Insect Diversity and Association with Plants: a Case Study in Rural Areas of Dhirkot, Azad Kashmir Pakistan

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Journal of Bioresource Management

Volume 7 Issue 1 Article 3

3-31-2020

Insect Diversity and Association with Plants: A Case Study in Rural Areas of Dhirkot, Azad Kashmir Pakistan

Abu ul Hassan Faiz Woman University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Bagh, AJK, Pakistan, [email protected]

Mehboob ul Hassan Department of Education, University of Punjab, Pakistan

Mikhail F. Bagaturov Zoological Institute RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia, [email protected]

Majid Mahmood Department of Zoology, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Pakistan

Ghazal Tariq Woman University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Bagh, AJK, Pakistan

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Recommended Citation Faiz, A. H., Hassan, M. u., Bagaturov, M. F., Mahmood, M., Tariq, G., & Faiz, L. Z. (2020). Insect Diversity and Association with Plants: A Case Study in Rural Areas of Dhirkot, Azad Kashmir Pakistan, Journal of Bioresource Management, 7 (1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.35691/JBM.0202.0117

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Bioresource Management by an authorized editor of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Insect Diversity and Association with Plants: A Case Study in Rural Areas of Dhirkot, Azad Kashmir Pakistan

Authors Abu ul Hassan Faiz, Mehboob ul Hassan, Mikhail F. Bagaturov, Majid Mahmood, Ghazal Tariq, and Lariab Zahra Faiz

This article is available in Journal of Bioresource Management: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm/vol7/ iss1/3 Faiz et al. (2020). Insect Diversity and Association with Plants J Biores Manag. 7 (1): 21-32

INSECT DIVERSITY AND ASSOCIATION WITH PLANTS: A CASE STUDY IN RURAL AREAS OF DHIRKOT, AZAD KASHMIR PAKISTAN

ABU UL HASSAN FAIZ1, MEHBOOB UL HASSAN2, MIKHAIL F BAGATUROV3*, MAJID MAHMOOD4, LARIAB ZAHRA FAIZ1AND GHAZAL TARIQ1

1Department of Zoology, Woman University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Bagh, AJK, Pakistan 2Department of Education, University of Punjab, Pakistan 3Zoological Institute RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia 4Department of Zoology, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Pakistan

*Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Insects play a vital role for proper functioning of forest ecosystem, including positive roles as pollinators, seed dispersers, genetic linkers and detrimental effects by feeding on and/or killing trees. The present study was conducted to find insect association with plants in rural areas of Dhirkot. The study was conducted from March, 2019 to September, 2019. The sampling was carried out by line transect method. Thirty transects were taken for sampling insects. Sixty-five species of insects in association with 150 plants were recorded.

Keywords: Insect, predator, carnivore, diversity, plants INTRODUCTION and insect populations and concluded that environments where fires have been curbed, The forest ecosystem is facing a tend to have a greater insect activity. number of challenges such as anthropogenic Previous studies on class insecta pressures (wood-cutting, urbanization and from Azad Jammu and Kashmir include land-use change), climatic changes, studies on butterflies (Faiz et al., 2015), on environmental issues, invasive pest and insect biodiversity in District Rawalakot, forest management that disturb forest health AJK (Faiz et al., 2018), on moths (Faiz et al., and/or structure and affect primary 2019) but the present study is designed to find productivity (FAO, 2005). Insects play a vital association of insects with plants. The present role for proper functioning of forest study provides baseline data about insect ecosystem, including positive roles as association with plants in rural areas of pollinators, seed dispersers, genetic linkers Dhirkot, AJK. and detrimental effects by feeding on and/or killing trees. Thereby, increasing net primary MATERIAL AND METHODS productivity of a forest by their activity (Mattson and Addy, 1975). Study Area The vegetation of an area provides Dhirkot is a mountainous landscape an ecosystem to insects and hence, factors and tehsil head quarter of district Bagh, that affect diversity and density of vegetation, Jammu and Kashmir. It is located towards affect the population of insects. The southeast of Muzaffarabad and has Islamabad interaction between forest fires and insect to its west. The vegetation of the study area pest outbreaks has been researched on for varies from subtropical humid to moist quite a while now. Parker et al. (2006) temperate coniferous forest. Most of the flora reviewed the interaction between forest fires

