Center for International Peace Operations © CSDP EEAS, Entnommen EUMM-Flickr 2019 Annual Report Contents

ANNUAL REPORT

2019

Center for International Peace Operations © CSDP EEAS, entnommen EUMM-Flickr 2019 Annual Report Contents

The Work of ZIF in Context ��3

Peace Operations in Numbers �� 6

ZIF in Numbers ��7

ZIF Seconded Staff 2019 �� 8

Election Observation 2019 �� 9

1. Priorities ��10

2. Publications and Analyses ��14

3. Training und Coaching �� 17

4. Events ��19

5. Third Party Inputs �� 21

6. Opportunities, Risks and Forecast ��24

7. Funding ��28

8. Third Party-Funded Projects �� 30

Appendix �� 34

2 2019 Annual Report The Work of ZIF in Context

The upheaval in the international order, reflected in the crisis for institutions and partnerships, maintained its momentum in 2019. Rivalries between major powers, growing nationalism, the termination of international agreements – e.g. the withdrawal of the United States from the nuclear agreement with Iran and from the Paris Climate Agree- ment – left the world in a permanent state of crisis in 2019. The consequences for our work were felt above all in the growing “crisis of multilateralism” and its various forms and facets. Peace operations first and foremost constitute “multilateralism in action” and depend on broad political support and consensus. The debates in the Security Coun- cil reflect the increasing difficulty of building such a consensus. Nevertheless, contra- ry trends and the emergence of new responses and alliances provide encouragement. After its appointment, for example, the European Commission Crisis of Multilateralism responded to the current competition between the major powers by describing itself as a “geopolitical commission” that is committed to a rule-based and multilateral order. The German Foreign Minister launched the “Alliance for Multilateralism”, which has enjoyed enormous approval and growth. In our work, we have seen that the need for expertise in peace operations remains high and is rising. In addition to an increased number of secondments, this is also reflected in the high demand for analyses and information, advice and capacity development. At the same time, the limits of multilateral action have become apparent in many places – probably nowhere more tragically than in the ongoing wars and humanitarian disasters in Syria and Yemen.

The average duration of conflicts is increasing, due in part to various protracted or so- called “frozen” conflicts. Afghanistan remains the world’s deadliest conflict for children, while the war in Yemen has now cost hundreds of thousands of lives. The situation in Syria worsened again at the end of 2019, this time in and around the province of Idlib; almost half a million Syrians were forced to flee towards the Turkish border. The need for peace operations remains correspondingly high – not least due to the lack of other instruments enjoying an international consensus. At the same time, the situation in some of our countries of deployment has improved. In Conflicts Sudan, the United Nations (UN) was able to begin preparations for the termination of its peacekeeping mission in Darfur. And despite some setbacks, the peace agreement in Colombia likewise continues to be observed by both parties to the conflict. There is no doubt that in both cases – and with many other peace processes – international support and the presence of multilateral actors on the ground are of huge importance for enabling sustainable conflict resolution and reconstruction.

3 2019 Annual Report | The Work of ZIF in Context

Two phenomena dominated international politics last year. On the one hand, 2019 was the year of global protest. Social move- ments mobilized on all continents against perceived injustices, forcing several governments – democratically legitimized or not – to resign from office. Among the many examples are Lebanon, Iraq and Chile, as well as Algeria, Sudan and Nicaragua. Depending on Worldwide Protests their respective outcome, the protests can provide an opportunity for conflict transformation and peace operations. This can be seen in e.g. Sudan, where the fall of Omar al-Bashir has been followed by the opening up of political opportunities that deserve international support. At the same time, the protests in some places affected peace operations through an increase in violence and the restriction of civil society space, as seen in e.g. Iraq.

The second issue to increasingly dominate the international stage in 2019 was man-made climate change. Fires in the Am- azon rainforest and Cyclone Idai, which made more than two million people in southern Africa dependent on emergency aid, brought the issue onto the agenda of international organizations. Fridays for Future, a worldwide movement of young people who see global climate developments as an existential threat to their future, added to the importance of climate change featuring in the international debate. In Climate Change this context peace operations face significant challenges; they will increasingly be confronted with the consequences of climate change, which multiplies existing risks and calls for innovative ideas. Extreme rainfall, persistent drought and heat waves are already increasing in many of the host nations. This requires special expertise on the part of the personnel who develop and implement concrete measures on the ground. Adapting to these conditions will be of increasing significance for peace operations’ mandates.

