TERRESTRIAL STUDY The vegetation of Kerala is most luxuriant and diverse resulted by the varied topographical features, high rainfall and geological conditions. This favoured the formation of shola forests on the mountain valleys to the forests along seacoast and estuaries. The state of Kerala is divisible in to three distinct altitudinal zones, viz. the highlands, the midlands and the lowlands (Kerala State Atlas, 1984), each with its distinct biological wealth, vegetational composition and agricultural/land-use patterns. The highlands abode the State's most characteristic vegetation. The midlands, lying between the mountains and the lowlands, with intensive cultivation are formed of undulating hills and valleys with isolated pockets of forest formations. During the present study period, the top canopy of the vegetation represented by tree like Lannea coromandelica, Syzygium cumini, Thespesia populnea, Pletophorum pterocarpum, Mimusops elengi, Leucanea leucocephala, Azadirachta indica, malabaricum, Terminalia catappa, Mangifera indica, Cassia siamea, Cocus nucifera, Erythrina indica, Gmelina arborea, Ailanthus excelsa etc. The undergrowth or shrubby elements mainly consist of Abutilon indicum, Cassia auriculata, Tephrosia purpurea, Lawsonia inermis, Lantana camara, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia alata, Bixaorellana, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Ipomoea carnea, Clerodendrum viscosum, Clerodendrum inerme, Vitex negundo and other mangrove associates. Climbers are few which represent Coccinia grandis, Ipomoea aquatica, Passiflora edulis, Quisqualis indica, Aristolochia indica, Cadaba indica etc. The ground floor is occupied by the growth of herbaceous species and grasses. The common herbaceous species present in the study area are Tridax procumbens, lobata, Borreria hispida, Alternanthera sessilis, aestuans, Sida acuta, Blumea lacera, Leucas aspera, Ludwigia parviflora, Mimosa pudica, Phyla nodiflora, Acalypha indica, Euphorbia hirta etc. Species such as Eragrostis sp, Chloris barbata, Bothriochloa pertusa, Cymbopogon citratus, Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Imperata cylindrical, Setaria verticillata, Saccharum spontaneum, Rottboellia exaltata, Oplismenus compositus and Phragmites karka were common grasses in the study area. The list of floral species observed in the study area is given in Table-1. Table- 1: List of species reported in the study area Name of Species Family Habit Abrus precatorius Climber Abutilon indicum Shrub Acacia auriculiformis Mimosaceae Tree Acalypha indica Euphorbiaceae Herb Acanthus ilicifolius Shrub Achras sapota Sapotaceae Tree Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae Tree Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Tree Ailanthus excelsa Simaroubaceae Tree Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Tree scholaris Tree Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae Herb Alysicarpus rugosus Fabaceae Herb Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae Herb Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae Herb Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Tree Annona squamosa Annonaceae Shrub Anthocephalus cadamba Rubiaceae Tree Areca catechu Arecaceae Tree Aristolochia indica Aristolochiaceae Climber Artocarpus hirsutus Moraceae Tree Artocarpus integrifolius Moraceae Tree Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae Shrub alba Avicenniaceae Tree Avicennia officinalis Avicenniaceae Tree Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Tree Bacoba monnieri Scrophulariaceae Herb Bambusa arundinacea Poaceae Grass Barringtonia acutangula Lecythidaceae Tree Bauhinia racemosa Caesalpiniaceae Tree Bixa orellana Bixaceae Shrub Blumea lacera Asteraceae Herb Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Herb Bombax malabaricum Bombacaceae Tree Borassus flabellifer Arecaceae Tree Borreria hispida Rubiaceae Herb Borreria ocymoides Rubiaceae Herb Bothriochloa pertusa Poaceae Grass Butea monosperma Fabaceae Tree Cadaba indica Capparidaceae Climber Caesalpinia bonduc Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Caesalpinia sappan Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Name of Species Family Habit Caesalpnia coriaria Caesalpiniaceae Tree Callistemon lanceolatus Myrtaceae Tree Carissa carandas Apocynaceae Shrub Caryota urens Arecaceae Tree Cassia alata Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Cassia auriculata Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Cassia fistula Fabaceae Tree Cassia occidentalis Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Cassia siamea Caesalpiniaceae Tree Cassia tora Caesalpiniaceae Herb Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarinaceae Tree Cayratia pedata Vitaceae Climber Ceiba pentandra Bombacaceae Tree Cenchrus ciliaris Poaceae Grass Centela asiatica Apiaceae Herb Chloris barbata Poaceae Grass Chromolaena odorata Asteraceae Shrub Clerodendrum inerme Verbenaceae Shrub Clerodendrum viscosum