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Cultural Entrepreneurship in the US Hotel Industry, 1790-2015

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Cultural Entrepreneurship in the US Hotel Industry, 1790-2015 A Place to Stay: Cultural Entrepreneurship in the U.S. Hotel Industry, 1790-2015 Author: Christi Lockwood Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107291 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2016 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. A PLACE TO STAY: CULTURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE U.S. HOTEL INDUSTRY, 1790-2015 Christi Lockwood Department of Management & Organization Carroll School of Management Boston College Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts [email protected] August 22, 2016 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Management and Organization Dissertation Committee: Professor Mary Ann Glynn, Chair Professor Simona Giorgi Professor Paul Hirsch Lockwood ii Copyright © 2016 Christi Lockwood Lockwood iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank those that provided me with invaluable guidance, encouragement, and support in writing this dissertation and throughout the entire doctoral process. To start, I express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Mary Ann Glynn, whose patience and “tough love” have been instrumental in my growth from a naïve but eager young doctoral student to a confident Ph.D. To say that Mary Ann changed my life for the better would be a considerable understatement; working with her has been an immense privilege from a professional and a personal perspective, and one that I will carry with me throughout my career. I also wish to thank Simona Giorgi and Paul Hirsch, my committee members. Simona’s willingness to take me under her wing, even as a junior faculty member, was central to my success as a doctoral student; I have been very lucky to call her a wonderful colleague but also a friend. It was humbling and heartening to have Paul on my committee and to receive his thoughtful and thorough feedback on my drafts. This dissertation would not have been possible without the foundation that Mary Ann’s and Paul’s work laid and the advice and encouragement that my committee provided. I also wish to thank the Boston College community, and particularly the Management and Organization department, as well as the broader community of scholars from whom my research has benefitted substantially. In addition, I must express my gratitude to all those members of the hotel industry that took an interest in my work and aided in its development, especially members of the faculty and alumni of the Cornell University School of Hotel Administration. I am lucky to have had the chance to work beside and to learn from them. On a personal note, I express my deepest gratitude to my family, Karen, Bob, Julie and Bobby Lockwood. Their willingness to entertain my ideas, talk through my difficulties, and offer unlimited encouragement and love was vital in pushing me forward. Without them, and particularly my mother, I may not have had the courage or tenacity to pursue and ultimately Lockwood iv accomplish this endeavor. Similarly, the support I received from the Domanico family and from my friends near and far is something for which I will always be grateful. Finally, I wish to thank Peter, my husband, for his listening ear, endless encouragement, honest opinions, and relentless positivity on my behalf. I am deeply humbled by the trust and confidence Peter placed in me as I chased this dream and the support he provided to enable me to realize it. Lockwood v A PLACE TO STAY: CULTURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE U.S. HOTEL INDUSTRY, 1790-2015 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the organizational appropriation and deployment of cultural resources and, in particular, cultural capital (Bourdieu & Passeron, 1977), i.e., “high status cultural signals used in cultural and social selection” (Lamont & Lareau, 1988: 164), in manners that account for broader social status dynamics and institutional pressures. I conduct three interrelated empirical studies, all situated in the context of the U.S. hotel industry, and particularly, the luxury market segment. Building from archival, interview, and observational data collected from multiple sources, the first study focuses on the industry level, examining sweeping changes in hotels over time (from 1790–2015) and linking them with shifts in broader socio-cultural sentiments; the second study examines how the luxury segment of the industry sought to maintain its high status by appealing to elite guests in the face of such changes; and the third study highlights the organizational level, examining how luxury hotels managed cultural resources to transform the meaning of luxury for guests and signal status in an age of egalitarianism. Taken together, the three studies offer insights on the cultural embeddedness of industries and especially, how macro-level processes (at the industry level) yield dominant cultural codes and, in turn, how micro-level processes (at the organizational level) deploy and contribute to legitimating those codes. My studies strengthen the theoretical connection between research on culture, status and market adaptation by integrating and extending applicable ideas from cultural sociology (DiMaggio, 1987; Hirsch, 1972; Swidler, 1986, 2001) and by illuminating these with empirical evidence to explain when, why, and how processes of cultural entrepreneurship are undertaken to enable change and adaptation to the market and to society. Keywords: cultural entrepreneurship, culture, status, elites, organizational adaptability Lockwood vi ACKNOWELDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................ viiii LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 Overview of Empirical Studies and Focused Research Questions ......................................................... 5 Overview of Contributions ..................................................................................................................... 9 Organization of the Dissertation ........................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL GROUNDING .................................................................... 11 Culture and Cultural Entrepreneurship ................................................................................................. 11 Cultural Entrepreneurship and Organizational Founding ..................................................................... 14 Cultural Toolkits ................................................................................................................................... 18 Status in Management Research ........................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODS AND DATA ......................................................... 27 Research Methods: Overview of Approach and Data Sources ............................................................ 28 Study 1: Data Sources and Analysis ..................................................................................................... 31 Study 2: Data Sources and Analysis ..................................................................................................... 33 Study 3: Data Sources and Analysis ..................................................................................................... 37 CHAPER IV. A PLACE TO STAY: CULTURE, STATUS AND REDEFINITION .......... 45 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 45 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 47 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................................ 49 Summary Of Research Methods ........................................................................................................... 54 Findings ................................................................................................................................................ 55 Discussion And Contributions .............................................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER V. “NEW LUXURY”: EXAMINING THE MAINTENANCE OF ELITE STATUS ................................................................................................................... 77 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 77 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 79 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................................ 81 Summary Of Research Methods ..........................................................................................................
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