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An Analysis on the Conflict Resolution Policy/Process of the Prophet of Islam

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An Analysis on the Conflict Resolution Policy/Process of the Prophet of Islam An Analysis on the Practices of Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) in Resolving Conflicts Mustafa Monjur Journal of the Bangladesh Association of Young Researchers (JBAYR), Volume 1, to the international conducts. Hence, the unavoidable conflict and Number 1, January 2011, Page 109-125 consequently the notion of peace are also directed in Islam. In fact, in the ISSN 1991-0746 (Print), ISSN 2220-119X (Online), DOI: 10.3329/jbayr.v1i1.6840 very beginning of humanity in Heaven, the creation of Adam and Eve, we see the conflict between the Adam-Eve and Satan (devil). According to the 2 AN ANALYSIS ON THE PRACTICES OF PROPHET Quran, Allah Himself declared their enmity. From then, human civilization did never go without conflicts, battles and disputes. As a result, Allah gives MUHAMMAD (PBUH) IN RESOLVING CONFLICTS complete principles in resolving conflicts, which are underlying in the Quran and Hadith, traditions of prophet (pbuh)3. Prophet Muhammad Mustafa Monjur (pbuh) delivered all these rules and regulations and practiced these in his Department of Islamic Studies, University of Dhaka, own life when needed. It proves the implementing features of the Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. theoretical presentation of Islamic rules in resolving disputes as well as the E-mail: [email protected] perfection of Islam as the absolute religion of Allah, the Almighty. ABSTRACT METHODOLOGY Conflict is an inevitable phenomenon of human life. Everyone strives for the peace, which can be established only on the This study is completely based on the published secondary data and absence of conflict. So, naturally, the presence of various evidences. This paper largely takes the documentation of history into conflicts in our life cycle, from the very personal level to the account. Arguments in favor of and against any conflict are critically greater field of international arena, and the process to avoid or analyzed without changing the reality. This study does not manipulate resolve these have been taken as a major concern by the social anything from the history and make an attempt to examine the thinkers. In this context, Muslim scholars also give their contributions of prophet (pbuh) to the civilization in resolving disputes. thoughtful suggestions on the principles and methods of However, in this essay, all the dimensions of conflict are not touched conflict resolution according to the Islamic ideology that basically consists of the Quran and tradition of the prophet intentionally because of its huge area. Only some of the incidents of (pbuh). In this paper, among these two core sources of Islam, conflicts that happened in the life of prophet (pbuh) and the methods how the traditions of prophet (pbuh) are described to some extent he resolved those are given attention to evaluate. Analyzing the nature that would be helpful to provide a new look to conflict and characteristics of the conflict author tries to categorize these events management. This paper is also an attempt to present proper into various types, and eventually evaluates the method used by the evidences from the history for the settlement of disputes of the prophet (pbuh) on the basis of current policy for conflict resolution. In current world. With the comparison of conventional and Islamic addition, this paper may be considered as the very fewer one on this process of conflict resolution it also can help to add suitable specific area and certainly provides a new motion for the researchers. dimensions in this regard. KEYWORDS: Conflict resolution, Dispute, Islam, Peace, CONFLICT RESOLUTION Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The word “conflict” derives from the Latin ‘confligere’, which means “to INTRODUCTION strike together” (Barash & Webel, 2002, p. 26). So, literally conflict might Islam, literally derives from the word ‘Silm’ (M`aluf, 1976, p.347), means be used as both positive and negative notion. But traditionally, it prefers to peace and happiness of here and hereafter. It is the only revealed religion take the depressing notion as it is not possible for more than one physical accepted by Allah,1 the creator of whole universe. By the revelation, the object to occupy the same space without a new position for each of them. holy Quran, it guides all the acts of mankind, even from the personal deeds From this point of view conflict means ‘a prolonged battle or collision,’ ‘the 109 110 An Analysis on the Practices of Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) in Resolving Conflicts Mustafa Monjur opposition of mutually exclusive impulses, desires, or tendencies,’ ‘a conflicts into two types, manifest conflict, the conflict within persons or controversy, a disagreement, etc.’ (Weeks, 1992, p.03). In other words, it between persons and groups. It also called the social conflict that includes indicates the state of being hostile, a discord of action and feeling etc. all the disputes related to society such as family conflict, cultural conflict, Conflict, a complex phenomenon of human interaction, also described by communal conflict, religious conflict etc. and another one is known as the various synonymous terms and words as follow: fight, battle, clash, underlying conflict (Rashid, 2005, p.52). war, disagreement, impasse, destruction, fear, dispute, debate, avoid, Conflict resolution means a range of methods of eradicating sources hate, wrongdoing etc. It is defined as an incompatibility of goals or values of conflict or any reduction in the severity of a conflict or the process of between two or more parties in a relationship, combined with attempts to resolving disputes between parties. It generally works in three phases: first control each other and antagonistic feelings toward each other (Fisher, prevention, second reduction of the intensity of conflict and finally to an 1990). ultimate resolution (Rashid, 2005, p.66). The term "conflict resolution" is However, in spite of being perceived as a negative experience by us, sometimes used interchangeably with the term Conflict Management, conflict, usually, is neither positive nor negative in or of itself. It has the Conflict Settlement, Dispute Resolution, Alternative Dispute Resolution potential for either a great deal of destruction or much creativity and (ADR), etc. With some differences, in practice, all of these terms are used positive social change (Kriesberg, 1998). It may also used by the optimists synonymously to establish peace and happiness through the elimination of in a favorable circumstances. This way of positive thinking gives a new look conflicts, debates and wars. of conflict to human civilization. Dudley Weeks (1992), world famous As conflicts are not similar in all the time and spaces for the variation of its American facilitators in conflict studies, wrote on this new view, nature, type and dimension, it is quite clear that only one method or policy is not enough to resolve or reduce the whole problem. It requires different “Indeed, conflict can serve as one of the engines of personal development and social evolution, generating and unique methods for different conflicts. That’s why we see a number of methods have been introduced on this occasion. Conflicts can be resolved opportunities to learn from and adapt to the diversities and in many ways: by violence, by the issue changing over time, or by mutual differences that are natural and healthy characteristics of our society. Conflict can bring out into the open alternative agreement (Barash & Webel, 2002, p. 26). At present, the vital methods ways of thinking and behaving. It can challenge us to and practices of conflict resolution that have been practiced by the peacemakers are toleration, avoidance, negotiation, mediation, manage our lives in ways that utilize our differences for arbitration, adjudication, coercion4 (Rashid, 2005, p.66), collaborative law, mutual growth and benefit” (p.07). conciliation, litigation, diplomacy. Among these negotiation, mediation Conflict has many faces and occurs at a number of levels of human and arbitration are known as the traditional approaches on resolving functioning. Because of the variations of human nature and society conflict disputes (Weeks, 1992, Preface p. xi). gets its nature and shape in a great variety. In fact, conflict is the outgrowth of the variation of the human society, culture, tradition and PROPHET’S ATTEMPTS ON CONFLICT RESOLUTION: AN rituals. It is a normal product of diversity in beliefs and values, differences in attitudes and perceptions that competes socio-economic and political ANALYSIS interests among individuals, social classes, ethnic groups and states Muhammad (pbuh), the Prophet of Islam, is the role model and imitable (Rashid, 2005, p.50). By analyzing the ingredients of conflict Daniel Katz, personality for whole mankind.5 He founded himself as the legislator of One of the early theorists on conflict, created a typology that distinguishes Islamic rules and rituals by his sayings and deeds. Without his tradition, a three main sources of conflict: economic, value, and power (Katz, 1965, pp. combination of his sayings, works and consents, Islamic ideology is not 356-390). On the basis of these variations we see a number of conflicts in attainable at all. In every aspect of human behavior and conduct, Islam our society as Interpersonal conflict, Role conflict, Inter-group conflict, regulates its own method explaining the two sources, the Quran and Multi-party conflict, International conflict (Fisher, R.). Some writers divide Hadith or tradition. So, from the point of Islam, undoubtedly, Hadith, the 111 112 An Analysis on the Practices of Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) in Resolving Conflicts Mustafa Monjur perfect explanation of the Quran, is very significant to formulate a new people took initiative and formed ‘Hilful Fudul’, a committee for peace. solution. This oath was taken among the famous tribes of Mecca such as ‘Banu On the burning issues of peace and conflict, we see a number of traditions Hashim’, ‘Banu Taym’, ‘Banu Asad’, ‘Banu Zuhra’ and ‘Banu Muttalib’ along with the verses of the Quran. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) led his (Husain, 1967, p.7).
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