Verbenaceae Shrub Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceae Climber Cocus nucifera Arecaceae Tree Colocasia esculenta Araceae Herb Corchorus aestuans Tiliaceae Herb Costos speciosus Costaceae Herb Cressa cretica Convolvulaceae Shrub Croton hirtum Euphorbiaceae Herb Curculigo orchioides Hypoxidaceae Herb Cuscuta reflexa Convolvulaceae Climber Cymbopogon citratus Poaceae Grass Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Grass Cynotis cristata Commelinaceae Herb Cyperus difformis Cyperaceae Herb Cyperus iria Cyperaceae Herb Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Herb Dactyloctenium aegyptium Poaceae Grass Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae Tree Datura metal Solanceae Shrub Delonix regia Caesalpiniaceae Tree Desmodium triflorum Fabaceae Herb Eclipta alba Asteraceae Herb Eichorrnia crassipes Pontederiaceae Herb Elesine indica Poaceae Grass Emelia sonchifolia Asteraceae Herb Name of Species Family Habit Eragrostis sp Poaceae Grass Erythrina indica Fabaceae Tree Eucalyptus tereticornis Myrtaceae Tree Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Herb Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbiaceae Tree Ficus auriculata Moraceae Tree Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Tree Ficus benjamina Moraceae Tree Ficus elastica Moraceae Tree Ficus hispida Moraceae Tree Ficus religiosa Moraceae Tree Fimbristylis dichotoma Cyperaceae Herb Fimbristylis tetragona Cyperaceae Herb Garcinia gummi-gutta Clusiaceae Tree Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Tree Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Shrub Holarrhena antidysenterica Apocynaceae Shrub Holoptelea integrifolia Ulmaceae Tree Hygrophila auriculata Acanthaceae Herb Imperata cylindrica Poaceae Grass Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Climber Ipomoea carnea Convolvulaceae Shrub Ipomoea pescarpae Convolvulaceae Climber Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Shrub Justicia procumbens Acanthaceae Herb Kandelia candel Rhizophoraceae Tree Lagerstroemia indica Tree Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae Tree Lantana camara Verbenaceae Shrub Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Shrub Leanotis nepetiifolia Lamiaceae Herb Leucanea leucocephala Mimosaceae Tree Leucas aspera Lamiaceae Herb Ludwigia parviflora Onagraceae Herb Madhuca longifolia Sapotaceae Tree Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree Manihot esculenta Euphorbiaceae Tree Manilkara hexandra Sapotaceae tree Melia azedarach Meliaceae Tree Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Herb Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Tree Morinda tinctoria Rubiaceae Tree Mukia maderaspatana Cucurbitaceae Climber Name of Species Family Habit Murraya paniculata Rutaceae Shrub Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Large herb Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae Tree Nerium oleander Apocynaceae Shrub Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Oleaceae Tree Oldenlandia corymbosa Rubiaceae Herb Oplismenus compositus Poaceae Grass Pandanus odoratissimus Pandanaceae Tree Parthenium hysterophorus Asteraceae Herb Passiflora edulis Passifloraceae Climber Pavonia procumbens Malvaceae Herb Phoenix laurierii Arecaceae Tree Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae Tree Phragmites karka Poaceae Grass Phyla nodiflora Verbenaceae Herb Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae Tree Phyllanthus urinaria Euphorbiaceae Herb Physalis minima Solanaceae Herb Piper longum Piperaceae Climber Pletophorum pterocarpum Caesalpiniaceae Tree Plumeria alba Apocynaceae Tree Plumeria rubra Apocynaceae Tree Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae Tree Polygala sp. Polygalaceae Herb Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae Tree Prosopis juliflora Mimosaceae Tree Psidium quajava Myrtaceae Tree Psychotria sp. Rubiaceae Shrub Pterocarpus marsupium Fabaceae Tree Quisqualis indica Combretaceae Climber Rottboellia exaltata Poaceae Grass Saccharum spontaneum Poaceae Grass Samanea saman Mimosaceae Tree Santalum album Santalaceae Tree Saraca asoka Fabaceae Tree Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herb Setaria verticillata Poaceae Grass Sida acuta Malvaceae Herb Sida rhomboidea Malvaceae Herb Solanum torvum Solanaceae Shrub alba Sonneratiaceae Tree Sonneratia caseolaris Sonneratiaceae Tree Sphearanthus indicus Asteraceae Herb Name of Species Family Habit Swietenia macrophylla Meliaceae Tree Synedrella nodiflora Asteraceae Herb Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Tree Syzygium samarangense Myrtaceae Tree Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae Shrub Tamarindus indicus Caesalpiniaceae Tree Tectona grandis Verbenaceae Tree Tephrosia purpurea Fabaceae Shrub Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Tree Thespesia populnea Malvaceae Tree Trema orientalis Ulmaceae Tree Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Herb pentandra Tiliaceae Herb Typha angustifolia Poaceae Grass Malvaceae Herb Vanda tesellata Orchidaceae Herb Vernonia cinerea Asteraceae Herb Vitex negundo Verbenaceae Shrub Wrightia tinctoria Apocynaceae Tree Zanthoxylum rhetsa Rutaceae Tree Ziziphus jujuba Rhamnaceae Tree

