various genera (Andropogoneae). In: Smartt, J. And Simmonds, N.W. (eds) Evolution of Crop Plants Second Edition. pp 219-225. (Longman: UK). Gramshaw, D., Pengelly, B.C., Muller, F.W., Harding, W.A.T. and Williams, R.J. (1987) Classification of a collection of the legume Alysicarpus using morphological and preliminary agronomic attributes. Australian Jo urnal of Agricultural Research 38, 355-372. IBPGR (1991) Descriptors fo r Annual Medicago. (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources: Rome, Italy). IBPGR and ICRISAT (1992). Descriptors for Groundnut. (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources: Rome, Italy; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics: Patancheru, India). Liu, C. ( 1997) Genetic diversity and relationships amongLab lab purpureus genotypes evaluated using RAPD as markers. Euphytica 90, 115-119. Northcote, K.H. (1979) A Fa ctual Key fo r the Recognition of Australian Soils. (Rellim: Glenside, Australia). Oram R.N. (1990) Register of Australian Herbage Plant Cultivars 3rd Edition. (CSIRO, Melbourne., Australia). Pengelly, B.C., Maass, B., Thomas, B.D andHacker, J.B. (1997) Origin of the world's collection of the tropical legume Chamaecrista rotundifolia.. Proceedings of the XVIII International Grassland Congress, Canada, pp 1-25 -1-26. Simon, B.K. (1993) A Ke y to Australian Grasses. (Queensland Department of Primary Industries: Brisbane, Australia).

11 Appendix 1. Provenance data for accessions of B. pertusa and B. insculpta.

Accession Group species Latitude Longitude. Altitude Mean annual rainfall Country No.* (ON) (OE) (m) (mm) of origin 59586 pertusa 667 750 Tanzania 104642 pertusa 23.15 77.34 460 1200 India 104648.1 pertusa 23.28 n.44 520 1250 India 104671 .2 pertusa 23.49 78.43 550 1394 India 104672.2 pertusa 23.42 78.48 540 1400 India 104687 pertusa 23.06 79.09 390 1450 India 104791 pertusa 23.04 80.04 500 1450 India 104806 pertusa 22.33 80.25 450 1420 India 10481 4 pertusa 22.33 80.25 450 1420 India 104816 pertusa 22.28 80.30 540 1420 India 104827 pertusa 22.28 80.30 540 1420 India 104841 pertusa 22.25 80.18 490 1430 India 104842 pertusa 22.25 80.18 490 1430 India 104844 pertusa 22.22 80.00 430 1430 India 104854 pertusa 22.09 79.40 550 1440 India 104868 pertusa 22.03 79.02 670 1100 India 104869 pertusa 22.03 79.02 670 1100 India 104874 pertusa 22.09 78.48 740 1250 India 104879 pertusa 22.24 78.37 555 1200 India 104894 pertusa 22.27 78.26 1050 21 00 India 104901 pertusa 22.32 78.28 505 1700 India 104937 pertusa 22.37 76.50 31 0 1200 India 104957 pertusa 22.34 75.46 540 1050 India 104968 pertusa 22.39 75.25 520 1030 India 1061 01 pertusa 17.42 75.51 450 730 India 1061 13 pertusa 17.45 76.04 510 740 India 1061 34 pertusa 17.37 77.01 620 800 India 1061 51 pertusa 17.31 78.16 510 760 India 1061 56 pertusa 17.24 78.37 500 770 India 106194 pertusa 17.44 81 .10 90 1000 India 106201 pertusa 17.45 81 .30 100 1200 India 106437 pertusa 14.07 76.30 710 650 India 106437.1 pertusa 14.07 76.30 71 0 650 India

104672.1 2 pertusa 23.42 78.48 540 1400 India 104800 2 pertusa 22.42 80.20 450 1420 India 104836 2 pertusa 22.32 80.25 470 1420 India 104876 2 pertusa 22.18 78.42 975 1600 India 104902 2 pertusa 22.40 78.22 360 1500 India 10491 1 2 pertusa 22.42 77.52 340 1400 India 104935.1 2 pertusa 22.37 76.50 310 1200 India 104935.2 2 pertusa 22.37 75.50 310 1200 India 104949 2 pertusa 22.43 76.24 540 1120 India 104987 2 pertusa 22.11 76.02 220 980 India 105015 2 pertusa 20.40 76.36 360 900 India 106017 2 pertusa 20.41 77.00 320 877 India 106028 2 pertusa 19.49 77.10 530 900 India 106041 2 pertusa 19.16 77.21 340 900 India 106051 2 pertusa 19.45 76.05 450 860 India 106056 2 pertusa 19.55 75.12 550 790 India 106065 2 pertusa 20.31 76.57 350 890 India 106066 2 pertusa 19.33 74.55 420 700 India 106084 2 pertusa 17.59 75.16 500 650 India 106091 2 pertusa 17.28 75.51 480 700 India 106102.2 2 pertusa 17.42 75.51 450 730 India 106130 2 pertusa 17.24 76.52 480 750 India 106131 2 pertusa 17.24 76.52 480 750 India 106142 2 pertusa 17.42 77.22 620 850 India 106143 2 pertusa 17.42 77.22 620 850 India 106172 2 pertusa 17.55 79.49 250 950 India 106176.1 2 pertusa 17.49 80.01 240 950 India