4 2019 Annual Report | The Work of ZIF in Context

The UN is the most important actor in the field, with currently around 95,000 international staff in 27 peace operations. Its peace operations vary in terms of mandates and personnel numbers: The smallest and most recent UN peace operation, in Yemen, has just ten international staff members, while in the Democratic Republic of the Congo there are almost 18,000 soldiers, civilian experts and police officers working for the UN mission. A major challenge for UN peace operations by the end of the year was the financing of the UN as a whole. At the end of 2019, 1.7 billion of UN the total budget of 6.5 billion US dollars were not covered; one third of member states had only partially paid their annual contributions or not at all. Transition was also a topic of particular importance for the UN in 2019. In operational terms, the focus here was primarily on Haiti and Darfur; in conceptual terms, considerations on planning and implementing sustainable transitions played an outstanding role.

The EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) continues to face diverging views among member states on the key objectives of the CSDP. Progress can, however, be seen in the developments of the past year. The 2019 European Parliament elections did not lead to the feared ungovernability of the EU Union; instead they produced a Commission with Ursula von der Leyen as its president that is committed to both dealing with Brexit as well as its consequences and with crises and conflicts in the European neighborhood. Germany will hold the Presidency of the Council of the EU in the second half of 2020, and has the opportunity to assign more funds for security and foreign affairs to the budget for the years 2021 to 2027.

At the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), another key international partner of ZIF, the conflict in Ukraine remained high on the list of priorities in 2019. Its Spe- cial Monitoring Mission (SMM) alone employed over 880 international experts – about 40 of them from Germany, seconded by ZIF. The formation of the new government has also brought about a number of changes in Kiev – an opportunity for the missions on the ground to actively assist OSCE and help shape a peaceful and political transformation of the conflict. At the same time, there have also been promising political openings in other OSCE participating states such as Uzbek- istan and Armenia.

5 2019 Annual Report Peace Operations in Numbers

German Contribution 6.1% 10.9% 31 of the UN peacekeeping budget (2019) of the OSCE budget (2019) Countries to which German civilian personnel were seconded (as of 2019)

Police contribution: Civilian contribution in peace operations: Military contribution: 60 220 2,550 (February 2020) (December 2019) (March 2020)

Global Peace Index 1.8 Billion people Improvement for the first time living in fragile or conflict-affected in five years by countries: 23.4 % 0.09% (June 2019) 129,000 Conflict deaths in 2019

Internally Displaced Persons and Refugees 70.8 1 in 110 Million displaced persons People worldwide are asylum seekers, internally (June 2019) displaced or refugees (June 2019) 57% Syria: Afghanistan: South Sudan: of those displaced came from 6.7 2.7 2.3 three countries Million Million Million

6 2019 Annual Report ZIF in Numbers 42 Publications and analyses 25 ZIF publications 510 and 17 external applications for the Expert Pool (of which 244 for peace operations and 266 for election observations) 60 staff at the Berlin office 25 training courses with 408 participants, of which 92 214 Germans (52%) No. of days spent by 194 non-Germans (48%) ZIF staff on field visits 157 seconded staff (41 % women) 20 9 Visitor groups Peer coachings, expert dialogues, food-for-thought breakfasts and after- work briefings 15 Reports on selected missions, providing analyses and summaries of the half-yearly reports of ZIF's 51 civilian experts in the field Peace Operations Updates 432 Election observers (weekly newsletter on developments (39% women) in peace operations worldwide) in 18 election observation missions

7 2019 Annual Report ZIF Seconded Staff 2019 (by international organizations)

OSCE Peace Operations m f Total EU/CSDP missions m f Total UN Peace Operations m f Total

OSCE Presence in Albania 0 2 2 EULEX Kosovo MINUSMA 1 0 1 4 3 7 (incl. 1 BSE) OSCE Mission in Kosovo 4 1 5 UNITAD 1 0 1 Kosovo Specialist OSCE Mission to Monte- 1 0 1 Chambers and Special- negro 3 0 3 ist Prosecutor's Office/ Organization of OSCE Mission to Serbia 1 1 2 The Hague/NLD American States m f Total (OAS): OSCE Mission to Moldova 1 0 1 EUPOL COPPS 1 3 4 MAPP Colombia 1 0 1 EUCAP SAHEL Niger OSCE SMM in Ukraine 20 18 38 2 2 4 (incl. 1 BSE) MACCIH Honduras 1 0 1 OSCE Programme Office in 1 1 2 EUCAP SAHEL Mali 3 2 5 Dushanbe/TDK RACC 1 0 1 OSCE Project Co-Ordinator 1 0 1 in Uzbekistan EUAM Iraq (incl. 1 BSE) 4 2 6