IMPORTANTMEDICINALPLANTS

Someimportantmedicinal plantsrecordedduring thepresentstudy are Adhatoda zeylanica,Asparagus racemosus, Aegle marmelos, Phyllanthus emblica, Azadirachta indica, Boerhavia diffusa, Cassia fistula, Curculigo orchioides, Centela asiatica, Santalum album, Areca catechu, Centela asiatica, Clerodendrum inerme, Bacoba monnieri, Lawsonia inermis, Abutilon indicum, Piper longum, Phyla nodiflora, Leucas aspera etc.Thelistofmedicinalplantsrecordedinthestudyareaduring the presentstudy period isgivenintheTable-2. Table-2: List of medicinal recorded in the study area during field study Name of Species Family Habit Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae Shrub Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Tree Madhuca longifolia Sapotaceae Tree Acalypha indica Euphorbiaceae Herb Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae Tree Leucas aspera Lamiaceae Herb Cassia fistula Fabaceae Tree Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Herb Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Tree Name of Species Family Habit Curculigo orchioides Hypoxidaceae Herb Blumea lacera Asteraceae Herb Sida acuta Malvaceae Herb Cuscuta reflexa Convolvulaceae Climber Centela asiatica Apiaceae Herb Justicia procumbens Acanthaceae Herb Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Herb Santalum album Santalaceae Tree Solanum torvum Solanaceae Shrub Wrightia tinctoria Apocynaceae Tree Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Oleaceae Tree Clerodendrum inerme Verbenaceae Shrub Datura metal Solanceae Shrub Bauhinia racemosa Caesalpiniaceae Tree Erythrina indica Fabaceae Tree Cassia tora Caesalpiniaceae Herb Eclipta alba Asteraceae Herb Areca catechu Arecaceae Tree Zanthoxylum sp Rutaceae Tree Butea monosperma Fabaceae Tree Murraya paniculata Rutaceae Shrub Abrus precatorius Fabaceae Climber Mukia maderaspatana Cucurbitaceae Climber Morinda tinctoria Rubiaceae Tree Leanotis nepetiifolia Lamiaceae Herb Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Tree Urena lobata Malvaceae Herb Phyla nodiflora Verbenaceae Herb Piper longum Piperaceae Climber Passiflora edulis Passifloraceae Climber Costos speciosus Costaceae Herb Holoptelea integrifolia Ulmaceae Tree Alysicarpus rugosus Fabaceae Herb Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Shrub Garcinia gummi-gutta Clusiaceae Tree Ficus hispida Moraceae Tree Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Shrub Bacoba monnieri Scrophulariaceae Herb

FAUNA Mammals The proposed project is located in Kochi and major wild life is reported near to the site. However, commonly observed or reported faunal species in the study area is given in Table-3. Amphibians were noticed mainly in fresh water and marshy places. Frogs and toads were present in this area. No tailed amphibians were cited in the survey. Reptilian fauna is comparatively rich, however mainly restricted to the patches of dense vegetation. Table- 3: List of faunal species reported in the study area Zoological Name Local Name Mammals Herpestres edwardsinyula Common Mongoose Lapus nigricollis Indian Hare Rousettus leschenaultia Fruit Bat Bandicota benghalensis Bandicoot Bandicota indica Rat Funumbuls palmarum Squirrel Mus rattus Indian rat Hystrix indica Porcupine Mus musculus Common Mouse Reptiles Hemidactylus sp House Lizard Melanochelys Indian pond terrapin Psammophilus blanfordanus Rock agama Calotes vescicolor Common garden lizard Chameleon zeylanicus Indian chameleon Boiga sp Cat snake Bangarus sp Krait Naja naja Indian cobra Vipera sp Russel viper Amphibians Rana tigrina Common frog Bufo melanosticus Toad

Butterflies The common Butterfliesseen in the study area areCommon Crow,Common Emigrant,Grey pansy,Grey pansy, CommonRose, CommonWanderer, Blue Tiger, CommonLeopard, CommonWanderer, Common sailer,Common Mormon,Common Jezebel,Common Jezebel werecommonly. The list of the reported in the study area is given in Table-4. Table-4: Butterflies reported in the study area Common name Zoological name CommonPierrot Castalius rosimon Common Emigrant Catopsilia pomona MottledEmigrant Catopsiliapyranthe StripedTiger Danausgenutia Common Jezebel Delias eucharis Common Crow Euploea core Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe Common Jay Graphium doson Great egg fly Hypolimnas bolina WhiteOrangeTip Ixiasmarianne Common Cerulean Jamides celeno Grey pansy Junonia atlites Common name Zoological name ChocolatePansy Junoniaiphita LemonPansy Junonialemonias Psyche Leptosia nina CommonBushBrown Mycalesisperseus Common sailer hylas CommonSailor CommonRose Pachliopta aristolochiae Red Helen Papiliohelenus Common Mormon Papilio polytes GlassyTiger Paranticaaglea CommonWanderer Pareroniavaleria CommonLeopard Phalanta phalantha CommonGrassDart Taractroceramaevius Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace Common Four Ring Ypthima huebneri Red spot Zesius chrysomallus