12 Appendix 1. Provenance data for accessions of B. pertusa and B. inscu/pta.

Accession Group species Latitude Longitude. Altitude Mean annual rainfall Country No.* (ON) (OE) (m) (mm) of origin 106177 2 pertusa 17.49 80.01 240 950 India 10621 2 2 pertusa 17.10 81 .09 130 980 India 106221 2 pertusa 17.13 80.13 160 950 India 106225 2 pertusa 17.13 80.13 150 950 India 106226.1 2 pertusa 17.13 80.13 150 950 India 106241 2 pertusa 17.01 80.00 100 900 India 106248 2 pertusa 17.09 79.28 190 870 India 106276 2 pertusa 16.17 79.19 240 700 India 106305 2 pertusa 15.25 78.46 41 0 950 India 106322 2 pertusa 15.36 78.10 350 690 India 106333 2 pertusa 15.38 77.41 350 620 India 106337 2 pertusa 15.28 77.24 430 600 India 106350 2 pertusa 15.13 76.55 440 520 India 106365 2 pertusa 15.22 76.03 540 620 India 106550 2 pertusa 13.11 77.39 930 920 India

106064 3 pertusa 20.53 76.95 400 890 India 106256 3 pertusa 16.58 79.17 230 740 India 106528 3 pertusa 12.25 75.44 1180 3345 India

106285 4 pertusa 1 5.58 79.19 180 760 India 106491 4 pertusa 12.58 75.58 940 900 India 106553 4 pertusa 13.31 77.46 920 860 India 106586 4 pertusa 13.58 78.45 350 780 India 106595 4 pertusa 13.28 79.03 420 880 India 106603 4 pertusa 12.34 78.30 510 900 India 106635 4 pertusa 10.54 76.59 350 600 India 106662 4 pertusa 10.25 77.13 390 750 India 106776 4 pertusa 10.03 78.12 210 920 India 10681 9 4 pertusa 12.00 79.46 50 1270 India 106829 4 pertusa 12.22 79.47 40 1240 India

106292 5 pertusa 15.24 79.04 220 700 India 106376 5 pertusa 15.21 75.12 620 850 India 106381 5 pertusa 15.23 75.03 690 900 India 106384 5 pertusa 15.32 74.50 710 950 India 106399 5 pertusa 15.36 74.31 660 1500 India 10641 3 5 pertusa 15.24 74.40 650 1400 India 106426 5 pertusa 14.22 76.04 700 700 India 106442 5 pertusa 13.48 76.46 640 600 India 106448 5 pertusa 13.29 77.01 840 700 India 106458 5 pertusa 13.04 77.30 870 900 India 106467 5 pertusa 13.03 77.10 885 850 India 106472 5 pertusa 12.58 76.48 780 800 India 106477 5 pertusa 12.57 76.36 830 770 India 106534 5 pertusa 12.16 76.40 970 835 India 106540 5 pertusa 12.19 76.46 720 840 India 106576 5 pertusa 14.36 78.35 150 650 India 106578 5 pertusa 14.22 78.48 180 750 India 10661 0 5 pertusa 11.45 78.10 500 970 India 106629 5 pertusa 11.12 77.23 350 700 India 106632 5 pertusa 10.59 76.58 440 612 India 106656 5 pertusa 10.28 77.10 390 700 India 106663 5 pertusa 10.25 77.13 390 750 India 106706 5 pertusa 8.21 77.00 10 1820 India 106712 5 pertusa 8.15 77.19 70 1400 India 106721 5 pertusa 8.07 77.31 50 1200 India 106741 5 pertusa 8.38 77.42 70 700 India 106753 5 pertusa 9.01 77.45 80 730 India 106763 5 pertusa 9.04 77.45 80 730 India 106765 5 pertusa 9.12 77.52 80 770 India

13 Appendix 1. Provenance .data for accessions of B. perlusa and B. insculpta.

Accession Group species Latitude Longitude. Altitude Mean annual rainfall Country No.* O O (mm) of origin ( N} ( E)

cv Bisset 6 insculpta 59584 6 insculpta 1667 850 Kenya 59585 6 insculpta 1273 625 Tanzania

cv. Hatch 7 insculpta Zimbabwe 59587 7 insculpta 1364 650 Zimbabwe 65463 7 insculpta 19.31 · 28.17 Zimbabwe

104862 8 insculpta 22.01 79.25 610 1440 India 106082.1 8 insculpta 18.54 74.50 590 680 India

106393 9 insculpta 15.39 74.45 740 1200 India

106617 10 insculpta 11.45 78.12 1450 1500 India 106671 * R(')fers to Australian Commonwealth Plant Introduction Number (CPI). Accession numbers ending in decimals (eg. 106226.1) refer to different types within an accession.

14 Appendix 2. Values for agronomic attributes included in the analysis of B. pertusa and B. insculpta collections. Highlighted accessions are core set members.