OSCE Mission to Skopje 1 0 1 EUBAM Rafah 1 0 1

EUMM Georgia 2 1 3

EU NAVFOR Somalia 1 0 1

EUAM Ukraine 13 3 16 (incl. 1 BSE) in peace operations

EUCAP Somalia 2 1 3 111

OSCE Secretariat and m f Total EU/EEAS Brussels m f Total NATO m f Total Institutions

OSCE Secretariat/Vienna/ ESDC Brussels 0 1 1 SHAPE/Children 6 5 11 AUT in Armed Conflict/ 1 0 1 EEAS Seconded Nation- Mons/BEL HCNM/The Hague/NLD 1 2 3 al Experts SNE (within Civilian Planning and 2 2 4 NATO HQ/Brussels/ OSCE RFoM/Vienna/AUT 0 1 1 Conduct Capability 1 1 2 BEL CPCC) ODIHR/Warsaw/POL 1 1 2

EEAS SNE Partner program/ In headquarters & institutions organizations of international OSCE Parliamentary 1 4 5 1 0 1 1 0 1 (outside CPCC) Tiflis/GEO 30 Assembly/Vienna /AUT

Other Representations m f Total EU Special Envoys m f Total Council of Europe m f Total at the OSCE Slovak OSCE Chairmanship/ EUSB Central Asia/ Council of Europe/ 1 0 1 0 1 1 Vienna/AUT Brussels/BEL Strasbourg/FRA 1 1 2 Albanian OSCE Chairman- EUSB Kosovo/KOS 0 1 1 Belgrade office/Serbia 0 2 2 ship/Tirana/ALB EUSB Southern Caucasus/Brussels/ 1 1 2 Other Governments m f Total BEL + Yerevan EUSB Sahel/Bamako/ North Macedonia 1 0 1 Mali Foreign Ministry/ 1 0 1 European dept. EUSB BiH/BiH 1 1 2 Other UN-OCHA m f Total 16 Tehran, Iran 1 0 1

Total 40 34 74 Total 43 28 71 Total 10 2 12 157 Total As of: December 17, 2019 8 2019 Annual Report Election Observation 2019

OSCE/ODIHR LTOs STOs male female Total

Moldova 2 15 7 10 17

Ukraine 10 87 63 34 97

Ukraine II 10 28 25 13 38

North Macedonia 2 19 13 8 21

North Macedonia II 2 14 10 6 16

Albania 2 29 15 16 31

Kazakhstan 2 39 30 11 41

Ukraine Parliament 9 66 51 24 75

Poland 2 0 1 1 2

Belarus 2 39 23 18 41

Uzbekistan 3 25 14 14 28

Total OSCE/ODIHR 46 361 252 155 407

EU LTOs STOs male female Total

El Salvador 2 1 2 1 3

Nigeria 2 0 1 1 2

Senegal 1 3 0 4 4

Malawi 2 0 0 2 2

Mozambique 2 4 1 5 6

Tunisia 1 2 2 1 3

Kosovo 1 2 3 0 3

Sri Lanka 1 1 1 1 2

Total EU 12 13 10 15 25

9 1 Priorities (institutional funding) 2019 Annual Report 1. Priorities

ZIF’s mandate is to strengthen international civilian crisis prevention, conflict resolution and peacebuilding as a contribution to peace and security worldwide.

In the year under review, this mandate was implemented through the rapid and target- ed recruitment of staff for peace operations and election observation missions of multilateral organizations such as the EU, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the OSCE, the UN and other actors (Council of Europe, Organization of American States). The personnel contribution was increased quantitatively and in qualitative/strategic terms. Our mandate was also implemented through policy advice, conceptual contributions and analyses, conference and dialogue formats as well as the broadening of our national and international cooperations in accordance with ZIF’s mandate.

Cross-cutting Themes

In addition to many other activities in 2019, ZIF also focused on a number of overar- ching themes. These were dealt with across all sections within the organization and in collaboration with international partners.

Transitions of Peace mediation and Technology and multidimensional operations mediation support peace operations

Leadership in Comprehensive Duty of Care peace operations Approach 11 2019 Annual Report | Priorities © Jonas Wresch

Consolidating ZIF as a fully-fledged seconding organization and employer for the civilian experts was a priority in the year under review. This work included process clarifi- cations concerning the relevant interfaces in the area of secondment with the German Federal Foreign Office (Auswärtiges Amt, AA) simplifying budgetary processes, clarify- ing legal issues (in the coordination committee of participating German ministries) and quality assurance concerning Duty of Care, e.g. via the development and implementation of a security concept. ZIF, together with the Crisis Management Centre (CMC) in Finland, the Folke Bernadotte Academy (FBA) in Sweden and the Stabilisation Unit (SU) in Great Britain, created a separate working group on security. Essential aspects of cooperation between ZIF and AA on secondments were subjected to an external evaluation in the last quarter of 2019. The training of civilian experts for the field as a central component of human resources development, quality management and duty of care underwent further development.

