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34 Proceedings of the Society, December 8, 1924

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34 Proceedings of the Society, December 8, 1924 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 8, 1924. IV. THE AUGUSTINIAN PRIORY AND PARISH CHURCH OF MONYMUSK, ABERDEENSHIRE. BY W. DOUGLAS SIMPSON, M.A., D.LiTT., F.S.A.ScoT. The picturesque village of Monymusk is situated on the right bank e Aberdeenshiroth f e Don , poine at-th t where that beautiful river, after emerging from the narrow, rugged, and wooded gorge between Bennachie e Menawath d an y range, spread sgracefun i itsel t ou f l loops ovee th r fertile haugh extending eastwar d northwaran d o Kemnat d d an y Inverurie. The scenery all around exhibits singular variety and charm, owine sharpth o gt , immediate contrast betwee boske nth y howe, with its rich agricultural bottoms, and the rugged heath-clad hills rising into the craggy " Mither Tap " of Bennachie, which dominates the whole land- scape. Monymusk, indeed, exhibit l thaal s t insita sibi species venustatis whic usuallo s s hi y characteristi Celtid ol f co c religious sites. Thas it t charms have been long appreciated is evidenced by the ancient couplet— ascribed coursef o , Thomao t , Rhymer:—e sth • '' Mpnymuss shall be a buss To dra die wmth deer down." The parish of Monymusk is one of high antiquarian and historic interest. Tha a district favoureo s t natury b d s thia e s secluded an d smiling vale, sheltered by its northern rampart of hills, would have been early settled is what we should expect; and evidence for this exists in e stonth e e deer-parkcircleth n i s , Monymusk t Nethea , r Coulliet a , Tombeg, and at Whitehill,1 and in the weapons and implements of the Stone and Bronze Ages which have been found in various parts of the parish. Coming to historic times, the Early Celtic period is illustrated by the beautiful sculptured stone and by the famed Brecbannoch, both preserve t Monymusda noty k Houseema als e highle oW th . y interesting old church sit t Abersnithacka e fro n ,e Priory acrosmth Do e sth , which bears the name of St Finan, one - of the group of Welsh missionaries brought by St Kentigern along with him from Llan-Elwy during his mission into Aberdeenshire towards the end of the sixth century. To medieva lated an l r times belon e Paris e Priorth g th d h yan Church d an , the two picturesque castellated houses of Pitfichie2 and Monymusk. The 1 Described and illustrated by F. R. Coles, F.S.A.Scot., in Proceedings, vol. xxxv. pp. 201-8, and by J. Ritchie, Corr. Mem.S.A.Scot., in vol. li. pp. 41-7. 2 Describe illustrated Proceedings,dn an i e m y db vol .. 135-9 Ivpp . AUGUSTINIAN PRIORY AND PARISH CHURCH, MONYMUSK. 35 parisliterara s facts e hha it th y f s o o flavout owns tha e e it l on tdu , al r medieval rectors e poe(1496-7th s t Graviiwa ) i Douglas;l tha morn i t e modern time t becamsi astoundin e scene th eth f eo g fictio f Archangeno l Leslie; and that John Skinner, the gifted author of Tullochgorum, was for some time schoolmaster here. Another Rector of Monymusk, though merely in a titular sense, was the saintly Robert Leighton, Archbishop of Glasgow under the Restoration Episcopacy.2 On two occasions, in 1761 and in 1764, John Wesley preached in the ancient church. One of the most popular of Scottish reels is Daniel Dow's " Monymusk Strathspey. studento T " f Scottiso s h land economy, Monymus s welki l known as the scene of Lord Cullen's great improvements in the early e eighteentyearth f o s h century, which marke e beginninth d a f o g forward movement in north-eastern agriculture.8 And, lastly in this catalogue of varied interests, the naturalist remembers Monymusk as the scene of an interesting though unsuccessful effort, in the nineties of last century acclimatiso t , Americae eth n Wapiti dee Scotlandn i r . HISTORICAI L SKETCH. A Columban origin has been claimed for the Culdee settlement at Monymusk historicao n n o t lbu , foundation firse Th t .specifi c account e thaplac have th tw f e eo e tim refer th f Kin eo o t s g Malcolm Canmore (1057-93). It is said that, on the occasion of an expedition against the men of Moray in 1078, the King made a grant of the lands of Keig d Monymusan Churce t th AndrewsS o kf t h o recore Th f .thi do s gift t contemporary,no s i acceptes i t bu 4 s authentida Skeny c b othe d ean r authorities. t I woul5 d seem difficult otherwis o e account eth r fo t historical connection betwee t AndrewnS a monasti d an s c community so far away. The other priories dependent on St Andrews—St Serf's, Loch Leven t Mary'sS , , Portmoak t Bthernan'S , t Hadrian's)(S s , Islf eo t Mary'sS May d an , , Pittenweem—wer nearee th n i r l neighbourhooeal d e superiooth f r community. Thu s commencewa s e londth g connection between this Aberdeenshire centre of early Pictish Christianity and Registrume 1Se Secreti Sigilli Regum Scotorum, . 