"Bowen" 1 2.5 48 2.5 68.5 50.0 62.5 3.5 47.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 70.0 95.0 6.0 "Bowen" 1 2.0 65 3.5 74.0 47.5 57.5 3.5 36.0 1.5 4.0 5.0 70.4 107.7 6.9 4.5 59586 1 2.5 53 3.5 99.5 52.5 70.0 3.0 23.5 2.5 5.0 3.5 82.5 172.5 ·14.0 2.0 104642 1 2.0 38 2.0 82.5 60.0 35.0 3.0 23.0 3.0 4.0 0.0 80.0 120.0 11.0 104648.1 1 1.5 38 2.5 65.5 45.0 35.0 3.5 23.0 3.0 3.8 0.0 70.0 82.5 8.0 104671 .2 1 3.0 48 2.5 74.5 70.0 55.0 3.5 23.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 81 .3 106.3 10.5 104672.2 1 2.5 53 1.0 80.5 52.5 40.0 3.0 16.0 5.3 4.5 62.5 120.0 10.0 104687 1 2.5 50 2.0 82.0 55.0 40.0 3.0 33.5 2.0 3.0 4.5 85.0 112.5 11.0 104791 1 2.0 28 1.5 75.5 52.5 35.0 2.5 23.0 2.5 3.0 5.0 72.5 90.0 5.0 2.5 104806 1 2.5 43 2.5 79.0 52.5 45.0 3.5 33.0 1.5 4.3 5.0 62.5 120.0 7.0 2.0 104814 1 2.5 65 2.0 86.5 52.5 50.0 3.0 32.5 2.0 4.0 2.5 72.5 115.0 11.0 104816 1 2.5 50 3.0 82.0 47.5 52.5 3.0 23.0 1.5 4.0 3.5 77.5 127.5 11.0 3.5 104827 1 3.0 60 3.5 88.5 50.0 75.0 3.5 30.5 2.0 4.8 2.5 60.0 82.5 5.5 2.5 :,:,:,:1ffi1,:,:,:,:,:,j,:,:,:�li,:,:::,:,:,:,:,:::::jlj):l:\',j,:,:,:::::::::,:::,:,:1�:,:,:,:,:,::::::l=l:),':),j,:,:,:�::':::::::::::'::,:,:,:,:,:,:,:::�:::,:,:,:,:,:,:::::::::::,:,:,�$.=l:!:!:!=:::::,:::,:,':''��,:,:,:::::,:,:,',:,:,:,:,:,:,:i$.::,:::::::,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,::::::::::��W:,:,:::::i::::,:,:::,:,:,:,:,:,',':l,'z�':l:l::,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:;,:,:,:,J.J.::::,:,:,:::::,,,:,::==:,:,:,:,�,1�:,:,,,,,,,,,:,:,:,:,::,:,:::':�,�,,,,:::,:,:,:,:,,,,=,:14z�:::,=,=,:,'=,,,,,=,,=1��=:,:,:,:,:ii::::,,,,,:,:,,,:':,=,=,,�:,=;:::=:::=::,:::,::::i 104842 1 2.0 65 2.0 86.5 55.0 40.0 2.5 16.0 2.0 4.0 3.0 77.5 155.0 13.0 5.5 104844 1 3.0 55 1.5 78.0 57.5 45.0 3.0 23.0 3.0 4.0 3.5 70.0 122.5 10.0 2.0 ,__ 104854 1 3.0 53 3.0 82.5 55.0 57.5 3.5 16.0 2.5 5.0 5.0 80.0 140.0 10.0 2.5 Vl 104868 1 2.0 53 3.0 93.0 47.5 45.0 3.5 40.0 2.0 4.5 5.0 65.0 122.5 11.0 2.5 104869 1 3.0 45 2.0 78.0 60.0 50.0 2.5 43.0 3.0 4.7 3.0 75.0 166.7 12.0 1.5 ·::::':,Mi:::,:::::::::::::1:::::::,:,:,:=:::::::::,;�;,:;::'::;:;:::::;::::::::::,:1,:::=::;:;:;:;:::;::::::::::::,:::,;1:::::::,:::::::,:,;,::;::::':::':�i:'::::::;::::,:,:::::,:,,,:,::1;i::,:::::,:,:,:::,;,;,;:;:�:::::::;::,:::,:::::::::::::::�t.i.'::::;,:,::::::;:::::::;,:::::,:,:::,��;�:::::::::::::::,:,:::,:,:::,::::;::::::t;�:,::;,::;,:::,::::::::;::::::,::,&=:,,,:,:,::;:::;:::::;::::::::J;�:::;,:,:,:,;:::;:::;:;:;:;:::�w�:,:,','::'i'::::;::::::1n1,:=:::':'::;:;::,;,;,;��,;,:,:,:,:;,:,:::,:,:,;,:,:,:,:1\1:=,=,=,=,=,:.:.:.:.: 104879 1 2.0 50 2.0 76.5 47.5 40.0 3.5 34.5 2.0 3.7 5.0 71.7 110.0 8.7 3.0 104894 1 3.0 50 2.0 98.0 60.0 70.0 2.0 23.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 70.0 75.0 6.0 104901 1 2.5 65 1.5 68.5 52.5 42.5 3.0 16.0 2.0 4.0 3.0 75.0 112.5 11.0 3.0 104937 1 2.0 70 1.0 89.0 55.0 27.5 2.0 30.5 2.0 3.0 4.5 82.5 90.0 6.0 4.0 i:'::::!�t::,:,:::::::::,=,1:::::::=:=::,::::::==:=��::,:,;::,:,:,::;,:,:::::,:::=:'�:;=,::':,',:::::=:::=:::::::=:===%*=':=::::=::,:,:,:,:,:,:,;,:,::;,::AA�=:=:::=:'=':::,:,:::::=:::,:,:��4:::::::::=:::,:::=:=:=:,:g:,:::::::::::,:,:,:=:':,:=':'J;�:,,,;::::::::,,,,:,=,=:::=::::::::::�;�:,:,:::;::::::,;,:::,;,:,;,:,:,:::,::t;�=::::;,:::,::=,:,;,:,:,:,=,=,=::J@:::::::::::f,:,=,:,:=:=:=::::=i:;�:::;::,::::,,;,:,,,,,:,:,:::':M.1�::=,;,:,:::,:,,,,,;,,,11,A*'·=====:=:=:,,,,,,=,,:�;!=:::::=:='::·=·='=':'=='==i,==:::t·=fi:=:===:======'== 104968 1 3.0 45 2.5 82.5 65.0 55.0 3.5 26.5 1.5 4.5 5.0 65.0 75.0 6.0 1.5 106101 1 2.5 40 1.0 82.0 55.0 47.5 3.0 23.0 2.0 4.3 1.5 77.5 110.0 8.0 3.0 106113 1 2.5 35 2.0 86.5 47.5 45.0 4.0 23.0 2.5 4.3 2.0 67.5 102.5 9.0 4.0 106134 1 2.5 43 1.0 86.0 62.5 50.0 3.0 2.0 4.3 4.0 72.5 120.0 9.0 4.0 106151 1 2.0 43 2.5 86.5 47.5 45.0 3.0 43.0 2.5 5.3 3.5 65.0 152.5 10.0 2.5 106156 1 2.0 45 1.0 80.5 47.5 42.5 3.5 47.5 2.5 4.8 2.5 60.0 145.0 10.0 2.0 106194 1 1.5 50 3.0 100.0 45.0 45.0 3.5 23.0 2.0 4.5 5.0 72.5 140.0 7.0 1.5 ::::::::iMm::::::::::,:,:::::�::::::::;'::::::,:,:::1;�::::::::::::::::,,:,::::::::':'AA:::::':;;;:,::::':::'::::::::::,�,:,:::::::,::::::'':::::::::::::::ffi,;;:,;:,:,:::::::::::,:::::,11,:::::::::::::::::::::::,g:;::::::::::::'::::,:::::::,:�1:::::::::::::':':':::':::::::::::::::��;�::::::1:::::::::::::::::':;::=::=::'tJi:::::::::;:::::::=:::::::,:,::::i@:1:::,::==:::,::::::::::::::::�:;im:;;;;;;;;:,::::::::irii!::;;::':::1:::,::::�1�,::':::::::::::::::::::�;�1;;:::,;::::::::::::::::;;;�;i:,:,:,:,::::::::···-· 106437 1 3.5 85 2.0 87.5 74.0 46.0 2.0 30.5 2.5 2.7 3.0 113.3 91.7 11.3 2.0 106437.1 1 2.5 43 1.5 82.0 65.0 57.5 3.5 30.5 2.0 4.5 2.5 67.5 102.5 8.0