Faiz et al. (2020). Insect Diversity and Association with Plants J Biores Manag. 7 (1): 21-32 present includes Pinus roxburghii (Chir Pine) paths at a distance of one km. The sampling and Pinus wallachiana (Blue Pine) with was conducted from 7.00 am to 11.00 am. variety of herbs, shrubs, grasses and mosses. Specimens were collected through insect net and kept in ethyl acetate bottle and shifted to Sample Collection insect box. The collected insects were identified by following keys (Roberts, 2001). The insect sampling was conducted For rare species of insects opportunistic by quadrat method in different vegetation sampling in rare habitats was conducted. types. Quadrats were taken on patrolling

RESULTS

Table 1. List of pest species with their host plants

# Family Species name Host Plants 1. Lasiocamidae Malacosoma disstria Anacardiacea, Annonaceae, (Forest tent caterpillar) Barringtoniaceae, Bischofiaceae, Casuarinaceae 2. Crambidae Scoparia ambigualis licorice weed, sweet broom, vassourinha (Grass moth) 3. Pterophoridae Gillmeria albertae Antirrhinum majus, Pelargonium x (Plume moth) hortorum Lantanophaga pusillidactyla, Ageratina riparia 4. Tipulidae Tipulidae sp. Ornamental plants (Crane fly) 5. Erebidae Dysgonia sp. Dionaea muscipula, Aldrovanda vesiculosa 6. Chrysopidae Chrysopidae sp. Solanaceae, Utricularia Drosera, Dionaea (Green Lacewings) muscipula, Zea mays 7. Pleciidae Nearctica plecia Cereal crops, Solanaceae, apple blossoms, (Love bug) honey locust trees, potato 8. Chrysomelidae Lilioceris lilii Blueberry, Wasps, Polistes Carolina (Scarlet lily beetle) 9. Amorphoscelidae Gyromantis Kraussi Sunflower, Sorghum, sudan grass, corn, (Bark mantis) barley 10. Uraniidae Urania leilus Omphalea (Green banded Urania) 11. Meliodae Lytta aenea Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Leguminosae (Blister beetles) 12. Blattodae Blattella germanica Sugar beets, potatoes (German cockroach) 13. Papilionidae Papilionidae sp. Aristolochiaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, (Swallowtail butterflies) Rutaceae, Umbelliferae 14. Miridae Miridae Sp. herbaceous plants, vegetable crops, flower (plant bug) plants, fruit trees 15. Pieridae Colias croceus Ginger, turmeric (Clouded yellow butterfly) 16. Lympyridae Arachnocampa Luminosa Midges, Mayflies, Caddish flies, (Glow worm) Mosquitoes, Moth. 17. Sphingidae Bombycoidea sp. Soybean (Hawk moth) 18. Sesiidae Melitta sp. Lotus, Coronilla, Hippocrepis, Onobrychis, (Wasp moth) Prunus spinosa

Faiz et al. (2020). Insect Diversity and Association with Plants J Biores Manag. 7 (1): 21-32

19. Araneidae Neoscona Crucifera Trypargilum politum (Barn spider) 20. Nymphalidae Junonia orithya Annona senegalensis, Antirrhinum majus, (Blue Pansy) Asystasia gangetica, Asystasia scandens, Buchnera linearis, Acanthaceae, Annonaceae, Labiatae, Plantaginaceae, Buchnera linearis 21. Crambidae Diaphania hyalinata Cucurbita species, Cucumber, gerkin, (Melon worm) cantaloupe 22. Coreidae Leptoglossus occidentalis Apocynaceae, Jimson weed, Oleander (Western conifer seed bug) 23. Erebidae Gynaephora selenitica Lotus, Coronilla, Hippocrepis, Onobrychis, (Larch tussock moth) Prunus spinosa 24. Limacodidae Apoda limacodes Oak, black cherry. (Caterpillar slug moth) 25. Nymphalidae Nymphalidae sp. tree sap, Rotting fruits (Brush footed butterflies) 26. Pentatomidae Acanthosoma labiduroides Hordeum vulgare, Cajanus cajan, Brassica (Southern green stink bug) nigra, Glycine max, Cucurbitaceae. 27. Lycidae Calopteron reticulatum Mites, Small insects (Reticulated net winged beetle) 28. Pentatomidae Halyomorphahalys Soybean, Spider flower (Stink bug) 29. Alydidae Alydus calcaratus Blackjack Oaks (True bug) 30. Cicadellidae Cicadellidae sp. Grasses seeds (Leaf hoppers) 31. Cerambycidae Cerambycidae sp. Dioscorea bulbifera Long-horned beetle 32. Coccinellidae Harmonia axyridis Fruits (Asian lady beetle) 33. Vespidae Vespula germanica Fruits, honey drew (European wasp) 34. Libellulidae Pantala flavescens Small shrimps, Termites (Globe skimmer) 35. Carabidae Carabus auratus Insects, snails, worms (Golden ground beetle) 36. Sparassidae Palystes castaneus Geckos (Huntman spider) 37. Scarabaeidae Aphodius Roots of grasses (Scarabe beetle) 38. Pholcidae Pholcidae sp. Huntsman spider (Daddy long legs) 39. Ichneumonidae Ichneumonidae sp. plant sap, nectar, insects (Wasp moth) 40. Papilionidae Ornithoptera sp. Aristolochiaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, (Birdwing) Umbelliferae Rutaceae 41. Lumbricidae Eisenia Fetida Insects (Wigglers larvae) 42. Cetoniinae Cetonia aurata Grapes, Raspberry, Strawberry, Apple trees (Rose Chafer) 43. Sphingidae Sphingidae sp. Buddleia (Hawk moth) 44. Salticidae Phidippus audax Tobacco budworms, Tarnished budworms

Faiz et al. (2020). Insect Diversity and Association with Plants J Biores Manag. 7 (1): 21-32

(Jumping spider) 45. Elateridae Melanotus sp. flowering plants leaves (Click beetle) 46. Tetragnathidae Leucauge venusta small insects (Orchard spider) 47. Cuclicidae Culiseta longiareolata pitcher plants (Wigglers larvae) 48. Scarabaediae Scarabaediae sp. roots of grasses, crops, corn, sugarcane (Scarabe beetle) 49. Araneidae Angulate Orbweaver sp. Leafhoppers, Small moths, Small flies (Orb weaver) 50. Erebidae Eressa confinis food plants 51. Lygaeoidae Oncopeltus Fasciatus Asclepias (Milkweed bugs) 52. Coccinellidae Coccinellidae sp. Epilachna borealis, E. varivestis, Mulsant, (Lady bird beetle) Leguminosae, Cucurbitaceae 53. Tettigonidae Tettigoniidae sp. leaf-eaters (Katydid) 54. Pentatomidae Pentatomidea sp. cotton plants (Shield bug) 55. Scarabaeidae Cotinis nitida Grasses, Vegetables, Tobacco, Ornamental (Lamellicorn) plants 56. Stratiomyidae Hermetia illucens Decomposer (Soldier flies) 57. Cerambycidae Phryneta spinator Ficus carica, Carica papaya, Mangifera (Fig tree borer) indica, Shorea robusta 58. Calliphoridae Calliphora vomitonia Nectar plants (Blue bottle fly) 59. Calliphoridae Lucilia sericata Curry plant (Green bottle flies) 60. Theridiidae Parasteatoda tepidariorum Insects (Common house spider) 61. Mantidae Tenodera sinensis Herbaceous plants, Woody shrubs (Chinese mantis) 62. Acrididae Acrididae sp. Indian grass, Kentucky blue grass, Scribner (Grass hopper) panicum, Buffalo grass 63. Nymphalidae Junonia Coenia willow trees (Common buck eye) 64. Geomatridae Hydriomena furcata Broom Gorse 65. Formicidae Camponotus compressus Insects (Banded sugar ant)

DISCUSSION Elaeocarpaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Geraniaceae, Gramineae, Guttiferae, Forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma Lythraceae, Melastomataceae, Meliaceae, disstria) Moraceae, Myrsinaceae, Naucleaceae, Polygonaceae, Punicaceae, Rhamnaceae, This species is a pest for plants Sapindaceae, Sonneratiaceae, belonging to Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, , Sterculiaceae, Tamaricaceae, Urticaceae Barringtoniaceae, Bischofiaceae, and the conifer families Cupressaceae and Bombacaceae Capparidaceae, Pinaceae. The pest nature of Malacosoma Casuarinaceae, Combretaceae,

Faiz et al. (2020). Insect Diversity and Association with Plants J Biores Manag. 7 (1): 21-32 disstria has previously been reported by trees and potatoes. The pest nature of Miridae Anderson (1960). sp. was also confined by Henry (1988).