139 .No vol , i. See Rev. D. Butler, The Life and Letters of Robert Leighton, p. 355, note 1. e MiscellanySe 32 Spaldinge th f o Club, . 96-7 pp vol . .ii . e CollectionsSe 4 Shirese th n f Aberdeeno o d Banffan (Spalding Club) . 171-2pp , , where eth detailed specificatio e landth f so n grante y Canmorb d s givei e n fro ma sixteenth-centur y transcrip e Monymusth n i t k charter chestboundariese Th . , whic describee ar h d with great minuteness, have been investigate Revy db . Low A . , P.S.A.Scot. Proceedings,n i , . pp vol . vi . 218-24. The story of Canmore's visit and grant is picturesquely told by J. Bellenden, Hystory d Croniklisan f Scotland,o . 1821ed ,. 283p vol . .ii . 5 W. P. Skene, Celtic Scotland, ed. 1887, vol. ii. p. 389; J. Stuart, Book of Deer, Introduction, p. Ixxvi; but cf. W. Reeves, "On the Culdees," Trans. Royal Irish Academy, vol. xxiv. part iii. (1873 . 253p ) . 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 8, 1924. e firsth t episcopat foundee b o et d (circa 900) unde e influencth r e th f o e Romanising clergy who were introduced by King Nectan Mac Derile successors (706-29hi d an ) s durin eighte g th nintd han h centuries. This association resulted in the thirteenth century in the replacement of anciene th t Culdee settlemen t Monymusa t a Priory—sometime y b k s in later records styled an Abbey—of Augustinian Canons Regular, unde e Bisho t th AndrewsrS f jusd po s undea tAn e influenc. th r f o e Rome the old foundation of St Kenneth at the latter place was dedicated to St Mary in the new regime, so also at Monymusk the reconstituted Prior s dedicate e Blessewa y th o t dd s Virgin.ha t I 1 been said that Canmore founded the Norman Parish Church at Mony- musk t thibu ;s buildine th f go belongsd e shalen w e s l a th , see o t , twelfth century. lace th f facdocumentarn k I o f eo y evidenc remotea r efo r antiquity, Dr Joseph conjecturo Robertsot d le s enwa tha e Culdeth t e settlement at Monymusk was sent thither from St Andrews as a result of Canmore's gift in 1078.2 But the uniform voice of tradition that there was a much earlier settlement of the Celtic Church here is strongly supported by the existence at Monymusk to-day of an exceedingly fine sculptured stone (fig, belongin1) . a clas e stylo gth t sf whoso e e ornamen e referre b e nint th y o ht ma d t century preservew No • . t a d Monymusk House, the stone originally stood at Nether Mains, 1 mile eastward unhewn fro a Priorye s mth i t I n . striated granitic boulder, 7 feet high, with sculpture partly incise d partlan d n reliefe i y Th . sculpture consists of an equal-armed Celtic cross, with shaft and base, all ornamented with knot-work; the " step" symbol, and the " disc d double-rinan g " symbol.3 In the "View of the Diocese of Aberdeen," 1732, it is wrongly stated that "the Priory Churc1 h was dedicated to St .John"—Collections on the Shires of Aberdeen and Banff, p. 171. Perhaps therhavy ema e bee altan na thio t r schurche saindedicatioe th n Th i t . gives ni n correctly by the same author in another place—ibid., p. 584. 2 See his article on " Culdees " in Chambers's Encyclopedia, ed. 1923, vol. iii. p. 609. On the other hand, Dr Beeves, though he suspected the genuineness of Canmore's grant (see supra, p. 35, s inclinenotwa , ethino 5) dt k tha f thii trea y s an lKin connectiod gha n with Monymusk, e "th probabilit restorera s foundera subsequene tha s ywa t i th e i no h t,thatd h s an , a , t cas Deerf eo , revivee h decayeda d monaster enlarged yan d its endowments l eventsal t A ., Monymuss kwa affiliate e abovth t ea Churce d datth t Andrews S o et f ho partood s disciplinan it , f o kn a s ea institution of Keledei."-—" On the Culdees," ut supra, p.
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