104672.1 2 1.5 43 1.0 60.0 37.5 35.0 3.5 23.0 1.5 4.3 0.0 65.0 105.0 9.0 Appendix 2. Values for agronomic attributes included in the analysis of B. pertusa and B. insculpta collections. Highlighted accessions are core set members.

Accession Group Samford Samford Samford Samford Samford Samford Samford Samford Samford Walkamin Walkamin Walkamin Walkamin Walkamin Toowoomba No. Yield Stolon length No. Stolons Days to Flower Plant height Plant width Frost damage days to Flower Ergot 15/6/90 Plant Habit Rust damag Plant height Plant width Plant yield lnternode length (1-5) (cm) (1 -5) (from 1/1/90) (cm) (cm) (1-5) (from 1/10/90) (1-5) (1-6) (1 -5) (cm) (cm) (1-18) (cm) - 104800 2 1.5 35 2.5 82.0 50.0 30.0 3.5 16.0 2.5 4.2 2.0 68.3 43.3 3.3 104836 2 1.5 32 3.0 82.5 40.0 35.0 3.5 23.0 1.5 4.0 3.0 67.5 92.5 6.0 1.5 104876 2 2.0 53 2.0 . 78.0 46.0 45.0 3.5 40.5 1.0 4.3 0.5 80.0 127.5 13.0 3.0 104902 2 2.5 48 1.0 76.5 45.0 45.0 3.5 23.0 2.0 3.4 4.3 70.0 90.0 7.0 2.0 104911 2 1.5 28 1.5 82.0 45.0 35.0 3.5 60.5 2.0 3.5 3.0 55.0 66.7 4.7 3.0 104935.1 2 1.0 40 1.0 79.0 35.0 27.5 3.5 30.5 2.0 5.0 2.5 60.0 105.0 8.0 104935.2 2 2.0 43 2.0 87.0 47.5 40.0 3.0 44.5 2.0 4.3 0.0 75.0 115.0 10.0 104949 2 1.5 33 1.0 78.0 42.5 22.5 4.0 33.0 2.0 3.5 4.5 67.5 60.0 6.0 3.0 104987 2 1.5 30 1.5 75.5 42.5 25.0 4.0 53.5 2.0 4.3 4.3 63.3 113.3 6.0 2.5 105015 2 1.0 35 1.0 82.0 32.5 27.5 4.0 16.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 65.0 110.0 10.0 2.5 10601 7 2 2.0 40 1.0 71 .0 50.0 45.0 4.0 23.0 2.0 4.3 5.0 70.0 110.0 9.0 3.5 106028 2 1.5 20 1.0 84.5 37.5 30.0 4.0 23.0 1.5 _ 4.0 5.0 75.0 85.0 6.0 2.5 ::::·::iM�:.:-:-:,:-:-:-:-:-i:::-:-:-:-:-:::::::::-:ix�·:-:-:-:-:·:·:-:-:·:::-:-:-:-:-��-:-:-:-:.:-:·:·:·:::::::-·.:·:·:-1»-:-·-:-:.:.·.·.·.·.:-·,:.:.·,·.·.�:-:··:··:·:::.:-·,:.:,:,:·:::,Wiij:::-::·:::::::::'::·:·:·:#i#'·'·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:-:-:-:1l#:::····:·::-i-:·:··,:-:·i:':i•·::···#.ik:·':::·:··::::::·:::·::::-:·:··:··=·�;�-::··-:·:,:,:::·:,:,:.:·:::,i·:�;�·::··,:.:.:,:,:,:.:.:,·,·.·.·.:1:\�·:···:.:.:.:.:,:,·,:,:,·,:,·,:�,:·:···:·:.:.:,:,:,·,:,iii$.·:::::-:-:·:-:,:::::'3*;�:::·:·:·:-:-·,·.:,::::::,i::,:-:i;�·,:,·:·:,,·:·:,: .. 106051 2 2.0 28 2.0 82.5 · 45.0 37.5 4.0 33.0 · · 1.5 · 4.5 4.0 57.5 67.5 5.5 2.5 106056 2 1.0 30 1.0 75.5 35.0 25.0 4.0 38.0 2.0 4.0 4.5 57.5 82.5 6.0 2.5 106065 2 2.0 30 1.0 71.0 40.0 40.0 4.0 4.0 5. J 62.5 60.0 4.0 1.5 ...... 