Grass moth (Scopariaambigualis) According to our findings, this Lovebug (Nearctica plecia) species is a pest on licorice weed, sweet broom and vassourinha. The pest nature of Nearctica plecia is pest of blueberry. Scopariaambigualis was also confirmed by The pest nature of this species was also Kristensen (1999). confirmed by Hardy (1958). Plume moth (Gillmeria albertae) Scarlet lily beetle (Lilioceris lilii)

In this study, Gillmeria albertae was Scarlet lily Beetle pest feeds on all observed as a pest on Antirrhinum majus, sorts of plant tissues and all species are fully Pelargonium x hortorum, Lantanophaga herbivorous. The pest nature of this species pusillidactyla and Ageratina riparia. The was confirmed by Whitman (2019). pest nature of species (Gillmeria albertae) was also confirmed by Barnes and Lindsey Green banded urania (Urania leilus) (1921). Urania leilus was observed as a pest Crane fly (Tipulidae sp.) on plants belonging to the genus Omphalea. The pest nature of this species was confirmed In this study, Tipulidae sp. Was by Barnes (2002). found to be a pest for Ornamental plants. This pest nature of this species was also confirmed German cockroach (Blattella germanica) by Alexander and Byers (1981) The German cockroach is a pest that Dysgonia sp. feeds on sugar beets and potatoes. The pest Dysgonia sp. was found to be a pest nature of this species was also confirmed by for Dionaea muscipula, Aldrovanda Day (1996). vesiculosa, Utricularia and Drosera. The pest nature of this species was also confirmed Swallow tail butterflies (Papilionidae sp.) by Martiré and Rochat (2008). Papilionidae sp. are pests for plants Green lacewings (Chrysopidae) belonging to Aristolochiaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, Rutaceae and Umbelliferae. The In this study, Green lacewings were pest nature of this species was also reported found to be a pest on plants Solanaceae. The by Reed and Sperling (2006). pest nature of this species was also confirmed by Bartlett (1964); Henry et al. (2002). Clouded yellows (Colias croceus)

Plant bug (Miridae spp.) This species was observed as a pest for ginger and turmeric. The pest nature of Miridae sp. was found to be a pest of this species was also confirmed by Bellows et cereal crops, apple blossoms, honey locust al. (1992).

Faiz et al. (2020). Insect Diversity and Association with Plants J Biores Manag. 7 (1): 21-32

Glow Worm (Arachnocampa luminosa) Grass moth (Scoparia ambigualis)

This species pest preys on midges, Scoparia Ambigualis was found to be mayflies, and caddis flies. The pest nature of a pest on lotus, Coronilla, Hippocrepis, this species was also confirmed by Eisner et Onobrychis, Prunus spinosa, Salix, Calluna al. (1978). and Vaccinium. The pest nature of this species was also confirmed by Heppner Hawk moth (Bombycoidea sp.) (1981).