MANGALAVANAMBIRD SANCTUARY Mangalavanam is a small patch of primarily mangrove species in a small tidal wetland, situated amidst Kochi, in Ernakulam district, Kerala. The mangrove serves as a shelter for birds both residents and migratory. The Mangalavanam has been declared as a bird sanctuary on 31st August 2004. It is the smallest of the protected area in the State, having an area of only 2.74 ha. The Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary lies between latitudes 9°59'13.4" N and longitudes 76°16'26.1" E in the east of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) and National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) close to the new building complex of the High court of Kerala. A Jayson and Easa (1999) documented the vertebrate fauna of the Mangalavanam during 1998-99 and reported 72 species of birds. Azeez and Bhupathy (2006) in the month of May recorded birds belonging to 32 species. The Department of Forest, Government of Kerala has conducted survey of the birds of Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary in November 2009. In the present study area including Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary, common birds observed are Asian Koel (Eudynamys scolopacea), Common Myna(Acridotherestristis), House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), LittleCormorant (Phalacrocoraxniger), Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus), Indian Robin (Saxicoloides fulicata), IntermediateEgret(Mesophoyxintermedia)HouseCrow (Corvus splendensDarter(Anhinga melanogaster),Black Kite(Milvusmigrans),Brahminy Kite(Haliastur indus), Indian Pond- heron(Ardeola grayii), IndianCormorant(Phalacrocorax fuscicollis), and LittleEgret(Egretta garzetta). Birds such asAshy Drongo(Dicrurusleucophaeus), Chestnut-tailed Starling (Sturnusmalabaricus),CommonSandpiper(Actitis hypoleucos), CommonRedshank (Tringa totanus),GreyHeron(Ardea cinerea),Marsh Sandpiper(Tringa stagnatilis) areseasonal visitors to thearea. According to secondary sources, Greenish Warbler (Phylloscopus trochiloides), Blyth’s Reed-Warbler(Acrocephalusdumetorum), Sandpiper(Tringa glareola),CommonGreenshank (Tringanebularia)and MarshSandpiper(Tringastagnatilis) arereported as thewintervisitorsin the area(Azeez andBhupathy, 2006;Nameer2010). Mangalavanam is a shallow water body and attract the waders. The Marsh sandpiper is the most commonly observed bird species followed by Spotted Sandpiper. While the presence of these two long distant migratory waders in good number is a good indicator. Apart from the sandpipers, good population of other waders such as shanks, stilts etc. is also reported. The list of the birds reported during the survey is given in Table- 6. Table-6: Avi-faunal species observed in Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary and Study Area Common Name Scientific Name Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Crimson Sunbird Aethopyga siparaja Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis Blue-eared Kingfisher Alcedo meninting White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus Darter Anhinga melanogaster Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Indian Pond-heron Ardeola grayii Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Little Heron Butorides striatus Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Rock Pigeon Columba livia Oriental Magpie -Robin Copsychus saularis Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos House Crow Corvus splendens Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis Fulvous Whistling-duck Dendrocygna bicolor Pale-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Greater racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus Black-rumped Flameback Dinopium benghalense Common Flameback Dinopium shorii Rufous Woodpecker Dryocopus hodgei Black Bittern Dupetor flavicollis Little Egret Egretta garzetta Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Common Name Scientific Name Stork-billed Kingfisher Halcyon capensis White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Pallas's fish- Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Black-headed Munia Lonchura malacca White-cheeked Barbet Megalaima viridis Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia Black Kite Milvus migrans Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica Cotton Pygmy-goose Nettapus coromandelianus Black-crowned night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius House Sparrow Passer domesticus Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Plain Prinia Prinia inornata Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata Chestnut-tailed Starling Sturnus malabaricus Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus Common Redshank Tringa totanus Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus