Glass and Aluminum Beverage Bottle Comparison

Home , Beer bottle, Glass bottle

A Major Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of the

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science Degree in the field of Chemical Engineering

By:

Ryan Shevlin

Tanya Soffen

Date: March 2nd, 2009

Approval:

Professor William M. Clark, Advisor of Record Abstract

The following project compares the thermal performance of glass and aluminum beverage bottles during cooling and warming periods with focus on the consumer’s best interest. The cooling scenarios were modeled with the COMSOL program to provide a visual representation of how the mechanisms of heat transfer were affecting the bottles. The experimental results showed that the glass and aluminum beverage bottles have similar thermal performances in warming and cooling environments.

Acknowledgements

The project team would like to thank Professor William Clark for advising us during the project period and all the support he provided. The team would also like to thank Jack Ferraro and Doug White for all the help setting up the laboratory experiments and helping maintain them. Finally we thank Robert Bailey of Loyola College in Maryland for providing further insight on his research. Authorship Page

Section Author(s) Introduction Ryan Background Beverage Container Ryan Heat Transfer Ryan and Tanya COMSOL Tanya LabView Tanya Methodology Experimental Procedure Fridge Cooling Ryan and Tanya Ambient Warming Ryan and Tanya Ice Bath Cooling Ryan and Tanya COMSOL Ryan and Tanya LabView Tanya Results and Discussion Experimental Results Ryan Results vs. Existing Data Ryan Glass vs. Aluminum Tanya Air vs. water Tanya Conclusions Ryan and Tanya Recommendations Ryan References Appendices Temperature Results Tables Tanya Other Graphs Tanya Experimental Calculations Ryan Experimental Photographs Ryan and Tanya

Table of Contents Title Page ...... 1 Abstract ...... 2 Acknowledgements ...... 3 Authorship Page ...... 4 Table of Contents ...... 5 Table of Figures ...... 6 Nomenclature ...... 7 Introduction ...... 8 Background ...... 9 Beverage Container ...... 9 Heat Transfer ...... 9 COMSOL ...... 10 LabView ...... 10 Methodology ...... 12 Experimental Procedure ...... 12 Fridge Cooling ...... 12 Ice bath cooling ...... 14 Ambient Warming ...... 15 LabView ...... 16 COMSOL ...... 21 Results and Discussions ...... 26 Experimental Calculations ...... 26 Results vs. Existing Data ...... 28 Glass vs. Aluminum ...... 29 Air vs. Water ...... 29 Conclusion ...... 30 References ...... 31 Appendices ...... 32 Appendix 1 : Raw Temperature Data ...... 32 Fridge Runs ...... 33 IceBath Runs ...... 47 Appendix 2: Graphs from raw data not shown in the report ...... 52 Fridge Runs ...... 53 Icebath Runs ...... 61 Extra Experimental Pictures...... 65

Table of Figures

Figure 1: Cool Down Set Up...... 13 Figure 2: Foam Bottle Holder for Ice Bath ...... 14 Figure 3: Ice Bath ...... 15 Figure 4: Warming Set Up ...... 16 Figure 5: Opening a LabView .vi File ...... 17 Figure 6: Running Data Acquisition ...... 17 Figure 7: Stopping the Data Acquisition ...... 18 Figure 8: Fridge Cooling 1 ...... 19 Figure 9: Fridge Warming 1 ...... 20 Figure 10: Line Button for Drawing ...... 21 Figure 11: COMSOL Subdomain Setting Window ...... 22 Figure 12: COMSOL Boundary Settings ...... 23 Figure 13: Solving with COMSOL ...... 23 Figure 14 Subdomain settings for rubber stopper ...... 24 Figure 15 Boundary settings for outside of bottle ...... 25 Figure 16: Results of COMSOL Simulation Aluminum Fridge run (1) and glass fridge run (2) ...... 25 Figure 17: Fridge Cooling 2 ...... 53 Figure 18: Fridge Warming 2 ...... 54 Figure 19: Fridge Cooling 3 ...... 55 Figure 20: Fridge Warming 3 ...... 56 Figure 21: Fridge Cooling 4 ...... 57 Figure 22: Fridge Warming 4 ...... 58 Figure 23: Fridge Cooling 5 ...... 59 Figure 24: Fridge Warming 5 ...... 60 Figure 25: Ice Bath Cooling 1 ...... 61 Figure 26: Ice Bath Warming 1 ...... 62 Figure 27: Ice Bath Cooling 2 ...... 63 Figure 28: Ice Bath Warming 2 ...... 64 Figure 29: Warming Environment ...... 65 Figure 30: Thermocouple Set Up ...... 66

Nomenclature

A Bottle surface area (m2) Bi Biot number C Specific heat (J/kg*K) d Diameter (m) Gr Grashof Number g Acceleration due to gravity H Height of liquid in bottle (m) h Convection/radiation heat transfer coefficient (W/m2*K) k Thermal conductivity (W/m*K) L Bottle wall thickness (m) Pr Prandtl Number Q Heat transfer rate (W) R Resistance Ra Rayleigh Number T Temperature (oC) U Overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2*K) V Volume (m3) x Coordinate from outer bottle surface inward (m)

Greek symbols

α Thermal diffusivity (m2/s) β Thermal expansion coefficient (1/K) ε Total hemispherical emissivity ρ Density (kg/m3) σ Stephan-Boltzman constant (W/m2*K4) γ Kinematic Viscosity (m2/s)

Subscripts air Surrounding air amb Ambient b Bottle c Conduction i Inner bottle surface initial Initial condition L Liquid o Outer bottle surface r Radiation w Water

Introduction

“Quality is never an accident; it is always the result of high intention, sincere effort, intelligent direction and skillful execution; it represents the wise choice of many alternatives.” is a quote by decorated World War 2 United States Marine William A. Foster (ThinkExist.com, 2006). This quote can be directly applied to the problem statement behind this Major Qualifying Project; beverage consumers' demand for the highest quality product has lead to the container of choice maturing from the primitive hollowed out gourd to the specially lined aluminum bottle. Recently, in the beverage industry, a debate has arisen over the best "choice of many alternatives". This debate is whether the glass beer bottle, which has been utilized in some form since mid 20th century, or the new aluminum bottle provides greater thermal performance for the consumer. The MQP team has completed various tasks in search of a logical conclusion to the bottle debate. Background information was researched in vital areas such as the history of the beverage container, the mechanisms of heat transfer that govern the thermal performance of a beverage bottle, how a heat transfer scenario can be modeled in the COMSOL program, and how LabView can be used to record multiple temperatures over time. Multiple experimental runs were conducted to learn about how the glass and aluminum bottles responded to various cooling and warming environments. The results of these experiments allowed the team to determine which bottle performed the best, providing a conclusion to the previously stated debate. The experimental results obtained by the team were compared to the published results of a similar experiment. Lastly, the experimental results of glass were compared to those of aluminum and the experimental values were compared to the simulated values obtained with COMSOL. In completing these tasks, the team was able to provide a final answer to the question of which bottle performs better thermally. Thorough background research lead to the development of experiments which, when completed, would provide concrete data on the thermal performances. These experimental results were then verified with comparisons to the COMSOL simulations as well as published results. The established results were used to make an ultimate conclusion and offer the best “choice of many alternatives”.

Background Beverage Container

The personal container for beer has changed significantly since the invention of the beverage. Initially, beer was placed in a hollowed gourd for the consumer to drink. Eventually, the container of choice matured into wooden barrels, which were used for the relatively low cost of material as well as the structural integrity of the barrel itself. Wooden barrels remained the personal container of choice from the 16th century to the mid 20th century (Daniels, 2007). Next, glass bottles were introduced to the beer scene. These bottles are not the same bottles consumers use today; these bottles usually had a rounder, flask-like shape and were stopped with a cork. These bottles evolved into the cylindrical bottles made of dark glass with metal caps that are popular today. Aluminum cans did not become fully utilized until after the prohibition period of the 1900’s. It wasn’t until 1969 that beer cans outsold beer bottles in the United States (Daniels, 2007). For more than three decades now, cans have been the container of choice for the average beer consumer. However, recently a new trend has been introduced, the aluminum bottle. This introduction raises the question of why the vessel of choice has changed over the years, and will continue to change in the future. These modifications occur because of the need for product quality. In order to make a judgment on a bottles thermal performance, the characteristics defining product quality must be identified. For this analysis the rates of how fast the beverage cools and warms will be considered along with the external temperature of the bottle.

Heat Transfer

Heat transfer plays a vital role in this experiment. The comparison of the glass bottle to the aluminum bottle involves understanding the different heat transfer mechanisms taking place during the experiments. Comprehending these mechanisms allows the team to determine which container is best for the consumer. For example, in a warming or cooling environment three heat transfer mechanisms control the bottle’s heat exchange. These three mechanisms are convection at the outer surface of the bottle, convection at the inner surface of the bottle, and thermal radiation. Also being included is the conduction through the bottle material. Aluminum has different physical properties than glass which yields to different thermal performances for the different materials. For instance, the thermal conductivity of aluminum is much greater than the soda-lime glass used in bottles. Soda-lime glass for commercial containers has a thermal conductivity of 0.9-1.3 W/m×K where aluminum has a thermal conductivity of 250 W/m×K (Engineering Toolbox, 2005)(Valley Design, 2008). Another factor to consider is that aluminum acts as a conductor, where the soda-lime glass acts as an insulator.

COMSOL

COMSOL Multiphysics is a modeling program used to model different types of physics and thermodynamic models. Finite element methods were used to obtain numerical solutions to differential equations used in the heat transfer models studied. The process of building the simulation through COMSOL will help those interested in the academic world to understand the approximations involved in heat transfer more thoroughly, as well as what is actually happening with the beverage bottles throughout the experiments (COMSOL, 2009). Extensive modeling has been done through COMSOL by people with different educational backgrounds throughout academia. Easy to use application models assist students in recognizing simulations and their applications through different interfaces and application based modules like heat transfer modules, acoustics models, chemical engineering modules, and outside programs like MATLAB and Simulink. Also, all physical equations used in COMSOL are included in the simulation, allowing the user to modify the equations as they wish. PDE Modes will be used for bottle simulation so that if students wish, variables can be changed around to determine what changes may affect the system. For example, if looking in the Model Gallery on the COMSOL website there is a model done for a heating circuit (COMSOL, 2008). Heating circuits are used in many manufacturing processes to heat different fluids. The fields the model covers are thermal expansion, multiphysics, energy transfer, and electronics and power systems cooling. These lie in the field of Chemical engineering and the products used in the simulation are the heat transfer module, structural mechanic module, and the AC/DC module. Using the heat transfer module convection, conduction, and radiation can be modeled through a temperature gradient in the bottle. By appropriately scaling the bottles’ shape and size in the program, an effective model was utilized to demonstrate these effects.

LabView

A program designed by National Instruments called LabView was implemented during experimental runs to record temperature versus time. Using an Interactive DAQ Assistant, three thermocouples were hooked up into an interface that was connected to a computer in the lab. These thermocouples allowed the team to record data at every second the experimental runs carried on allowing us to retrieve data for a six hour period of time (LabView, 2009). The LabView interface and a .vi file made by a previous WPI student were used as a skeleton, and a block was added so that the data received could be recorded and saved onto the computer for future use. The LabView program consisted of a visual graph noting temperature of the three thermocouples every second as well as temperature bars and the option to switch between Fo and Co. The LabView program also graphed the data received after the runs were completed allowing a comparison from raw data to the graph created by the program.

Methodology Experimental Procedure

Fridge Cooling

The experiments took place in Goddard Hall room 116 at Worcester Polytechnic Institute between October 2008 and January 2009. To begin the project, both aluminum and glass bottles were emptied, cleaned, and filled with 430 mL of room temperature deionized water. The bottles were then capped with a polyisopropene rubber stoppers that allowed the thermocouples to be immersed into the radial center of the water in the bottle 6.5 inches deep. The water levels measured in the bottle were 0.17 m for glass and 0.162 m for aluminum. Each bottle was able to hold 16 fl oz of liquid. Once the bottles were ready for experimentation they were placed into a small refrigerator located next to the computer in the lab. The bottles were placed on a metal rack so that full convection could occur at the outer surface. The LabView program ran on the computer so that data acquisition could take place during the runs. Figure 1, below, shows the setup of the refrigerator cool down runs:

Figure 1: Cool Down Set Up

Not only was the temperature versus time of the bottles recorded through the program, but the fridge temperature was also taken over time. The bottles were in the refrigerator for six hours until thermal equilibrium was reached between the bottles and the fridge. The execution of the LabView program and start up procedure will be explained in a later section. When the completion of the six hour interval was reached, the bottles were then ready to be warmed up. The data received from five different cool down runs were recorded and broken down into five minute time intervals. This data was put in an excel spreadsheet and each run was graphed to show experimental data. An average temperature was taken from the ambient air of the fridge and used in the heat transfer calculations for thermal comparisons.

Ice bath cooling

The ice bath cooling was very similar to the refrigerator runs in the sense of cooling down the bottles as well as the set up. A small cooler was obtained and used for the runs. Since aluminum bottles float we had to design a way to make sure the aluminum bottle was surrounded by the ice water for proper convection to occur. To accomplish this, a piece of foam was cut so that it fit into the top of the cooler. Holes were cut in the top of the foam for the rubber stoppers to be placed, allowing for proper alignment. The thermocouples were again placed into the 430 mL amount of deionized water with the thermocouples 6.5 inches deep and radially centered. The temperature of the ice bath was also recorded through LabView as well as the bottle temperatures in the same way as the fridge runs. Below, the figures depict how the bottles were in the ice bath as well as the rigged system.

Figure 2: Foam Bottle Holder for Ice Bath

Figure 3: Ice Bath Two cool down runs in the ice bath were evaluated in six hour intervals. This data was also broken down into five minute intervals and graphs were created as well as average ice bath temperatures.

Ambient Warming

Once the bottles were cooled down for both fridge and ice bath runs, five warm up runs for the bottles were completed from the fridge and two from the ice bath. The bottles were taken from the cooling environment and placed onto a metal rack on the table by the computer in the lab to warm. The bottles were still set up so that the thermocouples were still placed into the bottle at 6.5 inches deep in the 430 mL deionized water. The LabView program also ran the same as for the cooling process, recording the temperature of the bottles as the warming occurred. The thermocouple was also taken out of the cooling environment to record the ambient temperature of the air in the laboratory. The data received during the warm up runs was broken down into five minute intervals and graphed. The average warming temperatures were also used in the heat transfer calculations that will be evaluated later in the paper. Below, Figure 4 shows the warm-up environment:

Figure 4: Warming Set Up

LabView

LabView was a large part of the experimental procedure. A previous .vi file taken from the computer was designed by a WPI student and used for the experiments. Below is the execution of the program to begin experimental runs: 1. Start LabView and click Open in the Files window.

Figure 5: Opening a LabView .vi File

2. From the menu select the file thermocouple13(copy)DATALOG.vi file.

3. Set the buffer size to 300 and be sure that Rate is set to 1000 and the temperature switch is

set to Celsius.

4. To begin running the data acquisitions for the experimental run go to the Operate menu and

click Run.

Figure 6: Running Data Acquisition

5. A dialogue box will appear to open a file, click on ciconverter.vi. The program should begin

running and data will begin to record. 6. Once the experimental run is completed click on STOP in the .vi window.

Figure 7: Stopping the Data Acquisition

7. You will then be prompted to save. Type in the filename of your choice and click Ok. Repeat

these steps for as many runs as you see fit.

Once data was completed, graphs were created of the LabView data received. Below shows a graph for fridge cooling and the warming that preceded the cool-down. Ice bath graphs look very similar. The rest of the graphs created from ram data can be found in Appendix 2. 30 Fridge Cooling 1

15 Fridge Glass Aluminum Temperature(C) 10

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

-5 Time (s)

Figure 8: Fridge Cooling 1 30 Fridge Warm up 1

15 fridge

glass Temperature (C) Temperature aluminum

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Time (s)

Figure 9: Fridge Warming 1 COMSOL

To begin the modeling process in COMSOL Multiphysics the experimental runs had to be completed so proper values could be plugged into the program. Once the runs were completed certain heat transfer values had to be looked up or determined through calculations to run the program successfully. The following steps were used to begin the modeling process:

1. Start COMSOL Multiphysics 3.4 and click Chemical Engineering Module>Convection and Conduction. 2. Once in the window you can begin drawing the figure by clicking on the line tool.

Figure 10: Line Button for Drawing

3. Here you have to be sure that the bottle is up to scale and make sure all lines connect to get a solid figure. Once this is completed the next steps can begin.

4. In the Model Navigator click on Physics>Subdomain Settings. A window like below should show up.

Figure 11: COMSOL Subdomain Setting Window

5. Selecting a number in the settings will allow you to highlight a certain area of the figure. When this is completed the library material must be loaded in. If determined values are different than COMSOL values you can enter them in manually in the Subdomain settings window. In our case thermal conductivities (k) were entered.

6. Once this step is completed click Apply and then Ok.

7. Going back to the Physics menu click on Boundary Settings. A window like below should show up.

Figure 12: COMSOL Boundary Settings

8. In this window manual temperatures were entered into the T0 box from experimental averages. Click Apply and then Ok.

9. When this is completed the program can now execute. You can either go to the Model Navigator and click Solve>Solve Problem or click on the solid equal sign in the model Navigator.

Figure 13: Solving with COMSOL

10. When this is completed a temperature gradient with your desired model shape should appear. In our case this is what was received from the aluminum fridge run.

When entering subdomain settings and boundary conditions into COMSOL the variables changed were temperature in regards to the boundary conditions as well as the materials and thermal conductivities in the subdomain settings.

Figure 14 Subdomain settings for rubber stopper

When changing the boundary settings only the temperature was changed. The figure below shows the temperature for the outside of the bottle. The thicknesses of the bottle were taken account during the modeling of the bottle. COMSOL was able to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficients using the material properties and temperature gradient.

Figure 15 Boundary settings for outside of bottle

Figure 16: Results of COMSOL Simulation Aluminum Fridge run (1) and glass fridge run (2)

Once these steps were completed it was possible to see the differences between glass and aluminum in the sense of how the heat transfer in the bottle occurred during fridge and ice bath cooling. It is important to note that the COMSOL models were not based on the experimental procedure. The COMSOL section was included to show that the two bottles types have very similar thermal performances. In the future, students can further develop this COMSOL simulation to obtain temperature versus time graphs for further heat transfer analysis.

Results and Discussions Experimental Calculations

The first values calculated were the inner convective heat transfer coefficient, the outer convective heat transfer coefficient, and the radiative heat transfer coefficient. It is important to note that the numbers used in these equations are either from their appropriate appendix section or a reference, which is given. Starting with the simplest, hr:

2 2 hr = ε0 × σ × [Tamb + Tb(0,t)]{T amb + [Tb(0,t)] } (7)

The emissivity, ε0, is .93 for the glass bottle and .85 for the aluminum bottle and the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, σ, is 5.67×10-8 (Bailey & Elban, 2008), (Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman, & Lavine, 2007). The ambient temperature, Tamb, and the bottle temperature, Tb, are 275.73 K and 298.93 K respectively. These values yield:

2 hr glass = 5.01149 W/m ×K 2 hr aluminum = 4.58039 W/m ×K

The fluid properties of the experimental equations were evaluated at the film temperature which is the average of the high and low temperatures. There is no difference in the heat transfer coefficient between warming and cooling because of this.

Next, the inner convective coefficient, hi, was found using Equations 10 and 11:

ℎ𝑖×퐻 = .55푅푎^.25 (10) 푘 𝑔× 훽 푇푠−푇∞ 퐻^3 푅푎 = (11) 훾 × 훼

Gravitational acceleration, g, is 9.8 m2/s and the height of liquid in the bottle, H, was measured at .17 m for the glass bottle and .162 m for the aluminum bottle (Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman, & Lavine, 2007). The thermal expansion coefficient, β, is .000139 1/K and the kinematic viscosity, γ, is 1.174×10- 6 m2/s (Physchem), (Engineering ToolBox, 2005). α, the thermal diffusivity, of water is 1.4×10-7 m2/s and the thermal conductivity, k, is .594 W/m×K (Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman, & Lavine, 2007). The o o surface temperature, Ts, is 25.776 C and the fluid temperature, T∞, is 2.5814 C. Utilizing these values gives:

2 hi glass = 336.801 W/m ×K 2 hi aluminum = 340.884 W/m ×K

The outer convective heat transfer coefficient, ho, is computed next using Equations 11 and 12:

𝑔× 훽 푇푠−푇∞ 퐻^3 푅푎 = (11) 훾 × 훼

2 ℎ 0 ×퐻 4 7×퐺푟×푃푟 4(272+315푃푟)퐻 = [ ]^.25 × (12) 푘 3 5 20+21Pr 35 64+63푃푟 푑0

The Rayleigh Number, Ra, is equivalent to the Grashof Number, Gr, times the Prandtl Number, Pr, for this scenario. H, the height of liquid in the bottles doesn’t change and acceleration due to gravity remains the same. The thermal expansion coefficient, β, is .0035 1/K and the kinematic viscosity, γ, is 1.46×10-5 m2/s for the outer fluid air (Engineering ToolBox, 2005). The thermal diffusivity, α, is 2.05×10-5 m2/s and the thermal conductivity, k, is .02611 W/m×K (Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman, &

Lavine, 2007). Pr is .7136 and the surface temperature, Ts, and the fluid temperature, T∞, do not change (Engineering ToolBox, 2005). These values yielded:

2 ho glass = 5.181 W/m ×K 2 ho aluminum = 5.253 W/m ×K

Since the heat transfer coefficients have been collected the overall rate of heat transfer can be found using:

Q = U × A × (Tamb – TL) (1) 1 푈 = 1 퐿 1 (6) ( + + ) ℎ 0+ℎ 푟 푘 푏 ℎ 𝑖

L is the thickness of the bottle and kb is the thermal conductivity of the bottle. Using an L value of 1.58 mm for the glass bottle and .3556 mm for the aluminum and a kb of 237 W/m×K, U, the overall heat transfer coefficient can be found:

2 Uglass = 9.783 W/m ×K 2 Ualuminum = 9.557 W/m ×K

The surface area was calculated to be 9.12×10-4 m2 for the glass bottle and 8.70×10-4 m2 for the aluminum bottle. Using the same temperature values as previously, the heat transfer rate, Q, was finally calculated:

Qglass = -.2070 W Qaluminum = -.1929 W

Results vs. Existing Data

“Thermal Performance of Aluminum and Glass Beer Bottles” is an article by R.T. Bailey and L. Elban that was published in Heat Transfer Engineering in 2008. This paper models glass and aluminum beer bottles mathematically and shows much similarity to this project. The experimentally obtained data corresponded with the data provided in this article with one exception. It is believed that inappropriate fluid parameters were used in calculating the inner convective heat transfer coefficient in the article. The article gave an inner convective heat transfer coefficient value of 125 W/m2×K for the glass bottle and 128 W/m2×K for the aluminum bottle. The team was only able to obtain a value in this range when using the fluid properties of air. Since the inner bottle surface is being considered for this calculation the fluid properties must be of water not air. When water properties were used instead of air the inner convective heat transfer coefficients were 336.801 W/m2×K and 340.884 W/m2×K for glass and aluminum respectively. However, since the most powerful heat transfer mechanism affecting the heat exchange in the system is convection at the outer surface, the overall heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate were not affected significantly. The fact that all values calculated, except the inner convective heat transfer coefficient, match those published by R.T. Bailey and L. Elban validates the team’s data. Both the article and teams work showed the trend that the aluminum bottle cooled at a slightly faster rate than the glass bottle and that in reality the glass and aluminum bottles perform almost identically thermally.

Glass versus Aluminum

After running the experiments and completing the calculations, comparison between the glass and aluminum bottle could take place. Aluminum is a conductor where as glass is an insulator. This means that if the glass bottle and aluminum bottle were identical expect for the material, the glass bottle would stay colder longer. When looking at raw data and the graphs created through excel, the results did in fact show that the glass bottle was colder longer. On the other hand, when comparing cool down values it also showed that the aluminum bottle cooled down slightly faster than the glass bottle did. So if the desired result is a cold drink quickly, the aluminum bottle would be the better option. If the desired result was to have a beverage that stayed colder longer, than the glass bottle would be the more appropriate candidate. After doing the calculations, a comparison besides the physical aspects could be evaluated. As expected, the values for the heat transfer coefficients (h), rate of heat transfer (Q), and the overall heat transfer coefficient (U), were all similar. This allows one to conclude that glass and aluminum bottles perform very similar to each other in regards to heat transfer through the bottles. Although when placed in the fridge the aluminum bottle cooled slightly quicker than the glass, when placed in an ice bath the aluminum bottle cooled significantly faster than the glass bottle. Because of this phenomenon, if the cooling method is an ice bath, the aluminum bottle would reach thermal equilibrium much faster than the glass bottle. As seen in Figure 14 in the COMSOL Methodology section the results of the COMSOL simulation showed that the glass and aluminum bottles have similar thermal performances in a cooling environment. This agrees with trends shown in the experiments as well.

Air versus Water

The thermal conductivity of air is 0.024 W/m×K at 25oC where water is 0.58 W/m×K at this temperature (Engineering ToolBox, 2009). This means that the heat transfer in water will occur much more quickly than in air. Since water’s thermal conductivity is higher than that of air, the heat from the bottles is absorbed more quickly into the water than into the air. The experimental runs followed these same trends. Thermal equilibrium was reached much faster in the ice bath than in the refrigerator. Due to the low thermal resistance of the aluminum bottle, the ice bath allowed the aluminum bottle to cool much quicker than the glass bottle in the ice bath.

Conclusion

The experimental runs show that glass and aluminum bottles perform nearly identically thermally in warming and cooling environments. The aluminum bottle cooled slightly faster than the glass bottle in the refrigerator and much faster in the ice bath. The glass bottle stayed cooler slighter longer than the aluminum bottle in the warming environment. Because both bottle types have separate advantages, the best choice is determined by which characteristics are most important for the consumer. If time is your biggest concern then an aluminum bottle cooled in an ice bath would be the best choice for you. If not holding on to a very cold cylinder during consumption is your biggest concern, then the glass bottle cooled in either environment would be the best choice for you. If you want your beverage to stay cold as long as possible, then again the glass bottle would be the best option.

References

Comsol. (2008). Comsol. Retrieved October 13, 2008, from www.comsol.com

Engineering Toolbox. (2005). Air properties. Retrieved 1/21, 2009, from

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-properties-d_156.html

Engineering Toolbox. (2005). Coefficients of cubical expansion of liquids. Retrieved 1/21, 2009, from

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/cubical-expansion-coefficients-d_1262.html

Engineering Toolbox. (2005). Thermal conductivity of some common materials. Retrieved 10/6, 2008, from

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html

H20 thermal expansion coefficient.http://physchem.kfunigraz.ac.at/sm/Service/Water/H2Othermexp.htm

Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman, and Lavine. (2007). Introduction to heat transfer (5th ed.)

Ray Daniels. (2007, Bottles, kegs, and cans the glory & ruin of beer. All about Beer Magazine, Retrieved from

http://www.allaboutbeer.com/features/packaging.html

Robert T. Bailey, Wayne L. Elban. (2008). Thermal performances of aluminum and glass beer bottles. Heat

Transfer Engineering, 29(7), 643-650.

ThinkExist.com. (2006). Retrieved 2/26, 2009, from http://thinkexist.com/quotes/william_a._foster/

Valley Design. (2008). Soda lime flat float glass. Retrieved 10/4, 2008, from

http://www.valleydesign.com/sodalime.htm

Appendices

Appendix 1 : Raw Temperature Data

The following appendix depicts the raw data gathered during the runs in the laboratory. Each run is broken down into five minute intervals and has temperatures for aluminum, glass, and the environment respectively. First will be cooldown from the refrigerator, followed by its respective warmup, and then the ice bath followed by its respective warmup as well.

Fridge Runs Cooldown2 cooldown2 Time(s) Aluminum Time(s) Glass Time(s) Fridge Time(s) Aluminum Time(s) Glass Time(s) Fridge 0 26.495657 0 26.41818 0 22.9954 0 26.360362 0 25.49062 0 24.35918 300 25.009939 300 25.72501 300 4.195583 300 24.768246 300 24.91365 300 4.313458 600 23.866692 600 24.76845 600 3.152596 600 23.546933 600 24.02136 600 3.577293 900 22.679276 900 23.81514 900 2.79096 900 22.391482 900 23.13219 900 3.114985 1200 21.565755 1200 22.89973 1200 2.474284 1200 21.297947 1200 22.22558 1200 2.363077 1500 20.52873 1500 22.00158 1500 2.021285 1500 20.193327 1500 21.37774 1500 2.27454 1800 19.504857 1800 21.09593 1800 1.677944 1800 19.199903 1800 20.51358 1800 2.009069 2100 18.565562 2100 20.26827 2100 1.359637 2100 18.209783 2100 19.67443 2100 1.733291 2400 17.589215 2400 19.41084 2400 1.146123 2400 17.304203 2400 18.89715 2400 1.169046 2700 16.70576 2700 18.6432 2700 0.852466 2700 16.389607 2700 18.10608 2700 1.27204 3000 15.855408 3000 17.8372 3000 0.745585 3000 15.519399 3000 17.35339 3000 0.84035 3300 15.018157 3300 17.12266 3300 0.412226 3300 14.722707 3300 16.60502 3300 0.883827 3600 14.387831 3600 16.39645 3600 2.584329 3600 14.081891 3600 15.93858 3600 3.034497 3900 13.862224 3900 15.82427 3900 4.452442 3900 13.524578 3900 15.40732 3900 4.611569 4200 13.340934 4200 15.28795 4200 3.224773 4200 12.981638 4200 14.88988 4200 3.270266 4500 12.758467 4500 14.76048 4500 2.024029 4500 12.384384 4500 14.38598 4500 2.222209 4800 12.208416 4800 14.18132 4800 1.405797 4800 11.838263 4800 13.75043 4800 1.585664 5100 11.61842 5100 13.57939 5100 0.828726 5100 11.274855 5100 13.16327 5100 0.638374 5400 11.037049 5400 13.00674 5400 1.059068 5400 10.736331 5400 12.62441 5400 1.487547 5700 10.661102 5700 12.49899 5700 2.916414 5700 10.300872 5700 12.15133 5700 3.381494 6000 10.303178 6000 12.09639 6000 3.56149 6000 9.983606 6000 11.77513 6000 3.458859 6300 9.91738 6300 11.68626 6300 2.390253 6300 9.541067 6300 11.38876 6300 2.262283 6600 9.519046 6600 11.2664 6600 1.216255 6600 9.079166 6600 10.94448 6600 1.360017 6900 9.047876 6900 10.7893 6900 0.351975 6900 8.677155 6900 10.50361 6900 0.501859 7200 8.650987 7200 10.33799 7200 1.311875 7200 8.340949 7200 10.05162 7200 1.979015 7500 8.404145 7500 9.982455 7500 3.095888 7500 8.072321 7500 9.721401 7500 3.667093 7800 8.148763 7800 9.705973 7800 2.943006 7800 7.769535 7800 9.494985 7800 2.67303 8100 7.811485 8100 9.307329 8100 1.694473 8100 7.448615 8100 9.100563 8100 1.271916 8400 7.448915 8400 8.96754 8400 0.456908 8400 7.08057 8400 8.730117 8400 0.64218

8700 7.110613 8700 8.601679 8700 0.621697 8700 6.737712 8700 8.419431 8700 1.253321 9000 6.83936 9000 8.262708 9000 2.116438 9000 6.58858 9000 8.089015 9000 2.806003 9300 6.681826 9300 8.010126 9300 3.168393 9300 6.418108 9300 7.853087 9300 2.741953 9600 6.420815 9600 7.773606 9600 1.840373 9600 6.113644 9600 7.578826 9600 1.316448 9900 6.106344 9900 7.455806 9900 0.534754 9900 5.808831 9900 7.302547 9900 0.284804 10200 5.851461 10200 7.147874 10200 0.049426 10200 5.544598 10200 6.970879 10200 1.184976 10500 5.617612 10500 6.866353 10500 1.75377 10500 5.391997 10500 6.745782 10500 2.627021 10800 5.540934 10800 6.699253 10800 3.221237 10800 5.254544 10800 6.586957 10800 2.401294 11100 5.310754 11100 6.466711 11100 1.887233 11100 5.026541 11100 6.360753 11100 1.121017 11400 5.114764 11400 6.241133 11400 0.516431 11400 4.786096 11400 6.125502 11400 -0.01263 11700 4.84511 11700 5.964841 11700 -0.04555 11700 4.526205 11700 5.826753 11700 1.125614 12000 4.641074 12000 5.718072 12000 1.479788 12000 4.464778 12000 5.615325 12000 2.538805 12300 4.609221 12300 5.438776 12300 3.036835 12300 4.322107 12300 5.458743 12300 2.157732 12600 4.418375 12600 5.146921 12600 1.572336 12600 4.121949 12600 5.195748 12600 0.917351 12900 4.198559 12900 4.898727 12900 0.49365 12900 3.832802 12900 4.75858 12900 -0.32707 13200 3.910709 13200 4.602814 13200 -0.19154 13200 3.616138 13200 4.039023 13200 1.127822 13500 3.755363 13500 4.282082 13500 1.448653 13500 3.595786 13500 3.832252 13500 2.557905 13800 3.790864 13800 4.067684 13800 2.914607 13800 3.584213 13800 3.797188 13800 1.801937 14100 3.677591 14100 3.990336 14100 1.301738 14100 3.429822 14100 3.7605 14100 0.501742 14400 3.448899 14400 3.908126 14400 -0.09866 14400 3.224346 14400 3.688939 14400 -0.18351 14700 3.280099 14700 3.841275 14700 -0.07811 14700 3.132378 14700 3.585923 14700 1.204385 15000 3.313579 15000 3.79843 15000 1.532511 15000 3.245411 15000 3.604913 15000 2.754082 15300 3.377014 15300 3.727447 15300 2.68086 15300 3.182067 15300 3.710592 15300 1.47179 15600 3.295928 15600 3.726842 15600 1.167005 15600 2.987818 15600 3.657441 15600 0.105969 15900 3.064948 15900 3.612522 15900 -0.17857 15900 2.815401 15900 3.556582 15900 0.231698 16200 2.921419 16200 3.469636 16200 0.214445 16200 2.766485 16200 3.394515 16200 1.54898 16500 2.899318 16500 3.245593 16500 1.607763 16500 2.846225 16500 3.295198 16500 2.483814 16800 2.911511 16800 3.178795 16800 2.372586 16800 2.698854 16800 3.219548 16800 1.012998 17100 2.812037 17100 3.133516 17100 0.780865 17100 2.496094 17100 3.151566 17100 -0.18723 17400 2.612528 17400 3.038283 17400 -0.17386 17400 2.404324 17400 3.035592 17400 0.533368 17700 2.501749 17700 2.868857 17700 0.430523 17700 2.418904 17700 2.830068 17700 1.997402 18000 2.444259 18000 2.817032 18000 1.813179 18000 2.41326 18000 2.817276 18000 1.818885 18300 2.55636 18300 2.688271 18300 1.960188 18300 2.257332 18300 2.748342 18300 0.348565

18600 2.412193 18600 2.644048 18600 0.673811 18600 2.096457 18600 2.667709 18600 -0.30774 18900 2.21146 18900 2.555529 18900 -0.63445 18900 2.126211 18900 2.603361 18900 1.071336 19200 2.168307 19200 2.411136 19200 0.534536 19200 2.306672 19200 2.550408 19200 2.481151 19500 2.202874 19500 2.353843 19500 2.087843 19500 2.195311 19500 2.561779 19500 1.088117 19800 2.19142 19800 2.31698 19800 1.684124 19800 2.112869 19800 2.604138 19800 -0.18441 20100 2.047258 20100 2.302352 20100 0.26315 20100 2.103649 20100 2.511368 20100 0.581408 20400 1.87982 20400 2.129685 20400 -0.68239 20400 2.109163 20400 2.441034 20400 1.805243 20700 1.89462 20700 2.055616 20700 0.895862 20700 2.160368 20700 2.383811 20700 1.976982 21000 1.918288 21000 1.990973 21000 2.276388 21000 2.016263 21000 2.382422 21000 0.309624 21300 1.907883 21300 1.961927 21300 1.395919 21300 1.860895 21300 2.307115 21300 -0.26184 21600 1.761413 21600 1.948605 21600 0.216383 21600 1.816096 21600 2.130932 21600 1.093401 cooldown3 cooldown4 Time(s) Aluminum Time(s) Glass Time(s) Fridge Time(s) Aluminum Time(s) Glass Time(s) Fridge 0 27.747861 0 27.18136 0 28.74009 0 25.28765 0 25.12517 0 25.75731 300 26.109716 300 26.4574 300 4.986339 300 23.81234 300 24.46991 300 3.801875 600 24.937963 600 25.52453 600 4.221584 600 22.69781 600 23.56784 600 2.639001 900 23.800714 900 24.59507 900 4.001452 900 21.63433 900 22.73174 900 1.661297 1200 22.671776 1200 23.69937 1200 3.606114 1200 20.56978 1200 21.81976 1200 0.780975 1500 21.587605 1500 22.83202 1500 3.51173 1500 19.49694 1500 20.96765 1500 0.238848 1800 20.548485 1800 21.9343 1800 3.131347 1800 18.50374 1800 20.16121 1800 1.407763 2100 19.589916 2100 21.07862 2100 3.029487 2100 17.75231 2100 19.41035 2100 3.550805 2400 18.681312 2400 20.28818 2400 2.770739 2400 16.99264 2400 18.75838 2400 2.994026 2700 17.756777 2700 19.49851 2700 2.45455 2700 16.2481 2700 18.04638 2700 1.752052 3000 16.925518 3000 18.74639 3000 2.319125 3000 15.4466 3000 17.37812 3000 0.661298 3300 16.127434 3300 17.98154 3300 2.1803 3300 14.67341 3300 16.66126 3300 -0.24204 3600 15.407263 3600 17.24571 3600 1.850961 3600 13.98964 3600 15.973 3600 1.49754 3900 14.633699 3900 16.53566 3900 1.682477 3900 13.44253 3900 15.3743 3900 3.396009 4200 13.910164 4200 15.8318 4200 1.512043 4200 12.92797 4200 14.8776 4200 2.2934 4500 13.231967 4500 15.23922 4500 1.407915 4500 12.29017 4500 14.31669 4500 0.885199 4800 12.622234 4800 14.56256 4800 1.293925 4800 11.72117 4800 13.73165 4800 0.017929 5100 12.050755 5100 13.94895 5100 1.162973 5100 11.15029 5100 13.10393 5100 0.180351 5400 11.424255 5400 13.32823 5400 1.126753 5400 10.69572 5400 12.61555 5400 2.037962

5700 10.903643 5700 12.78117 5700 0.988053 5700 10.3622 5700 12.24722 5700 2.774602 6000 10.404453 6000 12.28418 6000 0.794682 6000 9.895705 6000 11.81271 6000 1.236354 6300 9.872366 6300 11.7316 6300 0.556056 6300 9.436492 6300 11.33997 6300 0.036893 6600 9.377683 6600 11.22847 6600 0.599228 6600 9.023783 6600 10.8696 6600 -0.20649 6900 8.865737 6900 10.69858 6900 0.494931 6900 8.689016 6900 10.48296 6900 1.489978 7200 8.399889 7200 10.22683 7200 0.346816 7200 8.381049 7200 10.1109 7200 2.886067 7500 7.979629 7500 9.772932 7500 0.304438 7500 8.017968 7500 9.748795 7500 1.25741 7800 7.572144 7800 9.3312 7800 -0.01187 7800 7.65228 7800 9.411572 7800 -0.02287 8100 7.139702 8100 8.877617 8100 -0.08134 8100 7.272455 8100 9.000421 8100 -0.50139 8400 6.781281 8400 8.499786 8400 0.508996 8400 6.99128 8400 8.610105 8400 1.307815 8700 6.523775 8700 8.172535 8700 2.20156 8700 6.789612 8700 8.331106 8700 2.791075 9000 6.372188 9000 7.913376 9000 3.631908 9000 6.530375 9000 8.078062 9000 1.268352 9300 6.184066 9300 7.645777 9300 2.708593 9300 6.205942 9300 7.782952 9300 -0.05455 9600 5.896898 9600 7.369134 9600 1.734903 9600 5.91601 9600 7.475491 9600 -0.38839 9900 5.71566 9900 7.102172 9900 1.067524 9900 5.669614 9900 7.164659 9900 1.218394 10200 5.41761 10200 6.766675 10200 0.536539 10200 5.565475 10200 6.956127 10200 2.59306 10500 5.110854 10500 6.453017 10500 0.139801 10500 5.32454 10500 6.687411 10500 0.997693 10800 4.818367 10800 6.185294 10800 -0.20219 10800 5.042591 10800 6.468453 10800 -0.31406 11100 4.610792 11100 5.907855 11100 1.284735 11100 4.789283 11100 6.189064 11100 -0.1386 11400 4.565843 11400 5.57219 11400 3.059224 11400 4.658243 11400 5.937803 11400 1.291645 11700 4.437669 11700 5.324043 11700 2.680441 11700 4.589523 11700 5.733549 11700 2.134897 12000 4.326571 12000 5.040354 12000 1.968087 12000 4.371685 12000 5.525527 12000 0.715503 12300 4.111291 12300 4.83086 12300 0.992801 12300 4.108769 12300 5.201914 12300 -0.7691 12600 3.85703 12600 4.363972 12600 0.270438 12600 3.817788 12600 4.94617 12600 0.015422 12900 3.5449 12900 3.926658 12900 -0.04861 12900 3.72956 12900 4.394742 12900 1.611176 13200 3.357368 13200 3.811186 13200 0.772067 13200 3.708236 13200 3.981132 13200 1.874019 13500 3.415976 13500 3.883675 13500 2.498175 13500 3.599383 13500 3.72157 13500 0.241633 13800 3.488457 13800 3.891474 13800 2.855971 13800 3.291684 13800 3.633124 13800 -1.04883 14100 3.459197 14100 3.894364 14100 1.734896 14100 3.19304 14100 3.657272 14100 0.236907 14400 3.275143 14400 3.937056 14400 0.888144 14400 3.208623 14400 3.684126 14400 1.783196 14700 3.128335 14700 3.928672 14700 0.311595 14700 3.23932 14700 3.711237 14700 1.432685 15000 2.95683 15000 3.667078 15000 -0.17816 15000 3.064098 15000 3.77427 15000 -0.01579 15300 2.800313 15300 3.355554 15300 0.776281 15300 2.86821 15300 3.712741 15300 -0.83952

15600 2.852286 15600 3.181275 15600 2.28114 15600 2.757942 15600 3.415874 15600 0.637665 15900 2.856887 15900 3.120425 15900 2.628846 15900 2.756293 15900 3.189133 15900 2.024305 16200 2.8072 16200 3.098964 16200 1.618754 16200 2.712149 16200 3.177169 16200 1.066273 16500 2.638898 16500 2.998995 16500 0.730115 16500 2.470925 16500 3.075067 16500 -0.53698 16800 2.472717 16800 2.870501 16800 0.129242 16800 2.34227 16800 2.979033 16800 -0.49056 17100 2.337691 17100 2.721983 17100 -0.29198 17100 2.321676 17100 2.810961 17100 0.956799 17400 2.247557 17400 2.544379 17400 1.012827 17400 2.347081 17400 2.737202 17400 2.162036 17700 2.349389 17700 2.49883 17700 2.731041 17700 2.285812 17700 2.72055 17700 0.604719 18000 2.336525 18000 2.482769 18000 2.094432 18000 2.081731 18000 2.620061 18000 -0.80674 18300 2.248613 18300 2.440041 18300 1.223077 18300 2.011389 18300 2.495933 18300 0.012716 18600 2.095282 18600 2.378032 18600 0.306168 18600 1.990446 18600 2.368096 18600 1.397701 18900 1.930181 18900 2.262676 18900 -0.16153 18900 1.977022 18900 2.247005 18900 1.636143 19200 1.930801 19200 2.113819 19200 0.423757 19200 1.855466 19200 2.245403 19200 0.061011 19500 1.972939 19500 2.103233 19500 1.926239 19500 1.683772 19500 2.204058 19500 -1.02458 19800 2.015917 19800 2.054516 19800 2.61676 19800 1.686256 19800 2.017139 19800 0.318235 20100 1.959896 20100 1.987387 20100 1.693036 20100 1.692111 20100 1.989664 20100 1.740705 20400 1.82104 20400 1.976963 20400 0.648942 20400 1.684451 20400 1.919489 20400 1.190274 20700 1.709426 20700 1.881563 20700 -0.00411 20700 1.55278 20700 1.913837 20700 -0.29764 21000 1.596584 21000 1.805089 21000 -0.0166 21000 1.400649 21000 1.789636 21000 -0.60851 21300 1.640448 21300 1.67925 21300 1.461675 21300 1.435366 21300 1.698717 21300 0.761411 21600 1.71451 21600 1.69059 21600 2.84659 21600 1.484808 21600 1.668096 21600 2.159022 cooldown5 Time(s) Aluminum Time(s) Glass Time(s) Fridge 0 25.87373 0 25.43894 0 26.33173 300 24.49217 300 24.88089 300 7.185128 600 23.42424 600 24.02929 600 6.602661 900 22.35391 900 23.19633 900 5.248677 1200 21.3149 1200 22.30679 1200 3.682729 1500 20.23517 1500 21.44801 1500 2.969877 1800 19.17535 1800 20.56787 1800 2.56051 2100 18.23287 2100 19.75358 2100 1.980475 2400 17.34542 2400 18.93701 2400 2.72014 2700 16.60707 2700 18.25961 2700 4.791971 3000 15.95226 3000 17.66923 3000 4.518362 3300 15.30399 3300 17.01568 3300 3.292909 3600 14.57077 3600 16.34231 3600 2.14679 3900 13.88529 3900 15.67469 3900 1.885239 4200 13.21839 4200 14.98286 4200 1.683154 4500 12.60885 4500 14.4162 4500 3.360562 4800 12.21266 4800 13.93991 4800 4.233666 5100 11.74494 5100 13.42454 5100 3.157822 5400 11.21732 5400 12.94005 5400 2.148604 5700 10.69108 5700 12.37404 5700 1.351821 6000 10.20527 6000 11.85358 6000 1.889113 6300 9.844703 6300 11.45553 6300 3.345388 6600 9.498672 6600 11.07793 6600 3.280195 6900 9.094103 6900 10.68051 6900 2.08419 7200 8.716594 7200 10.2638 7200 0.918881 7500 8.318927 7500 9.837766 7500 0.843171 7800 8.016871 7800 9.441393 7800 2.923123 8100 7.776655 8100 9.113822 8100 3.529389 8400 7.472667 8400 8.832111 8400 1.896832 8700 7.073863 8700 8.448803 8700 0.772499 9000 6.767889 9000 8.10712 9000 0.719906 9300 6.548874 9300 7.825491 9300 2.334252 9600 6.401333 9600 7.591254 9600 2.991511 9900 6.106386 9900 7.32737 9900 1.901011 10200 5.847446 10200 7.070052 10200 0.695512 10500 5.570511 10500 6.724298 10500 0.438829 10800 5.407631 10800 6.474815 10800 2.042247 11100 5.295073 11100 6.31138 11100 3.035188 11400 5.05772 11400 6.083455 11400 1.600365 11700 4.871362 11700 5.847394 11700 0.198899 12000 4.581072 12000 5.552882 12000 0.60007 12300 4.452863 12300 5.196025 12300 1.959487 12600 4.34138 12600 4.960913 12600 2.377712 12900 4.213384 12900 4.78305 12900 1.269154 13200 3.897135 13200 4.689345 13200 -0.07956 13500 3.648378 13500 4.346864 13500 0.428667 13800 3.61819 13800 4.047838 13800 1.752731 14100 3.683536 14100 3.930693 14100 2.059984 14400 3.544377 14400 3.952634 14400 0.754652 14700 3.281509 14700 3.91692 14700 -0.47072 15000 3.20156 15000 3.967824 15000 0.722193 15300 3.283856 15300 3.770413 15300 1.970205 15600 3.20784 15600 3.488018 15600 1.878647 15900 3.025644 15900 3.350815 15900 0.45211 16200 2.861739 16200 3.235296 16200 -0.24724 16500 2.915019 16500 3.129453 16500 0.773964 16800 2.842601 16800 2.953406 16800 2.224576 17100 2.791217 17100 2.9278 17100 1.541154 17400 2.586846 17400 2.867952 17400 0.010657 17700 2.433336 17700 2.712038 17700 0.059393 18000 2.433523 18000 2.535717 18000 1.267241 18300 2.46853 18300 2.499207 18300 2.024455 18600 2.320769 18600 2.41714 18600 0.903111 18900 2.10855 18900 2.287393 18900 -0.33643 19200 2.042864 19200 2.139827 19200 0.079536 19500 2.033865 19500 2.087714 19500 1.455464 19800 2.015784 19800 2.00411 19800 1.789432 20100 1.928485 20100 2.024705 20100 0.767639 20400 1.764807 20400 1.873472 20400 -0.59109 20700 1.772787 20700 1.847931 20700 0.32718 21000 1.764539 21000 1.734969 21000 1.474643 21300 1.816856 21300 1.707995 21300 1.607223 21600 1.687836 21600 1.720609 21600 0.34924 warm up warmup2 Aluminum Glass Air Aluminum Glass Air 0 1.74772 0 1.727756 0 17.16311 0 0.101668 0 0.067898 0 0.790027 300 4.766948 300 2.44602 300 27.55285 300 2.724577 300 0.871384 300 26.26944 600 6.34348 600 4.108124 600 27.32605 600 4.478366 600 2.010097 600 26.49233 900 6.581637 900 4.705354 900 27.48574 900 6.024746 900 3.93509 900 26.45117 1200 7.534731 1200 5.889628 1200 27.29088 1200 6.338584 1200 3.608552 1200 26.64433 1500 8.634629 1500 6.916538 1500 27.56757 1500 7.209628 1500 5.412574 1500 26.65556 1800 9.664376 1800 7.915998 1800 27.41066 1800 8.24405 1800 6.477503 1800 26.77019 2100 10.723279 2100 8.883563 2100 27.39012 2100 9.302934 2100 7.411804 2100 26.68489 2400 11.744711 2400 9.787223 2400 27.50966 2400 10.32984 2400 8.409536 2400 26.52242 2700 12.703562 2700 10.6142 2700 27.4399 2700 11.34589 2700 9.290446 2700 26.56864 3000 13.60539 3000 11.44823 3000 27.40882 3000 12.29677 3000 10.18436 3000 26.26717 3300 14.556076 3300 12.25099 3300 27.52736 3300 13.23154 3300 11.00512 3300 26.73329 3600 15.37233 3600 13.0394 3600 27.53324 3600 14.0134 3600 11.76924 3600 26.83884 3900 16.11629 3900 13.7606 3900 27.40344 3900 14.82585 3900 12.49377 3900 26.49574 4200 16.897153 4200 14.45575 4200 27.47122 4200 15.57181 4200 13.23932 4200 26.84602 4500 17.558518 4500 15.10281 4500 27.64338 4500 16.26388 4500 13.93178 4500 26.9997 4800 18.195263 4800 15.78336 4800 27.62973 4800 16.96208 4800 14.56286 4800 27.06698 5100 18.771815 5100 16.38737 5100 27.50836 5100 17.57726 5100 15.21101 5100 27.21128 5400 19.337809 5400 16.92955 5400 27.52831 5400 18.19495 5400 15.80125 5400 27.10461 5700 19.871768 5700 17.49343 5700 27.33414 5700 18.74744 5700 16.3804 5700 27.17616 6000 20.341501 6000 17.98328 6000 27.08738 6000 19.26169 6000 16.94569 6000 27.10499 6300 20.787118 6300 18.4912 6300 27.31891 6300 19.77398 6300 17.44997 6300 27.12517 6600 21.208581 6600 18.92743 6600 27.51368 6600 20.19969 6600 17.945 6600 26.97602 6900 21.580076 6900 19.32932 6900 27.21592 6900 20.68093 6900 18.43928 6900 26.83165 7200 21.890498 7200 19.76478 7200 27.63531 7200 21.06541 7200 18.84047 7200 27.08514 7500 22.321888 7500 20.13759 7500 27.47724 7500 21.47998 7500 19.29032 7500 27.10271 7800 22.604076 7800 20.54002 7800 27.27259 7800 21.83576 7800 19.67717 7800 27.07331 8100 22.873246 8100 20.85426 8100 27.30089 8100 22.09059 8100 20.06112 8100 26.83809 8400 23.157323 8400 21.18876 8400 27.37078 8400 22.46128 8400 20.4273 8400 26.93356 8700 23.460516 8700 21.51485 8700 27.39082 8700 22.73483 8700 20.76461 8700 27.07032

9000 23.713787 9000 21.80496 9000 27.19733 9000 22.98966 9000 21.10975 9000 27.0645 9300 23.916111 9300 22.10185 9300 27.16586 9300 23.23821 9300 21.41269 9300 27.03409 9600 24.155994 9600 22.39881 9600 27.23994 9600 23.46442 9600 21.65183 9600 26.98679 9900 24.285364 9900 22.58729 9900 27.07269 9900 23.69865 9900 21.979 9900 27.20541 10200 24.45355 10200 22.84102 10200 26.91749 10200 23.92421 10200 22.25681 10200 27.1973 10500 24.647456 10500 23.01268 10500 27.51812 10500 24.08012 10500 22.47242 10500 27.24758 10800 24.788703 10800 23.23349 10800 27.16954 10800 24.30916 10800 22.73464 10800 27.20145 11100 24.914814 11100 23.44576 11100 27.12362 11100 24.44559 11100 22.92036 11100 27.21138 11400 25.056841 11400 23.62118 11400 27.11622 11400 24.5945 11400 23.15935 11400 27.318 11700 25.182345 11700 23.80789 11700 27.02411 11700 24.78394 11700 23.34664 11700 27.23982 12000 25.292614 12000 23.96496 12000 27.16252 12000 24.91405 12000 23.57432 12000 27.28708 12300 25.472863 12300 24.16644 12300 27.07103 12300 25.03878 12300 23.74624 12300 27.30159 12600 25.5342 12600 24.30731 12600 27.18121 12600 25.17491 12600 23.922 12600 27.21826 12900 25.66281 12900 24.44362 12900 27.23626 12900 25.27392 12900 24.08806 12900 27.11995 13200 25.763503 13200 24.5846 13200 27.378 13200 25.37685 13200 24.18795 13200 27.31558 13500 25.833472 13500 24.71952 13500 27.14868 13500 25.46646 13500 24.35732 13500 27.18438 13800 25.934116 13800 24.82026 13800 27.02924 13800 25.57371 13800 24.50522 13800 27.01963 14100 26.017854 14100 24.95954 14100 26.83036 14100 25.70465 14100 24.62283 14100 27.242 14400 26.031875 14400 25.02996 14400 26.86645 14400 25.76959 14400 24.78275 14400 27.03576 14700 26.124052 14700 25.18781 14700 27.13385 14700 25.86861 14700 24.87946 14700 27.14792 15000 26.176557 15000 25.23741 15000 27.04781 15000 25.94183 15000 24.98111 15000 27.03014 15300 26.237829 15300 25.35896 15300 27.09506 15300 25.97938 15300 25.06292 15300 27.13682 15600 26.284323 15600 25.43644 15600 26.92466 15600 26.02977 15600 25.18354 15600 27.27726 15900 26.234787 15900 25.53016 15900 26.94386 15900 26.10567 15900 25.27074 15900 27.2479 16200 26.349589 16200 25.5734 16200 27.03494 16200 26.16757 16200 25.36179 16200 27.12216 16500 26.349465 16500 25.66093 16500 26.93038 16500 26.16861 16500 25.43632 16500 27.06212 16800 26.457439 16800 25.75645 16800 26.96108 16800 26.28089 16800 25.55162 16800 26.9972 17100 26.487569 17100 25.8341 17100 27.02952 17100 26.34516 17100 25.62716 17100 27.28121 17400 26.51134 17400 25.88716 17400 26.95642 17400 26.38127 17400 25.68226 17400 27.15177 17700 26.553584 17700 25.96091 17700 26.91736 17700 26.41239 17700 25.7191 17700 27.17919 18000 26.587836 18000 25.99555 18000 26.99017 18000 26.4998 18000 25.81172 18000 27.14535 18300 26.575309 18300 26.08556 18300 26.85126 18300 26.53104 18300 25.89233 18300 27.3875 18600 26.624968 18600 26.10247 18600 27.05272 18600 26.52501 18600 25.92367 18600 27.21523

18900 26.666381 18900 26.14335 18900 26.99625 18900 26.56348 18900 26.01113 18900 27.15216 19200 26.681623 19200 26.21106 19200 26.89062 19200 26.59336 19200 26.02758 19200 27.24364 19500 26.727276 19500 26.27808 19500 26.97058 19500 26.64443 19500 26.13703 19500 27.29284 19800 26.770619 19800 26.31831 19800 26.94505 19800 26.64461 19800 26.16225 19800 27.20456 20100 26.767677 20100 26.35292 20100 26.9867 20100 26.69948 20100 26.2223 20100 27.22594 20400 26.81889 20400 26.39237 20400 26.95793 20400 26.70755 20400 26.27657 20400 27.14076 20700 20700 20700 26.864 20700 26.75973 20700 26.29712 20700 27.08276 21000 21000 21000 27.05619 21000 26.76376 21000 26.37329 21000 27.40107 21300 21300 21300 27.02798 21300 26.79232 21300 26.41604 21300 27.19074 21600 21600 21600 26.87545 21600 26.8336 21600 26.42144 21600 27.31789

warmup3 warmup4 Aluminum Glass Air Aluminum Glass Air 0 0.128661 0 -0.09148 0 0.379725 0 0.457396 0 0.107501 0 6.434043 300 2.513276 300 0.598782 300 23.58147 300 2.75486 300 0.929244 300 24.84523 600 3.897883 600 1.665532 600 23.51457 600 4.339446 600 2.009802 600 24.82839 900 5.838737 900 2.605787 900 23.32788 900 6.049365 900 3.025154 900 24.78438 1200 5.943754 1200 4.367823 1200 23.96118 1200 6.309145 1200 4.2244 1200 24.7557 1500 6.532907 1500 4.367102 1500 23.76957 1500 7.083576 1500 5.249326 1500 25.16923 1800 7.414889 1800 5.584428 1800 23.80616 1800 7.991964 1800 6.22648 1800 24.7172 2100 8.332147 2100 6.474091 2100 23.784 2100 9.086777 2100 7.241516 2100 24.40572 2400 9.128837 2400 7.266607 2400 23.63115 2400 10.16023 2400 8.264126 2400 24.16604 2700 9.95101 2700 8.029439 2700 23.76565 2700 11.19717 2700 9.29249 2700 24.30567 3000 10.76863 3000 8.80051 3000 23.48637 3000 12.01392 3000 10.0532 3000 24.73568 3300 11.6111 3300 9.529645 3300 23.9311 3300 12.87897 3300 10.86499 3300 25.35392 3600 12.37415 3600 10.13602 3600 23.82677 3600 13.55945 3600 11.53801 3600 24.94468 3900 13.02895 3900 10.90459 3900 24.13276 3900 14.309 3900 12.24686 3900 25.34546 4200 13.70299 4200 11.54901 4200 23.80257 4200 14.9784 4200 12.85553 4200 25.50757 4500 14.46178 4500 12.2717 4500 23.14749 4500 15.61278 4500 13.4677 4500 24.82126 4800 15.04327 4800 12.96002 4800 23.7471 4800 16.24912 4800 14.0975 4800 25.38899 5100 15.5723 5100 13.42006 5100 24.22625 5100 16.85239 5100 14.68692 5100 25.56936 5400 16.18304 5400 14.02924 5400 23.67323 5400 17.38335 5400 15.21318 5400 25.19402

5700 16.65062 5700 14.53516 5700 23.74373 5700 17.91303 5700 15.76269 5700 25.38851 6000 17.08644 6000 14.9696 6000 23.93832 6000 18.35114 6000 16.24698 6000 25.92038 6300 17.49696 6300 15.40211 6300 23.85489 6300 18.83225 6300 16.74276 6300 26.34729 6600 17.86862 6600 15.78322 6600 24.06271 6600 19.32676 6600 17.2538 6600 26.0413 6900 18.26188 6900 16.23054 6900 24.13077 6900 19.75411 6900 17.68733 6900 25.66735 7200 18.63156 7200 16.64676 7200 23.93891 7200 20.12446 7200 18.07099 7200 26.74634 7500 18.93431 7500 16.99887 7500 24.25664 7500 20.4794 7500 18.51036 7500 26.22321 7800 19.28134 7800 17.31591 7800 24.15256 7800 20.89947 7800 18.90432 7800 25.99865 8100 19.54953 8100 17.67472 8100 24.37497 8100 21.18456 8100 19.25974 8100 25.56055 8400 19.88532 8400 18.08376 8400 24.11164 8400 21.50092 8400 19.63071 8400 25.68677 8700 20.17046 8700 18.33656 8700 24.46373 8700 21.74322 8700 19.96801 8700 25.96446 9000 20.41971 9000 18.67388 9000 24.39167 9000 22.01907 9000 20.27038 9000 26.09147 9300 20.64329 9300 18.96266 9300 24.90437 9300 22.33518 9300 20.5955 9300 25.82015 9600 20.93567 9600 19.299 9600 24.23007 9600 22.57021 9600 20.86159 9600 26.11061 9900 21.17226 9900 19.51705 9900 24.23606 9900 22.73811 9900 21.11555 9900 25.89418 10200 21.32692 10200 19.80357 10200 24.17643 10200 22.93925 10200 21.3558 10200 25.76059 10500 21.48388 10500 19.96944 10500 24.09328 10500 23.20602 10500 21.63902 10500 25.6649 10800 21.70129 10800 20.27911 10800 23.90838 10800 23.34019 10800 21.77504 10800 26.14435 11100 21.76657 11100 20.35965 11100 24.3768 11100 23.49593 11100 22.05127 11100 26.02212 11400 21.98874 11400 20.62113 11400 24.2362 11400 23.60092 11400 22.19999 11400 25.989 11700 22.06128 11700 20.79492 11700 24.26803 11700 23.76621 11700 22.36788 11700 25.90873 12000 22.26092 12000 21.00385 12000 24.18041 12000 23.88959 12000 22.58614 12000 26.1276 12300 22.36533 12300 21.10653 12300 24.04235 12300 23.98407 12300 22.7568 12300 26.14625 12600 22.43194 12600 21.26732 12600 23.92961 12600 24.13193 12600 22.91553 12600 25.94518 12900 22.55854 12900 21.42899 12900 24.0896 12900 24.22008 12900 23.04272 12900 26.11971 13200 22.64727 13200 21.57417 13200 24.01095 13200 24.32905 13200 23.2199 13200 25.98128 13500 22.75217 13500 21.68693 13500 24.14467 13500 24.47252 13500 23.31941 13500 26.34836 13800 22.90947 13800 21.86434 13800 23.91988 13800 24.52989 13800 23.49621 13800 26.46213 14100 22.87842 14100 21.93562 14100 24.15202 14100 24.65812 14100 23.56386 14100 26.53568 14400 22.96059 14400 22.00807 14400 24.01522 14400 24.69368 14400 23.72786 14400 26.12396 14700 23.07291 14700 22.1879 14700 24.29836 14700 24.82319 14700 23.85748 14700 26.39152 15000 23.12232 15000 22.26136 15000 24.27544 15000 24.89508 15000 23.95654 15000 26.30596 15300 23.23086 15300 22.39732 15300 24.2598 15300 24.9923 15300 24.08998 15300 26.23889

15600 23.26103 15600 22.44672 15600 24.05077 15600 25.06141 15600 24.16523 15600 26.12772 15900 23.30543 15900 22.57019 15900 24.17702 15900 25.1503 15900 24.27853 15900 26.53897 16200 23.40504 16200 22.62555 16200 24.14029 16200 25.20802 16200 24.35584 16200 26.29647 16500 23.46807 16500 22.72407 16500 24.24292 16500 25.21618 16500 24.43811 16500 26.20891 16800 23.49874 16800 22.79944 16800 24.26656 16800 25.3446 16800 24.58801 16800 26.09868 17100 23.53339 17100 22.86309 17100 24.38784 17100 25.39281 17100 24.6215 17100 26.23558 17400 23.59229 17400 22.91778 17400 24.14617 17400 25.41953 17400 24.7345 17400 26.42497 17700 23.62775 17700 22.99591 17700 23.84745 17700 25.50881 17700 24.77868 17700 25.95978 18000 23.63169 18000 23.07312 18000 24.26908 18000 25.54413 18000 24.83908 18000 26.30801 18300 23.6548 18300 23.08683 18300 24.0851 18300 25.59397 18300 24.93521 18300 26.14762 18600 23.7565 18600 23.1382 18600 24.22254 18600 25.59206 18600 24.96738 18600 26.13466 18900 23.75465 18900 23.24155 18900 24.10968 18900 25.6104 18900 25.02517 18900 25.86305 19200 23.81595 19200 23.28184 19200 24.11103 19200 25.64767 19200 25.10373 19200 25.99034 19500 23.7859 19500 23.34736 19500 24.26354 19500 25.68212 19500 25.10042 19500 26.04908 19800 23.82811 19800 23.3442 19800 24.11047 19800 25.70277 19800 25.16106 19800 25.97473 20100 23.88293 20100 23.3924 20100 24.15679 20100 25.73283 20100 25.1904 20100 25.94016 20400 23.86807 20400 23.46647 20400 24.0844 20400 25.75026 20400 25.23566 20400 25.93217 20700 23.93197 20700 23.51323 20700 24.30244 20700 25.72665 20700 25.24262 20700 25.9163 21000 23.95906 21000 23.54125 21000 24.24102 21000 25.74146 21000 25.2928 21000 25.74514 21300 23.9693 21300 23.52714 21300 24.13251 21300 25.79659 21300 25.34722 21300 25.81924 21600 23.98464 21600 23.60171 21600 24.19007 21600 25.79313 21600 25.38299 21600 26.24269 warmup5 Aluminum Glass Air 0 1.745195 0 1.788136 0 0.045443 300 4.408518 300 2.298357 300 25.58514 600 6.009162 600 3.977731 600 26.39282 900 6.259523 900 4.009324 900 26.1751 1200 7.068977 1200 5.534765 1200 26.22534 1500 8.048067 1500 6.475966 1500 26.1185 1800 9.043201 1800 7.375429 1800 26.2789 2100 10.05351 2100 8.297932 2100 26.12939 2400 10.99943 2400 9.089717 2400 26.26376 2700 11.90479 2700 9.971136 2700 25.98544 3000 12.8095 3000 10.71829 3000 26.36054 3300 13.56326 3300 11.46758 3300 26.44817 3600 14.31463 3600 12.17757 3600 26.21813 3900 15.08965 3900 12.8908 3900 26.55881 4200 15.7856 4200 13.56361 4200 26.52801 4500 16.43154 4500 14.17126 4500 26.43575 4800 17.05171 4800 14.77078 4800 26.52553 5100 17.61249 5100 15.32439 5100 26.43142 5400 18.12617 5400 15.87538 5400 26.43567 5700 18.67753 5700 16.40857 5700 26.26409 6000 19.16712 6000 16.89862 6000 26.58315 6300 19.60103 6300 17.42211 6300 26.36382 6600 20.00302 6600 17.82564 6600 26.46073 6900 20.44796 6900 18.27313 6900 26.57897 7200 20.80213 7200 18.67525 7200 26.64368 7500 21.1337 7500 19.04543 7500 26.48213 7800 21.45362 7800 19.40372 7800 26.52529 8100 21.78597 8100 19.76187 8100 26.54449 8400 22.0384 8400 20.10877 8400 26.41222 8700 22.302 8700 20.41686 8700 26.23112 9000 22.58332 9000 20.70105 9000 26.39756 9300 22.81761 9300 20.98142 9300 26.56814 9600 23.04058 9600 21.2567 9600 26.56904 9900 23.22413 9900 21.49248 9900 26.57042 10200 23.41004 10200 21.76072 10200 26.51696 10500 23.58564 10500 22.00106 10500 26.60064 10800 23.76961 10800 22.2311 10800 26.46746 11100 23.93572 11100 22.39818 11100 26.49702 11400 24.09116 11400 22.6203 11400 26.45024 11700 24.24074 11700 22.83192 11700 26.50623 12000 24.36162 12000 23.01165 12000 26.47229 12300 24.48756 12300 23.13977 12300 26.34148 12600 24.60696 12600 23.3084 12600 26.55177 12900 24.72065 12900 23.49362 12900 26.44611 13200 24.84097 13200 23.6185 13200 26.48749 13500 24.93142 13500 23.72971 13500 26.55463 13800 25.00855 13800 23.88549 13800 26.52694 14100 25.10137 14100 23.9915 14100 26.38925 14400 25.19266 14400 24.15571 14400 26.40793 14700 25.24683 14700 24.21602 14700 26.4372 15000 25.27836 15000 24.3759 15000 26.44607 15300 25.36287 15300 24.42287 15300 26.43516 15600 25.48127 15600 24.54671 15600 26.39832 15900 25.50784 15900 24.63745 15900 26.37076 16200 25.5295 16200 24.70908 16200 26.55012 16500 25.61661 16500 24.79403 16500 26.4467 16800 25.63724 16800 24.87125 16800 26.39811 17100 25.67525 17100 25.00013 17100 26.50014 17400 25.78402 17400 25.03784 17400 26.41561 17700 25.79026 17700 25.09458 17700 26.46841 18000 25.83455 18000 25.16745 18000 26.42306 18300 25.89795 18300 25.19164 18300 26.44648 18600 25.88967 18600 25.28469 18600 26.45662 18900 25.95188 18900 25.35374 18900 26.37985 19200 26.00001 19200 25.41792 19200 26.39484 19500 26.00892 19500 25.47049 19500 26.28927 19800 26.05951 19800 25.49826 19800 26.32788 20100 26.06726 20100 25.53954 20100 26.40244 20400 26.0883 20400 25.57348 20400 26.35464 20700 26.10477 20700 25.58867 20700 26.43037 21000 26.1148 21000 25.61675 21000 26.37635 21300 26.14071 21300 25.70602 21300 26.23256 21600 26.13554 21600 25.73989 21600 26.5018

IceBath Runs cooldown1 cooldown2 Time(s) Aluminum Time(s) Glass Time(s) Fridge Time(s) Aluminum Time(s) Glass Time(s) Fridge 0 23.34627 0 22.40331 0 23.41897 0 18.40714 0 23.02581 0 6.579612 300 7.537007 300 11.76641 300 0.341938 300 9.357016 300 13.87318 300 5.252067 600 4.753626 600 6.998984 600 0.369594 600 6.232451 600 9.333121 600 3.463023 900 2.50361 900 4.473228 900 0.306399 900 3.50484 900 6.689739 900 2.409461 1200 2.116243 1200 2.951255 1200 0.297367 1200 4.041132 1200 5.104318 1200 1.655978 1500 1.863326 1500 2.188502 1500 0.301103 1500 3.234615 1500 4.086728 1500 0.941206 1800 1.43139 1800 1.818482 1800 0.321451 1800 2.340906 1800 2.909572 1800 0.618048 2100 1.154286 2100 1.436363 2100 0.363208 2100 1.706441 2100 2.135409 2100 0.522138 2400 0.903803 2400 1.115847 2400 0.378681 2400 1.361413 2400 1.627986 2400 0.432839 2700 0.7317 2700 0.874223 2700 0.34286 2700 1.072634 2700 1.1712 2700 0.350902 3000 0.623395 3000 0.683355 3000 0.365604 3000 0.829648 3000 0.888276 3000 0.30128 3300 0.548348 3300 0.621699 3300 0.412944 3300 0.747511 3300 0.73092 3300 0.289456 3600 0.562197 3600 0.556163 3600 0.371536 3600 0.632729 3600 0.597657 3600 0.244416 3900 0.467641 3900 0.490837 3900 0.345806 3900 0.544001 3900 0.478186 3900 0.243747 4200 0.421401 4200 0.45101 4200 0.374062 4200 0.538452 4200 0.416626 4200 0.230651 4500 0.417188 4500 0.410776 4500 0.408513 4500 0.506513 4500 0.382797 4500 0.259631 4800 0.380674 4800 0.376714 4800 0.37992 4800 0.491579 4800 0.332213 4800 0.221114 5100 0.366338 5100 0.320317 5100 0.385388 5100 0.494461 5100 0.281906 5100 0.262101 5400 0.375626 5400 0.332246 5400 0.375438 5400 0.471656 5400 0.293237 5400 0.323605 5700 0.370746 5700 0.302657 5700 0.383949 5700 0.486016 5700 0.329291 5700 0.232338 6000 0.338142 6000 0.301173 6000 0.376618 6000 0.468886 6000 0.222183 6000 0.271982 6300 0.333527 6300 0.291654 6300 0.360122 6300 0.452197 6300 0.259062 6300 0.237181 6600 0.360425 6600 0.268757 6600 0.375325 6600 0.43042 6600 0.171446 6600 0.217851 6900 0.36422 6900 0.267649 6900 0.335363 6900 0.381491 6900 0.187021 6900 0.229653 7200 0.330503 7200 0.274106 7200 0.385576 7200 0.456151 7200 0.256415 7200 0.305834 7500 0.351821 7500 0.272413 7500 0.401612 7500 0.494521 7500 0.263858 7500 0.297433 7800 0.340658 7800 0.257477 7800 0.378757 7800 0.456345 7800 0.225107 7800 0.296785 8100 0.284684 8100 0.228661 8100 0.343155 8100 0.416141 8100 0.186026 8100 0.28751 8400 0.355426 8400 0.278093 8400 0.395976 8400 0.37767 8400 0.148112 8400 0.271857

8700 0.316507 8700 0.261052 8700 0.386293 8700 0.415805 8700 0.167768 8700 0.303395 9000 0.322411 9000 0.287516 9000 0.363716 9000 0.385087 9000 0.15704 9000 0.296251 9300 0.311692 9300 0.252088 9300 0.372991 9300 0.384042 9300 0.135432 9300 0.298979 9600 0.320145 9600 0.259786 9600 0.358244 9600 0.417172 9600 0.15178 9600 0.280996 9900 0.346963 9900 0.227377 9900 0.398829 9900 0.397686 9900 0.17115 9900 0.309039 10200 0.330686 10200 0.225057 10200 0.383308 10200 0.329457 10200 0.104604 10200 0.273626 10500 0.342251 10500 0.241338 10500 0.385442 10500 0.340078 10500 0.127867 10500 0.274628 10800 0.315051 10800 0.248467 10800 0.355602 10800 0.393445 10800 0.172379 10800 0.306873 11100 0.294592 11100 0.229138 11100 0.372866 11100 0.424465 11100 0.176242 11100 0.326579 11400 0.312044 11400 0.232444 11400 0.385225 11400 0.444327 11400 0.173095 11400 0.334938 11700 0.339262 11700 0.232502 11700 0.408103 11700 0.449446 11700 0.178403 11700 0.336096 12000 0.310866 12000 0.217307 12000 0.41045 12000 0.434906 12000 0.138958 12000 0.292885 12300 0.318871 12300 0.215315 12300 0.39356 12300 0.421669 12300 0.173633 12300 0.333967 12600 0.300398 12600 0.248715 12600 0.414695 12600 0.473224 12600 0.222749 12600 0.385339 12900 0.320013 12900 0.233812 12900 0.398852 12900 0.517773 12900 0.211664 12900 0.362373 13200 0.298386 13200 0.237648 13200 0.444367 13200 0.507359 13200 0.269531 13200 0.334039 13500 0.317624 13500 0.242741 13500 0.433805 13500 0.483689 13500 0.215108 13500 0.34771 13800 0.346807 13800 0.225523 13800 0.417722 13800 0.503671 13800 0.298097 13800 0.38203 14100 0.378019 14100 0.236178 14100 0.453269 14100 0.536981 14100 0.266529 14100 0.386865 14400 0.351519 14400 0.22816 14400 0.439407 14400 0.390507 14400 0.233578 14400 0.311103 14700 0.303342 14700 0.215065 14700 0.445928 14700 0.448197 14700 0.191868 14700 0.266944 15000 0.345134 15000 0.272139 15000 0.393795 15000 0.435029 15000 0.166246 15000 0.275088 15300 0.324449 15300 0.240512 15300 0.487965 15300 0.501624 15300 0.224371 15300 0.327549 15600 0.326759 15600 0.178497 15600 0.493291 15600 0.474377 15600 0.233334 15600 0.297279 15900 0.327206 15900 0.215917 15900 0.46017 15900 0.499879 15900 0.237339 15900 0.310148 16200 0.343041 16200 0.217229 16200 0.505044 16200 0.47308 16200 0.196008 16200 0.270895 16500 0.345158 16500 0.205387 16500 0.520362 16500 0.475281 16500 0.222921 16500 0.291582 16800 0.323623 16800 0.226293 16800 0.523912 16800 0.472702 16800 0.197139 16800 0.2824 17100 0.324239 17100 0.22955 17100 0.506047 17100 0.473722 17100 0.190047 17100 0.26833 17400 0.340257 17400 0.227649 17400 0.522627 17400 0.516888 17400 0.204742 17400 0.270009 17700 0.276947 17700 0.231676 17700 0.502892 17700 0.475756 17700 0.166238 17700 0.285643 18000 0.349998 18000 0.256632 18000 0.575738 18000 0.499847 18000 0.21486 18000 0.278994 18300 0.34399 18300 0.24968 18300 0.570297 18300 0.533278 18300 0.241321 18300 0.299417

18600 0.337828 18600 0.252948 18600 0.551502 18600 0.569717 18600 0.24759 18600 0.311156 18900 0.383518 18900 0.27846 18900 0.587377 18900 0.520605 18900 0.222985 18900 0.31164 19200 0.344171 19200 0.241939 19200 0.596689 19200 0.529543 19200 0.191746 19200 0.231171 19500 0.397222 19500 0.301409 19500 0.629363 19500 0.514019 19500 0.214133 19500 0.255255 19800 0.397875 19800 0.296591 19800 0.609085 19800 0.521734 19800 0.257691 19800 0.245242 20100 0.385727 20100 0.259921 20100 0.61919 20100 0.581135 20100 0.272216 20100 0.320314 20400 0.374446 20400 0.249204 20400 0.620734 20400 0.588048 20400 0.31761 20400 0.28347 20700 0.350944 20700 0.242864 20700 0.629669 20700 0.583565 20700 0.239562 20700 0.288228 21000 0.340851 21000 0.275589 21000 0.645788 21000 0.613467 21000 0.286639 21000 0.375288 21300 0.386825 21300 0.248947 21300 0.616328 21300 0.550575 21300 0.262018 21300 0.328413 21600 0.377334 21600 0.251904 21600 0.601748 21600 0.59899 21600 0.282909 21600 0.297999 warmup1 warmup2 Time(s) Aluminum Time(s) Glass Time(s) Fridge Time(s) Aluminum Time(s) Glass Time(s) Fridge 0 1.888507 0 0.911043 0 13.65789 0 0.68191 0 0.325871 0 0.341526 300 3.987092 300 2.243565 300 22.17055 300 1.98461 300 2.193786 300 24.84151 600 5.939987 600 5.505892 600 22.76286 600 5.193542 600 3.317301 600 25.40443 900 6.166342 900 5.327625 900 22.73646 900 4.823858 900 4.734855 900 26.57233 1200 6.969707 1200 5.594645 1200 23.58248 1200 5.913164 1200 6.37333 1200 25.42274 1500 7.891484 1500 6.343327 1500 24.4142 1500 7.277089 1500 7.074964 1500 26.1298 1800 8.760956 1800 7.083357 1800 24.89374 1800 8.414671 1800 7.593346 1800 26.31675 2100 9.663092 2100 7.785168 2100 25.33083 2100 9.509896 2100 8.26494 2100 26.70149 2400 10.49612 2400 8.428328 2400 25.34363 2400 10.50158 2400 8.89171 2400 26.823 2700 11.35818 2700 9.076353 2700 25.00937 2700 11.50064 2700 9.619879 2700 26.79486 3000 12.15479 3000 9.800906 3000 25.31969 3000 12.38539 3000 10.36318 3000 26.66954 3300 12.92413 3300 10.51876 3300 25.52161 3300 13.1762 3300 11.02825 3300 26.03466 3600 13.57095 3600 11.22098 3600 25.43451 3600 13.96692 3600 11.71912 3600 26.84091 3900 14.33098 3900 11.96854 3900 25.40332 3900 14.64388 3900 12.41485 3900 26.41781 4200 14.99723 4200 12.60161 4200 25.43191 4200 15.34268 4200 13.09425 4200 26.51964 4500 15.59915 4500 13.28906 4500 25.61981 4500 15.95003 4500 13.70213 4500 26.62996 4800 16.19929 4800 13.85811 4800 25.54918 4800 16.56954 4800 14.34359 4800 26.31746 5100 16.75567 5100 14.45979 5100 25.6327 5100 17.13589 5100 14.86258 5100 26.67027 5400 17.28752 5400 15.01621 5400 25.66196 5400 17.64768 5400 15.38456 5400 26.85052

5700 17.78205 5700 15.56176 5700 25.83265 5700 18.18232 5700 16.02416 5700 26.73356 6000 18.24981 6000 16.03735 6000 25.57536 6000 18.70439 6000 16.52739 6000 26.83029 6300 18.70628 6300 16.54005 6300 25.70131 6300 19.1867 6300 17.11421 6300 26.49311 6600 19.10932 6600 16.99494 6600 25.6644 6600 19.59564 6600 17.52356 6600 26.62493 6900 19.47254 6900 17.47461 6900 25.71913 6900 19.98944 6900 17.99264 6900 26.92928 7200 19.8823 7200 17.89643 7200 25.73097 7200 20.36964 7200 18.43525 7200 26.94521 7500 20.21907 7500 18.25699 7500 25.95776 7500 20.74949 7500 18.85671 7500 26.72011 7800 20.51586 7800 18.60434 7800 25.90475 7800 21.08716 7800 19.26775 7800 26.48219 8100 20.87174 8100 18.99306 8100 25.97214 8100 21.43005 8100 19.62083 8100 26.65106 8400 21.15805 8400 19.30319 8400 26.1471 8400 21.68919 8400 19.98996 8400 26.31119 8700 21.4302 8700 19.67763 8700 26.01441 8700 21.98914 8700 20.32682 8700 26.73265 9000 21.72093 9000 19.97641 9000 25.95016 9000 22.23129 9000 20.66127 9000 26.91917 9300 21.96332 9300 20.34648 9300 25.65589 9300 22.49353 9300 20.97972 9300 26.88346 9600 22.15868 9600 20.59576 9600 25.96403 9600 22.75661 9600 21.10652 9600 26.77966 9900 22.44042 9900 20.83721 9900 25.89174 9900 22.99183 9900 21.51418 9900 26.94269 10200 22.63767 10200 21.14235 10200 25.96929 10200 23.19324 10200 21.87384 10200 26.88552 10500 22.85689 10500 21.34726 10500 25.88817 10500 23.41789 10500 22.07917 10500 26.72332 10800 23.02325 10800 21.55266 10800 25.92577 10800 23.5753 10800 22.27815 10800 26.76034 11100 23.20901 11100 21.80297 11100 25.71318 11100 23.76248 11100 22.56267 11100 26.78437 11400 23.35909 11400 22.02843 11400 26.09251 11400 23.94535 11400 22.76771 11400 26.83064 11700 23.4684 11700 22.21287 11700 26.25991 11700 24.07164 11700 22.95652 11700 26.6847 12000 23.65526 12000 22.30389 12000 25.89833 12000 24.20978 12000 23.12156 12000 26.79125 12300 23.76725 12300 22.57003 12300 26.21315 12300 24.39852 12300 23.35882 12300 26.89035 12600 23.9304 12600 22.79779 12600 26.0612 12600 24.49904 12600 23.51737 12600 26.84718 12900 24.04425 12900 22.90695 12900 26.05813 12900 24.62439 12900 23.66607 12900 26.78959 13200 24.14943 13200 23.06669 13200 25.9969 13200 24.70449 13200 23.82297 13200 26.95894 13500 24.25923 13500 23.2218 13500 26.15621 13500 24.87158 13500 23.99573 13500 26.88567 13800 24.3855 13800 23.3803 13800 26.01353 13800 24.93947 13800 24.14886 13800 26.78879 14100 24.44472 14100 23.44345 14100 26.18238 14100 25.01616 14100 24.2103 14100 26.76252 14400 24.54192 14400 23.61656 14400 26.05118 14400 25.18001 14400 24.39639 14400 26.78797 14700 24.6295 14700 23.74221 14700 25.93577 14700 25.31373 14700 24.50476 14700 26.81204 15000 24.70607 15000 23.83858 15000 26.01557 15000 25.37974 15000 24.67957 15000 26.82113 15300 24.80215 15300 23.91905 15300 26.0425 15300 25.44552 15300 24.77856 15300 26.77883

15600 24.87665 15600 24.04008 15600 26.08342 15600 25.50583 15600 24.86305 15600 26.97539 15900 24.99069 15900 24.16417 15900 25.88328 15900 25.61796 15900 24.99514 15900 26.76987 16200 25.05043 16200 24.22395 16200 26.00152 16200 25.7112 16200 25.07351 16200 26.94396 16500 25.0484 16500 24.34748 16500 25.91222 16500 25.72148 16500 25.16191 16500 26.96397 16800 25.14831 16800 24.4362 16800 25.88815 16800 25.77665 16800 25.22595 16800 26.85389 17100 25.18287 17100 24.48903 17100 25.75624 17100 25.84549 17100 25.34364 17100 26.91881 17400 25.23456 17400 24.56434 17400 25.90364 17400 25.93219 17400 25.45083 17400 26.89212 17700 25.24618 17700 24.65136 17700 25.82725 17700 26.01685 17700 25.54897 17700 26.93201 18000 25.29061 18000 24.65932 18000 25.97237 18000 26.05251 18000 25.60618 18000 26.93323 18300 25.35226 18300 24.76616 18300 26.0211 18300 26.07445 18300 25.69885 18300 26.85619 18600 25.35565 18600 24.80124 18600 25.92138 18600 26.14808 18600 25.72076 18600 26.84644 18900 25.46718 18900 24.87929 18900 25.97265 18900 26.17256 18900 25.77894 18900 26.82418 19200 25.44496 19200 24.94239 19200 26.00992 19200 26.25109 19200 25.80816 19200 26.80682 19500 25.48229 19500 24.91026 19500 25.95702 19500 26.25495 19500 25.89064 19500 26.80681 19800 25.50922 19800 25.00446 19800 25.86592 19800 26.3303 19800 25.95864 19800 26.9099 20100 25.50688 20100 25.06753 20100 25.77151 20100 26.30006 20100 25.97166 20100 26.87232 20400 25.57822 20400 25.13301 20400 25.9025 20400 26.40403 20400 26.04842 20400 26.8758 20700 25.58308 20700 25.16974 20700 25.94565 20700 26.43307 20700 26.13104 20700 26.98227 21000 25.62144 21000 25.19337 21000 25.74574 21000 26.4509 21000 26.10874 21000 26.86986 21300 25.63715 21300 25.25386 21300 25.81485 21300 26.51815 21300 26.21099 21300 26.86774 21600 25.68658 21600 25.29464 21600 26.00125 21600 26.51188 21600 26.23894 21600 26.78695

Appendix 2: Graphs from raw data not shown in the report

The following Appendix depicts the graphs created from the raw data runs shown above. Any graph that was not shown in the previous report has been put here for reference or comparison.

Fridge Runs 30 Fridge Cool Down 2

15 Fridge Glass

10 Aluminum Temperature (C) Temperature

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

-5 Time (S)

Figure 17: Fridge Cooling 2 30 Fridge Warm Up 2

15 Fridge

Glass Temperature (C) Temperature Aluminum

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Time (s)

Figure 18: Fridge Warming 2 35 Fridge Cool Down 3

Fridge 15 Glass

Aluminum Temperature(C)

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

-5 Time (s)

Figure 19: Fridge Cooling 3 30 Fridge Warm up 3

15 Fridge Glass

10 Aluminum Temperature (C) Temperature

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

-5 Time(s)

Figure 20: Fridge Warming 3

30 Fridge Cool Down 4

15 Fridge Glass Aluminum

Temperature (C) Temperature 10

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

-5 Time (S)

Figure 21: Fridge Cooling 4 30 Fridge Warm up 4

15 Fridge

Glass Temperature(C) Aluminum

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Time (s)

Figure 22: Fridge Warming 4 30 Fridge Cool down 5

15 Fridge Glass Aluminum

Temperature (C) Temperature 10

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

-5 Time (s)

Figure 23: Fridge Cooling 5 30 Fridge Warm up 5

15 Fridge

Glass Temperature (C) Temperature Aluminum

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Time (s)

Figure 24: Fridge Warming 5 Icebath Runs 25 ice Bath cool down 1

Ice bath

Glass Temperature (C) Temperature 10 Aluminum

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Time (s)

Figure 25: Ice Bath Cooling 1 30 Ice bath warm up 1

15 Fridge

Glass Temperature (C) Temperature Aluminum

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Time (s)

Figure 26: Ice Bath Warming 1 25 Ice bath Cool Down 2

Ice bath

Glass Temperature (C) Temperature 10 Aluminum

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Time (s)

Figure 27: Ice Bath Cooling 2 30 Ice Bath Warm up 2

15 Air

Glass Temperature (C) Temperature Aluminum

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Time (s)

Figure 28: Ice Bath Warming 2 Extra Experimental Pictures

Figure 29: Warming Environment

Figure 30: Thermocouple Set Up