Bombycoidea sp. pest feeds on Caterpillar Slug moth (Apoda limacodes) soybean plants. The pest nature of this species was also confirmed by Nieukerken; et Apoda limacodes feeds on several al. (2011). genera of host plants such as those belonging to the genus Quercus. The pest nature of Wasp moth (Melittia sp.) Apoda limacodes was also confirmed by Apoda limacodes (n.d.). Melittia sp. pest feeds on lotus, Coronilla, Hippocrepis, Onobrychis, Prunus Brush-Footed Butterflies (Nymphalidae spinosa, Vaccinium, Calluna and Rosa. The sp.) pest nature of this species was also confirmed by Heppner (1981). The Brush-footed butterflies prefer tree sap or rotting fruit, some feed on dung or Blue Pansy (Junonia orithya) mud, rice weed, sweet broom and vassourinha. The pest nature of this species Junonia orithya was observed as a was also confirmed by Sabir et al. (2000). pest on Annona senegalensis, Antirrhinum majus, Asystasia gangetica, Asystasia Southern Green Stink bug (Acanthosoma scandens, Buchnera linearis, Misopates labiduroides) orontium, Justicia procumbens and Phyla nodiflora. The pest nature of Junonia orithya The Southern Green Stink bug feeds also confirmed by Williams (1994). on Hordeum vulgare, Cajanus cajan, Brassica nigra, Glycine max, Cucurbitaceae Melon worm (Diaphania hyalinata) Juss and Gossypium. The pest nature of this species was also confirmed by Prado and Diaphania hyalinata pest feeds on Zucchi (2012). plants belonging to Cucurbita genus with species such as cucumbers, gherkins and Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) cantaloupe. The pest nature of Diaphania hyalinata also confirmed by Capinera (2000). Halyomorpha halys was observed as a pest on soybean, spider flower. The pest Western Conifer Seed bug (Leptoglossus nature of this species was also confirmed by occidentalis) Prado and Zucchi (2012).

Leptoglossus Occidentalis is a pest on True Bug (Alydus Calcaratus) Apocynaceae, jimsonweed and oleander plants. The pest nature of this species was This species feeds on Blackjack oaks. also confirmed by von Euw (1971). The pest nature of this species (Alydus

Faiz et al. (2020). Insect Diversity and Association with Plants J Biores Manag. 7 (1): 21-32 calcaratus) also confined by Otavă et al. Moth caterpillar (Gynaephora selenitica) (1970). Gynaephora selenitica pest feeds on Fabaceae species i.e. lotus, Coronilla, Hppocrepis as well as shrubs. The pest nature of this species was confirmed by Heppner (1981). Leaf Hopper (Cicadellidae sp.) Lamellicorn (Cotinis Nitida) Leaf hoppers pest feed on Grass seeds. The pest nature of this species Leaf Cotinis nitida was observed to pest hoppers was confirmed by Lee et al. (2000). feed on grasses, vegetables and ornamental plants. The pest nature of the Lamellicorn Leaf Beetle (Chrysomelidae) was also confirmed by Chittenden and Fink (1922). The leaf beetles feed on Dioscorea bulbifera and potatoes. The pest nature of this Fig tree borer (Phryneta spinator) species was also confirmed by Radcliffe and In this study, Ficus carica, Carica Lagnaoui (2007). papaya, Mangifera indica and Shorea Asian Lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis) robusta were observed as host species to the Fig tree borer. Harmonia axyridis was found feeding on fruits in this study. Graves (2013) describe Blues bottle (Calliphora Vomitonia) this species as an insectivore that may also Calliphora Vomitonia was observed feed on alternatives that include fruits when to use plants with nectar as host. Wolf and their desired food is scarce. Zouwen (2010) report the use of this species Green Banded Urania (Urania leilus) for pollination of cauliflower blossom. Urania leilus was observed feeding Scarabe Beetle (Scarabaeidae) on Omphalea diandra. Green Branded In this study Scarab beetles were Urania was also reported by Barnes (2002). observed feeding on corn and sugarcane European Wasp (Vespula germanica) plants. Ratcliffe and Jameson (2005) cite scarab beetles to prefer dung in their diet but The European wasp was observed to a variety of these prefer a vegetative diet that have a very diverse diet. They are known includes fruits. predators of carrion, live arthropods, fruits, honeydew, processed human food and Green Bottle flies (Lucilia sericata) garbage. The pest nature of this species was Green bottle flies were observed to confirmed by Archer (1985). feed on curry plant. Brodie et al. (2015) Cucurbit stink Bug (Coridus Janus) report Lucilia sericata to have significance as a pollinator as it is frequently observed near Coridus Janus is a pest for cucurbit flowers. family and damages crops. The pest nature of this species was confirmed by Stebbing Common house spider (Parasteatoda (1903). Tepidariorum)

Faiz et al. (2020). Insect Diversity and Association with Plants J Biores Manag. 7 (1): 21-32

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