106066 2 1.0 28 1.0 78.0 37.5 32.5 4.0 nn 2n 4.8 5.0 57.5 100.0 8.0 3.0 106084 2 1.5 33 1.0 78.0 42.5 35.0 4.0 nn 2D 4.0 1.5 67.5 62.5 6.0 2.0 106091 2 2.0 40 1.0 78.0 40.0 47.5 4.0 nn 2n 4.5 3.0 65.0 95.0 7.0 2.0 106102.2 2 1.5 28 1.0 82.0 50.0 35.0 4.0 nn 1E 4.0 1.0 70.0 107.5 8.0 106130 2 1.5 38 1.0 78.0 45.0 32.5 4.0 33.0 2.0 4.5 4.0 75.0 127.5 8.0 2.0 106131 2 2.0 35 1.0 86.0 55.0 40.0 4.0 23.0 1.0 4.0 2.0 75.0 120.0 8.0 3.5 106142 2 2.0 43 1.5 83.5 52.5 32.5 3.5 23.0 2.0 5.0 3.5 75.0 132.5 11.0 4.0 ,':',··1�#.1·:','::,·,-,,,·,�·,-,:,:,:,·,·,-,·,,,,:·�,;,1,··,,·,·,·,,,·,·,·,·,·,·,·,·,·,�,-::,:,·,·,,,·,,,:,·,:,·,:,:,·,:,·,1m:''''''''''''''''·,:,·,:,·.:,:,:,•,=···=···=·=·=·=·=·=':,·,:,::·1t;�:,:,:,·,·,•,,.-,-,-,,,,.,n;1·,-,:,:,:,:,:,:,·::.·:···,,:·1i�-,:,·,·.·:·•,:',·,·,·,,:·,:,,:,.:,-1u;1-,·,,,·,·,:,-,·,:.-,·,·,·,·,·,·,·,·,·,;4,:.,,·,.,:,·,·,,,,,·,·,·::,·,.•-1&·,·,·,,,·,.,·,,,·,·,·,··-,-,··,�;,1,-··1·-,-,·,,,·,·,·,·,,·-,-·:M.;1·,:,·,·,·,:-:,-,·,··:,:,m,:,·,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,-1;�:,·,:,:,·,:,:·:,:,-,·,:,;-,:,·,·,:j·& ...... 106172 2 2.0 48 2.5 83.0 47.5 40.0 4.0 23.0 2.0 4.0 3.5 65.0 82.5 7.5 2.0 106176.1 2 1.0 33 1.5 86.5 35.0 27.5 4.0 16.0 2.0 4.3 4.0 62.5 127.5 8.0 2.5 106177 2 2.0 40 2.0 86.5 50.0 42.5 3.5 23.0 2.0 4.0 3.0 72.5 102.5 7.0 2.0 106212 2 1.0 25 1.0 86.0 40.0 30.0 4.0 43.0 2.0 4.0 0.0 75.0 65.0 4.0 2.5 ····,iE:·:·:,,·,.,.,,,,·,i:'',:,:·',:':''''''''·:�-l�'-,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,_i�'''':,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,w-,,,,,,,,,,·,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,:,,,,•• ,.,::,,· ::::,,:,,:,,,,,,,,,,:i$M'·'·'·'·'''''''·'''''·'''B'.l''',''','''·''''''','''''''''\(;,,,,,,,,::':':::::'•'::,,,::::'•''''�lJW:,,,,,::'''':,:,,,,::,::'''::,,,··,,·,i,,tt.,,·.,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,:,ll\·:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,:,,,:,;;,:,:::,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,:,,,:1111,:::::,:::::,,:,:',''''llO,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,¥;ij:'''''''''''''''''''''''i'''''''''ii·:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,,, 106225 2 1.5 35 1.0 78.0 45.0 27.5 3.5 16.0 1.5 4.0 4.5 72.5 122.5 8.0 2.0 106226.1 2 1.0 30 1.0 78.0 45.0 25.0 3.0 23.0 2.0 4.5 2.0 60.0 120.0 4.0 2.5 106241 2 1.0 28 1.0 75.5 37.5 25.0 4.0 33.0 2.0 5 .3 3.0 155.0 8.0 3.5 106248 2 2.0 38 1.5 86.5 45.0 40.0 4.0 23.0 2.0 4.5 4.0 60.0 115.0 7.0 2.0 106276 2 1.5 45 2.0 88.5 42.5 35.0 4.0 32.5 2.0 4.0 3.0 67.5 120.0 7.0 2.0 106305 2 2.0 40 1.0 81.0 42.5 30.0 4.0 23.0 2.0 5.5 3.5 55.0 160.0 7.0 3.5 106322 2 1.0 20 1.5 82.0 35.0 22.5 4.0 30.5 2.0 4.5 4.0 60.0 140.0 10.0 3.0 106333 2 1.0 25 1.0 86.0 35.0 20.0 4.0 42.0 2.0 4.3 2.0 60.0 82.5 4.0 2.5 Appendix 2. Values for agronomic attributes included in the analysis of B. pertusa and B. insculpta collections. Highlighted accessions are core set members.

106337 2 2.0 38 1.0 86.5 47.5 37.5 4.0 33.0 2.0 4.5 2.5 65.0 122.5 7.0 2.0 106350 2 2.0 35 1.0 78.0 50.0 37.5 4.0 33.0 2.0 4.3 0.0 65.0 120.0 7.0 1.5 = 106365 ······· 2 ·········;··2.0 ······· ······45 ···;··············1.·5 ···;····.·······;···86.5 ············· 50.0 ··;··;· ··;·;··32.5 ··············3.5 ;···· ··········23.0 ······· · ·;· 2.0 · ;··· ········4.3 ············ 2.5 65.0 ··········115.0 6.0 3.0 ··itow/i: i if :" : • 1:;;=: : : #i -_.ii ff 44 : iii \ #iai J:·:·=i· · :.;;;s:·ff ::· :.,�·· xhitttt=1s.ii · :su:Jttt),�·:.=.. · .· ____: .%s.:u·=:= · ::::::::in::::::::::::::::::1::::::::::::::::::::::111::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::1i::;:::;:::,::::::::::::::::::=::::1m::::::::::::::::::::,::::::::::::m::::::::::::::::=:::::,::::::::iij;:::::::::::::::::::::::::4.t;1:::::::,:::::::::::::::::::::11:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::�W::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::1ii::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1;1:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::11t::::::::::::::::::::::::::i:::�1::::::::::::::::::::::::11i1:::::::::::::::::::::::::1m::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::111=:::::=:::::::::::::: 106256 3 1.5 35 1.0 78.0 42.5 35.0 4.0 33.0 2.0 5.0 4.0 55.0 67.5 1.5 2.5 106528 3 5.0 45.0 30.0 1.0 2.0

106285 4 1.0 38 1.0 104.0 32.5 30.0 4.0 33.5 1.5 6.0 4.0 50.0 170.0 12.0 2.0 106491 4 1.0 53 3.0 108.0 42.5 30.0 4.0 23.0 . 2.0 5.5 1.0 67.5 172.5 11.0 2.0 :::::::1�::::::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::=:1:;1:::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::1:1:::::::::::::::=:::::::::::::::::ttf=:=::::::=::=::::::::::=:=·::==Jlltf:::::::=::::::::::::::::::::Jil.J:::::::::::::::::::::::::E:::::::,:::::::::::::::::::::1;1:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::u;1:,:,:,:::,:,:::,:,:::::::::::::::::::,11::,:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1;1::=,:::,::::=,=::::,:,:,:::,:::1:;1::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::g1:::,:,:,:,,,:,:::,::::1�11:::::::::::::::::::::j:i@:=:,:,:,:::::::::::::,::::::::::1;11:::::::::::::::::::1 106586 4 1.0 45 3.5 100.0 35.0 30.0 4.0 43.0 2.0 6.0 3.0 70.0 175.0 16.0 1.5

106635 4 1.0 35 3.0 108.0 30.0 30.0 4.0 23.0 1.0 5.5 1.0 60.0 110.0 7.0 1.5 ...... 106662 4 1.0 45 2.5 108.0 32.5 32.5 4.0 30.5 1.5 5.5 62.5 162.5 9.0 2.5 -.l 106776 4 1.0 55 3.5 108.0 37.5 32.5 4.0 23.0 1.5 4.5 3.5 67.5 160.0 12.0 2.0 =:::::=1•1::::::::::::::::1::::::::,::::::::::::::1:;1:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::JH::::::,:::,:::::::::::::::::::::::m1:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1�:::::::::::::::::::::,::::::H\ff:::::::::=,:::::::::::::=�J:::;::::::::::::::::::::::::1;1::::::::::,:::::::=:::,::::=:,:::=:::#.;J::::::::::::::::::::::::,:,:::::::::::;1::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::1;1:::::::::::::,::,:::::,::::::::1:;1:::::::::::::::::::::::::::,:,�1::::::,,:::=:::::::::::1-:::::::::::::::::::::,.11::::::::,::::::::::::::=:,::::::1:;1:::::::::::::::::::: 106829 4 1.0 35 5.0 108.0 35.0 35.0 4.0 23.0 1.0 6.0 1.0 60.0 145.0 8.0 1.5

106292 5 2.0 55 5.0 86.0 45.0 45.0 4.0 38.0 2.0 5.0 4.0 55.0 135.0 8.0 1.5 106376 5 1.5 48 3.5 92.0 45.0 37.5 3.5 32.5 1.5 4.8 2.0 60.0 102.5 7.0 1.5 106381 5 2.0 60 5.0 97.5 42.5 47.5 3.0 23.0 3.0 4.8 2.0 75.0 145.0 8.0 1.5 106384 5 2.0 53 4.0 108.0 50.0 45.0 3.5 33.0 2.0 4.8 2.0 67.5 132.5 10.0 1.5 106399 5 2.0 75 5.0 110.0 50.0 42.5 3.0 23.0 2.0 4.3 3.0 70.0 112.5 6.0 2.5 106413 5 3.0 75 4.5 98.0 60.0 57.5 3.0 33.5 3.0 5.5 2.0 70.0 127.5 9.0 2.0 106426 5 2.5 68 5.0 103.0 57.5 55.0 3.5 36.0 1.5 5.0 0.0 70.0 172.5 9.0 2.5 106442 5 43 2.( 103.0 37.5 30.0 4.0 23.0 2.0 4.3 0.0 50.0 80.0 6.5 3.0 106448 5 53 3.!; 95.5 40.0 35.0 4.0 33.0 2.5 5.0 1.5 47.5 117.5 7.5 1.5 106458 5 68 5.( 108.0 45.0 47.5 4.0 16.0 2.0 5.0 2.0 65.0 145.0 7.5 1.5 106467 5 1.5 68 5.0 108.0 42.5 37.5 4.0 43.0 2.0 5.5 3.5 55.0 157.5 9.0 2.0 106472 5 2.0 58 4.5 108.0 45.0 37.5 4.0 33.0 2.0 5.0 3.0 55.0 95.0 7.5 2.5 :::::::1m.1:::::::::::::::::1:::::::::::::::::::::::1:ii:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::w.:::::::,:::::::::::::::::::::::::1:1::::::::1:::::::::::::::::::::11:1:::::::::1:::::::::1::::::::1i;1=:::::=:=:::::::1:::::,::w.M:1:::::,:::::::::::1:1:1::::::;i,1:1:::::::::::::::::::::1:::::::1:1::11i1::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:1;1::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::111:::::::::::::::1:1:1::::::::::i:1:::::::,::::::::::::::::::::::11i1::::::::::::::::::::::11.ri:1:::::::1:::::::1::::1;i::::::1::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1:1::::::::=:::::::::::i 106534 5 2.0 55 5.0 116.0 45.0 45.0 4.0 23.0 2.0 4.3 1.0 62.5 92.5 5.5 2.0 106540 5 2.0 60 5.0 108.0 50.0 50.0 3.0 43.0 2.0 5.0 2.0 57.5 140.0 7.0 2.0 106576 5 2.0 60 5.0 108.0 45.0 50.0 4.0 38.0 2.0 4.5 1.0 70.0 130.0 10.0 2.0 Appendix 2. Values for agronomic attributes included in the analysis of B. pertusa and B. inscu/pta collections. Highlighted accessions are core set members.

106578 5 1.5 55 3.5 97.5 47.5 40.0 4.0 33.0 1.5 4.3 2.5 70.0 106610 5 1.0 45 4.0 115.0 37.5 35.0 4.0 43.0 1.5 4.0 3.0 70.0 106629 5 1.0 40 3.5 108.0 37.5 35.0 4.0 36.0 1.5 5.0 3.0 60.0 106632 5 1.5 40 2.5 108.0 42.5 40.0 4.0 30.5 2.0 4.8 1.5 57.5 106656 5 1.5 38 3.5 108.0 35.0 30.0 3.5 29.0 3.0 4.8 3.0 62.5 110.0 3.0 1.5 106663 5 4.0 3.0 70.0 110.0 4.0 2.5 106706 5 1.0 40 3.0 . 108.0 35.0 35.0 4.0 43.0 2.0 4.3 1.0 60.0 90.0 6.0 1.0 :::::::im11=::::::::::::::::i:=:::::::::::::::::::::::::;,::::::::::::::::::=:::=:=:::::::::::::1.::::=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:*::::::::::::::::::,::::::::::::::::::::::::*:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:::::::=:=:=:;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1.::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:=::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::=:::1::::::::::::::::::1.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::=::::::::::::,=::::::::::::::::::11:::::::1::::::::::::::::::::=:::::;,::=::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::::11.1:::::::::::::::::1:::::•::::::::,:::::::::::::::1:1:::::::i:::::::::::::1::::::::::,;,::::::::::::::::::::1 106721 5 1.5 38 4.0 92.5 42.5 40.0 4.0 30.5 3.0 4.5 1.5 60.0 85.0 7.0 1.5 106741 5 1.0 60 5.0 108.0 45.0 40.0 4.0 43.0 2.0 . . . . . 2.5 :::::::1a:::::::::::::::::�:::::::::::::::::::::::�:;ij::::::::::::::=::::::::::::::::fi1:::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::J@:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::11w.::::::::::,:::::::::::::::::�w.::::::::::::::::::::::::=it.1i:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1@:::::::::::::::::::::::1::::::::::::�1.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2,::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::�$.:::::::1::::::::::::::::,::::lm::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::�ij:::::::::::::::::;::::1Ki:::::::::::::::::::::;im:::::1::::::::::::::::::::::::::i:;i::::::::::::::::::::1 106763 5 2.0 60 4.5 98.0 50.0 45.0 4.0 32.5 3.0 4.0 4.0 80.0 140.0 10.0 1.5 106765 5 1.0 53 3.5 108.0 42.5 37.5 4.0 30.5 3.0 4.3 2.5 67.5 117.5 7.0 2.0 106771 5 1.0 80 4.0 118.0 50.0 30.0 4.0 9.0 2.0 4.8 2.0 75.0 122.5 6.5 2.5 106784 5 1.0 48 3.0 108.0 35.0 30.0 4.0 40.0 1.5 4.3 2.5 62.5 75.0 3.0 2.0 106789 5 1.0 40 3.0 108.0 40.0 35.0 4.0 23.0 3.0 4.3 1.5 67.5 115.0 9.0 1.0 ,... 106804 5 2.0 75 4.5 108.0 50.0 45.0 4.0 23.0 2.0 4.8 1.0 67.5 137.5 11.0 2.0 00 :::::::1a:::::::::::::::::�::::::::::::::::::::::::m::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::m:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::11:::::i::::::::::::::::::::::::1�1::::::::::::::::::,::=::::::1tti1::::::i:::::::::::::::11¥.:::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::1m:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::s.1.i::::1::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::r.11:::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::::1t,::::::::1:::::::::::,:::::::::�@::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::fi1i::::::::::::::::::;::1w.w.::::::::::=::::::::::�1t1:;:::1::::::::::::::::::::::::ii::::::::::::::::::::1 106811 5 1.0 53 3.5 103.0 37.5 35.0 4.0 23.0 3.0 4.8 2.5 65.0 137.5 9.0 1.5 106833 5 1.5 53 4.5 108.0 42.5 45.0 4.0 23.0 2.5 4.0 4.0 57.5 115.0 6.0 1.5 :::t.1:��m::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:::::::::�li:::::::::::::::::::::::::;:1�i:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1.1,::::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::,$.�,::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1@::::::::;:::::::::::::::t«i::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::�:;1::�::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::�i::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::11i:::::::::::::::::::;:::::::::::1@::::::::1::::::::::::::::::::1ti::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1�i::::::1:::::::::::::�11i:::::::::;::::::::::�i@::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::: 59584 6 5.0 100 4.5 125.0 90.0 95.0 2.0 23.0 2.0 5.0 0.0 105.0 197.5 18.0 5.0 59585 6 4.0 85 3.0 131.0 80.0 80.0 2.0 23.0 2.0 5.0 0.0 90.0 212.5 18.0 5.0 :1:t.¥B.MIIIIII@:\@i:\:IIIIliiiitlififalj£.�fal:t:mm11ti:faliiEi#tfa!faITill¥@:mIIH!IIlfaIIfail\li.JfailfifilililiIW!l!fa!faj([email protected]@j).Jlll:WHli¥!:@:m:@@tl@Ifaii@:III:M 59587 7 3.0 80 3.5 103.0 67.5 70.0 2.0 43.0 2.0 5.0 4.0 87.5 195.0 16.0 5.0 65463 7 3.5 60 3.0 86.5 80.0 55.0 2.0 23.0 2.0 5.0 4.5 90.0 162.5 16.0 5.5 :::::::,1m.:::::::::::::::::1::::::::::::::::::::::Jml:::::::::::::::::=::::::;::1�::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::,m::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::m,::::::::::::::::::::::;::::::1J@:::::::::;::::::::::::::�1::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::iJ:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::�J:::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::,1.i::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::1@:::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::11:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::J§lJ:::::::::::::::::::t:�M.lilJ)j)jJJlillJJ::::::�J;i::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::11;::::::::::::::::::: 106082.1 8 2.0 43 1.0 86.5 57.5 40.0 2.5 46.5 2.0 5.5 0.0 65.0 177.5 15.0 :::::::1m:::::::::::::::::�:::=::::::::::::::::::1li:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1:1.::::::::::::::::::;::::=::::::::11,:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::w11::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::u�,=::::::::::::::::::::::::t@::::::::::::::::::,::::::::::1;1:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::�1::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::it::::::::::::::::::::;:::::::::,1;1:::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::1t1::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::iiii,jjjjjjjjjjjj:j::::,::::iililj:::::::::::::::::::�1;1:::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::1l1::::::::::::::::::::l :::::::ifi.1t::::,:,::::::::�J:::::::::::::::::l::=sj!':::::::::::::::::::::::::;::AA=]:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::�:=::::1::::::::,:::::,::::::::t�j::::,:::::::::::,::::::::::::oo�:=:::::::::::::::,:,:,:,:@tt.:::::::::,:,:::,::::::::::::::,.:;i:::::,::=:::=::::::::::::::::::::,:::�iil:::::;::::,:::::::::::,::::::::::::::::::;,::,:::,=::::::::::::::::::::::,::j,jj;j.J::::::::::::::::,:::::::::::::�=;ij::::,:::,::::::=::::::::::::::ti.i�:::::::::::::::::::,j:ijjjj::::=,:::;:::::=:::,.,�,:::::,::=:::::::::::::;:,:,:,:,:::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::: 106671 5.0 157.0 40.0 120.0 1.0 42.0 3.0 1.5 67.5 237.5 13.0