12 2019 Annual Report | Priorities

The evaluation and sharing of operational experiences and field expertise remains an important part of ZIF’s work. ZIF continued to develop formats and methods within the context of an international working group. Reports from seconded staff were analyzed on a regular basis and presented to the AA as condensed reports. Conceptual contributions and dialogues in 2019 focused among other things on the role of digital technologies in peace operations, conflict management and lessons learnt from implementing peace agreements at the local level, the stabilization discourse and the Civilian Common Security and Defence Policy Compact and its national implementation. The Deputy Special Representatives of the UN Secretary-General (DSRSGs) were invited to Berlin in February for a dialogue. ZIF, the UN Systems Staff College (UNSSC) and the AA jointly organized this two-day dialogue for the ninth time. The peer coaching concept – with experts learning from each other – was also further developed, in particular for peace mediation. This format was likewise used for an inter-institutional exchange on the management of protracted conflicts by the OSCE and the UN. In addition, ZIF participated in the planning and conceptualization for the European Centre of Excel- lence for Civilian Crisis Management. Topics related to the German Security Council membership in 2019 also featured prominently – not least the transition of the United Nations – African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). © Janine Schmitz/photothek.net

13 2 Publications and Analyses 2019 Annual Report 2. Publications and Analyses

ZIF Publications

10 ZIF kompakt* 02/2019 ZIF kompakt Spezial* „This week at the UN Security Council“ • UNMISS after the Revitalized Peace Agreement 6 • Resolute Support: The political process has priority 05/2019 06/2019 08/2019 09/2019 • Transition in Darfur: Opportunities, risks and tasks • UNISFA • UNAMID • UNIFIL • UNVMC for UNAMID • MINUSMA • UNSMIL 03/2019 • Germany's co-chairing of the Informal Group of Experts: Gender-sensitive conflict analyses also for Germany? 04/2019 »MINUSMA is attempting to • Achieving too little by wanting too much: The implement its extraordinarily new British handbook on the Stabilisation Approach ambitious mandate. The official 05/2019 priority is to support the • EU NAVFOR Atalanta: Stable in troubled waters implementation of the peace • EUTM Mali 2019: Success in the framework of its agreement in the north – mandate • MINUSMA 2019: Standstill in the north, crisis in a process that is largely on ice.« the center of Mali Tobias von Gienanth in the IP, March – April 2019 • UNIFIL: Between routine and escalation • Climate change as a risk multiplier: An issue for the UN Security Council? 2 ZIF Policy Briefings 07/2019 »Conflicts cannot be • Operationalizing conflict prevention – the Role of UN Police solved permanently by 12/2019 military means. They require • Making international peace mediation more negotiations and a solution effective? A closer look at the rise of mediation that is accepted by support structures in regional organizations all parties concerned.« Almut Wieland-Karimi & David Lanz in the nzz,

January 2019

*in German only

15 2019 Annual Report | Publications and Analyses

6 internal working papers* 05/2019 • Abyei and UNISFA World map of peace operations 06/2019 in a new design • Darfur and UNAMID • Mali and MINUSMA 08/2019 • Lebanon and UNIFIL »For sea rescue we need • Libya and UNSMIL a different alliance, 09/2019 a coalition of states bordering • Colombia and UNVMC the Mediterranean that are willing and able to save *in German only lives together: a kind of new “Mare Nostrum” mission that Germany, too, would 51 need to support with ships Weekly Peace Operations Updates from its coast guard.« Tobias Pietz in the FAZ, JanuarY 2019

ZIF in the Media in Interviews in Articles • with WELT TV • in the Frankfurter Rundschau (FR) • with Weltzeit (Deutschlandfunk Kultur) • on FAZ.NET • with Deutsche Welle TV • in Internationale Politik (IP) • with Afrowelle • on EUobserver.com • with tv.berlin • in Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft (IPG) • in the World Politics Review (WPR) • on EURACTIV • in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) • with the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) • in SWP Comment

16 3 Training und Coaching 2019 Annual Report 3. Training und Coaching

Participants

January Training of Trainers 16 Strategic Action Matrix (SAM) Training for UN in Uganda 17

Mediation module for the attaché course 25 February Hostile Environment Awareness Training (HEAT) 20 In-Country/In-Mission-Training: Development and implementation of a module on gender-sensitive 25 conflict analysis for senior management level of the SMMU

Short-Term Election Observation Training 20

Team and Conflict Management (Training Partner Platform (TPP)) 12 March Comprehensive Generic Training Peace Operations (CGTPO) 17 HEAT 19

Mentoring & Advising (TPP) 8 May Inter-Institutional Peer-to-Peer Exchange, OSCE and UN 9 Short-Term Observer Briefing 22

CGTPO 15 June HEAT 20 July Team and Conflict Management (in-country, Kosovo) 21 August Supporting Mediation & Negotiation on Track 1 20 Mastering the Art of Leadership in POs and Fragile Environments (TPP) 10

Mediation Concept Workshop/Peer Coaching 3.0 with the AA 12 September Mentoring & Advising (TPP) 12 Short-Term Election Observation Training 20

Team and Conflict Management (TPP) 8

Peer Coaching, European External Action Service 15 October CGTPO 19 HEAT 19 November Core Briefing for Peace Operations 9 December HEAT 22 Team and Conflict Management (EUPCST) 19

Women, Peace & Security Reloaded (TPP) 12

18 4 Events 2019 Annual Report 4. Events

Briefings and Dialogues • Effectiveness of Peace Operations Network (EPON) methodology workshop • Deputy Special Representatives of the Secretary-General Dialogue Series: “Implications of the Reforms on Peace Operations” • After-work briefing “United Nations Peace Operations in 2019 – a look ahead” with Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations (USG) Lacroix, Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations (ASG) Keita and SRSG Zerrougui • Food-for-thought breakfast on “UNMISS & UNAMID: Perspectives and Mandate Implementation in Times of Change” with German Members of Parliament • Briefing for journalists on MONUSCO with SRSG Zerrougui “First the Elections – and what’s next? Remarks on the current situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo” • Presentation of the 01/2019 synthesis reports at the AA • ZIF-ENTRi project close-out/Lessons identified “Dialogue on Sustainability and Institutional Knowledge Management” • Modules on conflict analysis for theCSDP Conflict Analysis course at Maynooth University, Dublin • First “ZIF network meeting” of seconded staff in Brussels • Meeting with ZIF civilian coordinators in field missions • Meeting of the Duty of Care Working Group • Presentation of the 02/2019 synthesis reports at the AA • Berlin Expert Dialogue on “Technology and Peace Operations” • Expert Roundtable on the Crime Terrorism Nexus in collaboration with the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) and the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime (GI) • Workshop for security officers from our Quadrilateral Network • Second “ZIF network meeting” of seconded staff in Brussels • Berlin Expert Dialogue on “Implementing peace agreements at the local level – lessons from Colombia” • Food-for-thought breakfast for German parliamentarians on the peace process in Colombia – “Three Years after the Peace Agreement: Where is Colombia today?”

Board meetings June 3, 2019 Supervisory Board meeting June 6-7, 2019 International Advisory Board meeting September 11, 2019 Shareholders’ meeting

20 5 Third Party Inputs 2019 Annual Report 5. Third Party Inputs

ZIF International In 2019 we were again on the road in networks, cooperation events and with partners, holding discussions, moderating meetings, providing impulses and helping to shape processes … … at the “ENTRi Dialogue on Sustainability and Knowledge Management” in Berlin, Germany … at the European Security and Defence College (ESDC) course “Crisis Response to Mass Migration and Refugees’ Flows” in Thessaloniki, Greece … at the Challenges Annual Forum in Montréal, Canada … at the Quadrilateral Directors’ Meeting in Helsinki, Finland … at the Common Effort exercise of the German/Dutch Corps in Münster, Germany … at the Paris Peace Forum, France … at the Joint EU-UN workshop on “Promoting Women’s Meaningful Participation in Peace Operations, Crisis Management and Peace Processes” in Brussels, Belgium … at the Gaming for Peace Consortium Conference in Dublin, Ireland … at the Stockholm Forum on Peace and Development, Sweden … at the “Duty of Care Day of Excellence for Human Resources (HR) Professionals” in Vienna, Austria.

ZIF and the Comprehensive Approach … at the International Workshop on International Police Missions (IPM) at the German Police University in Münster … at the seminar “Inter-agency Involvement in Fragile States” in Berlin … at the Bundeswehr Command and Staff College in Hamburg … at the “Protection of Civilians Workshop” at the Federal Ministry of Defence (BMVg) in Berlin … at seminars with Bundeswehr youth officers.

ZIF in the German Parliament (Bundestag) … in party parliamentary groups … in working groups … in subcommittees … at podium discussions.

22 2019 Annual Report | Third Party Inputs

ZIF staff on advisory boards • Senior Advisory Board, Bundeswehr Command and Staff College • Advisory Board of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) • Advisory Board for “Innere Führung”/Leadership of the Bundeswehr • Advisory Board of the Federal Academy for Security Policy (BAKS) • Advisory Board of the Mercator Foundation • OSCE Network of Think Tanks and Academic Institutions • UN Advisory Board, AA

ZIF at fairs/forums … at the Basel Peace Forum … at the “International Organizations” careers fair at the AA … at the “Engagement Global” fair … at the Open Day of the German Government at the AA … at the “Career Development Roundtable” in St. Gallen, Switzerland.

Field visits and visits to headquarters

Warsaw

Brussels Kiev Strasbourg Vienna

Pristina New York

Kabul Cairo

Aswan

Addis Ababa Accra Entebbe

This cartographic representation does not imply any recognition by ZIF of borders and territories under international law.

23 6 Opportunities, Risks and Forecast 2019 Annual Report 6. Opportunities, Risks and Forecast

Opportunities and Risks In all areas of work there is a decisively higher demand for cooperation with and for the support of ZIF than can be fulfilled. This demand is testimony to ZIF's expertise in the area of peace operations, but at the same time also for the continuously growing need due to the current political dynamics. At the same time, these changes widen ZIF’s range of possible additional national and international partnerships. Should the funds made available by the German Parliament in the annual budget and assigned for secondments via the AA continue to grow, the number of secondments, activities and partnerships could likewise be increased.

In light of the numerous crises and conflicts all over the world, there is currently no doubt that peace operations will continue to be the instrument of choice in international conflict transformation. Growing skepticism towards multilateralism is proving to pose a greater risk. This is reflected in dwindling trust in international institutions, resurgent nationalism and the fragility of international agreements. In 2019 this became evident in the budgets of international organizations, especially of the UN. This dynamic threatens or slows down peace processes, and could also put increasing pressure on ZIF’s mandate which is by definition closely related to peace operations. © Speidel/ZIF

25 2019 Annual Report | Opportunities, Risks and Forecast

Politically and geographically, ZIF will continue to align its focus with the priorities of the AA; the conflicts in Ukraine, the Sahel, Afghanistan, Sudan, Libya and Iraq will remain central to our work. ZIF’s successful transformation into a seconding organization puts it in a stronger position to provide personnel for peace operations as an instrument of crisis prevention and stabilization, thereby making a modest but valuable contribution to the resolution of the conflicts of our time. © UN Photo/Jean-Marc Ferré © UN Photo/Jean-Marc

The resilience of ZIF as an institution will continue to be based on its pursuit of an all-inclusive and integrated approach. ZIF’s analyses, international capacity development, training and human resources support international organizations in the implementation of their mandates with regard to crisis prevention, stabilization and international peace operations. ZIF has included humanitarian expertise in its portfolio and cooperates with its multilateral partners on future issues, e.g. the link between climate change and security.

Forecast Despite a decrease in conflict-related fatalities, the continued high number of conflicts combined with upheavals in the international order pose major challenges for multilateral cooperation and crisis management. It can as such be assumed that protests and political unrest will continue to be of great importance for peace operations and the work of ZIF in 2020. This also means that the fulfillment of ZIF’s mandate is always subject to the unique responsibility as employer of around 160 German civilian experts in fragile and violent contexts.

The security risk in peace operations, thus, is a challenge that ZIF must continue to meet in its role as employer. Asymmetric threats and an increasing fragmentation of conflict parties mean that deployment in some of the peace operations is becoming more dangerous also for civilian personnel. The focus must therefore be on developing further standardized procedures together with the AA and international organizations in order to enable a timely response to unforeseen situations.

The emergence of COVID-19 at the end of 2019 added another risk factor, with an impact difficult to predict. Here, too, grave direct and indirect consequences are ultimate- ly to be expected in the entire area of peace and security and as such also for the work of ZIF and seconded staff in the field.

In addition to unforeseeable conflict dynamics, the potential weakening of already strug- gling states, a significant projected increase in global humanitarian requirements, and the commitment of political attention and financial resources mainly to COVID-19-related crisis management are to be expected. This also affects the mobility and finances of all multilateral organizations and their member states. As a result, the short- and long-term repercussions for peace operations are unclear as of now.

The pandemic has dramatically illustrated the importance of considering all forms of future scenarios, even those declared highly unlikely. In 2020, ZIF will have to adapt its planning to what is a very dynamic situation. 27 7 Funding 2019 Annual Report 7. Funding

2019 Budget in € thousand 4,511 Institutional budget Donor: Federal Foreign Office (AA) of which

1,174 Operational & non-personnel costs 19,704 3,337 Secondment budget Personnel costs Donor: Federal Foreign Office (AA)

830 Third-party funding Donors: Federal Foreign Office, European Commission, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)

132 +19% Long-term secondments 157 on Dec. 31, 2018 Long-term secondments on Dec. 31, 2019

29 8 Third Party-Funded Projects 2019 Annual Report 8. Third Party-Funded Projects

Funding amount Support to the African Union of the third project phase (Jan. 1, 2019 – Jun. 30, 2021): € 318,708.79 on the development of the African

Standby Capacity Donor: GIZ

Objectives • Supporting the development of • Advising the Peace Support Operations Division (PSOD) of • personnel recruitment and personnel support guidelines the AU Commission on civilian capacity building for peace • provision of training and further education in the areas of operations within the African Standby Force personnel and roster management for representatives of Action the AU Commission • Development of work processes and personnel guidelines in • Final project phase (through mid-2021): preparing for the the areas of selection, secondment and support of civilian transfer of support services to the South African project experts for AU peace missions partner African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of • Coordinating the modification of a personnel database for Disputes (ACCORD). the administration of the expert roster

Funding amount Recognition and visibility of German (Mar. 1, 2019 – Jul. 31, 2019): experts in peace operations/ € 105,740.00 interdepartmental Day of Donor: Peacekeepers with accompanying AA exhibition [completed]

Objectives Action • Generating awareness of international peace operations, • Representing 3,000+ Germans in international peace especially for crisis management and civilian crisis prevention operations, three experts each from the military, police and • Establishing greater recognition for German civilian, police civilian sectors are honored by the Federal Foreign Office, and military experts in peace operations the Ministry of Defence and the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community • Honoring of civilian experts by Federal Foreign Minister Heiko Maas on June 6, 2019: • Highlighting Germany’s multidimensional commitment and the Comprehensive Approach in international peace • Kerstin Bartsch: Expert on combating human trafficking operations in Niger • Joint organization of the 2019 Day of Peacekeepers by • Sebastian Frowein: Expert on protection of civilians the AA and ZIF, accompanied by a four-week exhibition in Mali (including opening event) at the AA on the subject of peace • Claudia Vollmer: Expert on democratization in Albania operations using photographs, installations, profiles and illustrations.

31 2019 Annual Report | Third Party-Funded Projects

Funding amount (Jul. 1, 2017 – Jun. 30, 2020): Peace and Security € 445,376.00 Donor: GIZ (on behalf of the BMZ)

Objectives • Support for peacebuilding in Ukraine, e.g. by contributing to • Reinforcing the Comprehensive Approach at the intersection OSCE and EU peacekeeping missions and opinion pieces on of peacebuilding, development cooperation and security the development of EU peacebuilding policy as a result of policy increased tensions in the Western Balkans Action • Regular exchange with the AA, BMZ, BMVg, GIZ, KfW Bank, • Supporting the implementation of the German government’s BAKS and civil society organizations to further develop the guidelines on “Preventing Crises, Managing Conflicts, field of operations Promoting Peace” • Preparation of a background paper on stabilization in the • Supporting the cross-departmental strategy for Security context of UN peace operations and their possible support Sector Reform (SSR): discussion papers and implementation for development policy proposals for training and network creation • Response to the World Bank Concept Note on the 2019 • Comparative study on the stabilization discourse of the UN, Strategy "Fragility, Conflict and Violence" (FCV). EU, UNDP, United States, Great Britain and Germany

Funding amount Europe’s New Training in the third funding period (Jun. 1, 2016 – Jul. 31, 2019): € 2,222,223.00 Initiative for Donor: Civilian Crisis Management European Commission (90%) and 12 European partner (ENTRi III) institutions under the coordination of ZIF (10 %) [completed]

Objectives Action • Development and support of capacity building for peace • First half of 2019: support for various training activities, e.g. operations at the European level via training, module devel- Training of Trainers for UN staff in Entebbe, Uganda opment, manuals and certification mechanisms • ESDC: adoption of ENTRi training material, e.g. “In Control” • Conclusion of the project after nine years on July 31, 2019; handbook and training packages into ZIF repository and ZIF headed the administration office of the project website • After completion of the project: maintenance of the ENTRi • ZIF is a member of the consortium of the ENTRi successor website (project materials thus accessible for the public) project EU Civilian Training Initiative (EUCTI): further use and development of ENTRi products.

32 2019 Annual Report | Third Party-Funded Projects

Strengthening international Funding amount humanitarian capacities at the in the first funding period (Jan. 1, 2019 – Dec. 31 2020): United Nations (UN) by expanding € 828,607.75 standby partnerships and Donor: supporting training activities AA

Objectives • Five OCHA training courses with a total of 188 participants: • Seconding agreement and continuation of the successful OCHA Impact, OCHA Coordinated Assessment and Informa- cooperation with the UN Office for the Coordination of Hu- tion Management (CAIM), OCHA Humanitarian Programme manitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA) Cycle (HPC) Workshop, OCHA Advanced Training on Analysis in Humanitarian Settings (ATAHS), OCHA Preparedness and • Financial and organizational support for OCHA training and Response Effectiveness Programme (PREP) further education measures in Berlin • Two briefings on the latest humanitarian developments by Action OCHA’s head of the Assessment, Planning and Monitoring • Cooperation with 22 partners in the SBP network: exchange Branch on specialist subjects such as Duty of Care and definition of • Study on “Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse/ guidelines and training standards Sexual Harassment” (PSEA/SH) • First humanitarian briefing with 12 experts from the ZIF pool • Support for the UN in the area of conflict analysis/management and capacity building for humanitarian aid.

33 Appendix 2019 Annual Report List of Abbreviations

AA Auswärtiges Amt/Federal Foreign Office EU NAVFOR EU Naval Force

African Centre for the Constructive EUCTI EU Civilian Training Initiative ACCORD Resolution of Disputes European Union Police and Civilian EUPCST Assistant Secretary-General of the United Services Training ASG Nations EUTM EU Training Mission AU African Union FBA Folke Bernadotte Academy, Sweden Bundesakademie für Sicherheitspolitik/ BAKS FCV Fragility, Conflict and Violence Federal Academy for Security Policy Foreign Policy Instrument of the European Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau FPI Commission BMI und Heimat/Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community Gesellschaft für Internationale GIZ Zusammenarbeit Bundesministerium der Verteidigung/ BMVg Federal Ministry of Defence HEAT Hostile Environment Awareness Training

Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche HPC Humanitarian Programme Cycle Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung/ BMZ HR Human Resources Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali and Development International Association of Peacekeeping BSE Brussels Support Element IAPTC Training Centres Coordinated Assessment and Information CAIM Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization Management IDDRTG and Reintegration Training Group Comprehensive Generic Training Peace CGTPO Operations IMSD Initiative Mediation Support Deutschland ( ) CMC Crisis Management Centre, Finland IP Internationale Politik journal

Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft CPCC IPG of the EEAS (journal)

EU’s Common Security and Defence IPM International Police Missions CSDP Policy Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau KfW Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten (development bank) DGVN Nationen/United Nations Association of Kooperationsverbund Friedensforschung Germany KoFrieS und Sicherheitspolitik/Network for Peace European Association of Peace Operations Research and Security Policy EAPTC Training Centres LTOs Long-Term Observers

EEAS European External Action Service United Nations Multidimensional MINUSMA Europe’s New Training Initiative for Civilian Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali ENTRi Crisis Management United Nations Organization Stabilization Effectiveness of Peace Operations MONUSCO Mission in the Democratic Republic EPON Network of the Congo

ESDC European Security and Defence College NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

EU European Union NZZ Neue Zürcher Zeitung

35 2019 Annual Report | List of Abbreviations

OAS Organization of American States United Nations - African Union Hybrid UNAMID Operation in Darfur OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions ODIHR and Human Rights UNDP United Nations Development Programme

Organization for Security and Co-operation UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon OSCE in Europe United Nations Interim Security Force UNISFA Preparedness and Response Effectiveness for Abyei PREP Programme United Nations Institute for Training and UNITAR Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Research PSEA/SH Abuse/Sexual Harrassment United Nations Mission in the Republic UNMISS PSOD Peace Support Operations Division of South Sudan

SAM Strategic Action Matrix United Nations Police Commanders UNPCC Course SBP Standby Partnership UNSC United Nations Security Council OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to SMM Ukraine UNSSC United Nations System Staff College

Special Representative of the Secretary- UNSMIL United Nations Support Mission in Libya SRSG General of the United Nations United Nations Verification Mission in UNVMC SSR Security Sector Reform Colombia

STOs Short-Term Observers USA United States of America

SU Stabilisation Unit, Great Britain Under-Secretary-General of the United USG Nations Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik/ SWP German Institute for International Working Group on CSDP Missions- and WGMOT and Security Affairs Operations-related Training

TPP Training Partner Platform WPR World Politics Review

UN United Nations ZIF Center for International Peace Operations

United Nations Office for the Coordination UN-OCHA of Humanitarian Affairs

36 Legal notice

Publisher: Zentrum für Internationale Friedenseinsätze (ZIF) gGmbH Ludwigkirchplatz 3 – 4 10719 Berlin Fon +49 (0)30 / 52 00 565 – 0

Executive Director: Dr. Almut Wieland-Karimi Supervisory Board Chairman: Michael Roth

www.zif-berlin.org

Graphics & Layout: finedesign, Berlin