The Phaedo by Plato
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The Trial and Death of Socrates : Being the Euthyphron, Apology, Crito, and Phaedo of Plato
LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO /?. (Boffcen THE TRIAL & DEATH OF SOCRATES *O 5' dve^Tcurroj /3toj ov /Siwrds cu>0p(j!nrip ' An unexamined life is not worth living.' (PLATO, Apol. 38 A. ) THE TRIAL AND DEATH OF SOCRATES BEING THE EUTHYPHRON, APOLOGY, CRITO, AND PH^EDO OF PLATO TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY F. J. CHURCH, M.A. LONDON MACMILLAN AND CO. AND NEW YORK 1895 [ All rights reserved.] First Edition printed 1880 Second Edition, Golden Treasury Series, 1886 Reprinted 1887, 1888, 1890, 1891, 1892, March and September 1895 PREFACE. THIS book, which is intended principally for the large and increasing class of readers who wish to learn something of the masterpieces of Greek literature, and who cannot easily read them in Greek, was originally published by Messrs. Macmillan in a different form. Since its first appearance it has been revised and corrected throughout, and largely re- written. The chief part of the Introduction is new. It is not intended to be a general essay on Socrates, but only an attempt to explain and illustrate such points in his life and teaching as are referred to in these dialogues, which, taken by themselves, con- tain Plato's description of his great master's life, and work, and death. The books which were most useful to me in writing it are Professor Zeller's Socrates and the Socratic Schools, and the edition of the VI PREFACE. Apology by the late Rev. James Riddell, published after his death by the delegates of the Clarendon Press. His account of Socrates is singularly striking. -
Cloister and the Hearth, the 1 Cloister and the Hearth, The
Cloister and the Hearth, The 1 Cloister and the Hearth, The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Cloister and the Hearth, by Reade Copyright laws are changing all over the world, be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before posting these files!! Please take a look at the important information in this header. We encourage you to keep this file on your own disk, keeping an electronic path open for the next readers. Do not remove this. **Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** **Etexts Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** *These Etexts Prepared By Hundreds of Volunteers and Donations* Information on contacting Project Gutenberg to get Etexts, and further information is included below. We need your donations. The Cloister and the Hearth by Charles Reade June, 1998 [Etext #1366] Project Gutenberg Etext of The Cloister and the Hearth, by Reade ******This file should be named chrth10.txt or chrth10.zip****** Corrected EDITIONS of our etexts get a new NUMBER, chrth11.txt VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, chrth10a.txt Contributed by Neil McLachlan, [email protected] and Ted Davis, [email protected] Project Gutenberg Etexts are usually created from multiple editions, all of which are in the Public Domain in the United States, unless a copyright notice is included. Therefore, we do NOT keep these books in compliance with any particular paper edition, usually otherwise. We are now trying to release all our books one month in advance of the official release dates, for time for better editing. -
The Roles of Solon in Plato's Dialogues
The Roles of Solon in Plato’s Dialogues Dissertation Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Samuel Ortencio Flores, M.A. Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Bruce Heiden, Advisor Anthony Kaldellis Richard Fletcher Greg Anderson Copyrighy by Samuel Ortencio Flores 2013 Abstract This dissertation is a study of Plato’s use and adaptation of an earlier model and tradition of wisdom based on the thought and legacy of the sixth-century archon, legislator, and poet Solon. Solon is cited and/or quoted thirty-four times in Plato’s dialogues, and alluded to many more times. My study shows that these references and allusions have deeper meaning when contextualized within the reception of Solon in the classical period. For Plato, Solon is a rhetorically powerful figure in advancing the relatively new practice of philosophy in Athens. While Solon himself did not adequately establish justice in the city, his legacy provided a model upon which Platonic philosophy could improve. Chapter One surveys the passing references to Solon in the dialogues as an introduction to my chapters on the dialogues in which Solon is a very prominent figure, Timaeus- Critias, Republic, and Laws. Chapter Two examines Critias’ use of his ancestor Solon to establish his own philosophic credentials. Chapter Three suggests that Socrates re- appropriates the aims and themes of Solon’s political poetry for Socratic philosophy. Chapter Four suggests that Solon provides a legislative model which Plato reconstructs in the Laws for the philosopher to supplant the role of legislator in Greek thought. -
Gorgias, Menexenus, Protagoras Edited by Malcolm Schofield Frontmatter More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-54600-3 - Plato: Gorgias, Menexenus, Protagoras Edited by Malcolm Schofield Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE TEXTS IN THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL THOUGHT PLATO Gorgias, Menexenus, Protagoras © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-54600-3 - Plato: Gorgias, Menexenus, Protagoras Edited by Malcolm Schofield Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE TEXTS IN THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL THOUGHT Series editors R AYMOND GEUSS Professor in Philosophy, University of Cambridge Q UENTIN SKINNER Professor of the Humanities, Queen Mary, University of London Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought is now firmly estab- lished as the major student textbook series in political theory. It aims to make available to students all the most important texts in the history of western political thought, from ancient Greece to the early twentieth century. All the familiar classic texts will be included, but the series seeks at the same time to enlarge the conventional canon by incorporating an extensive range of less well-known works, many of them never before available in a modern English edition. Wherever possible, texts are published in complete and unabridged form, and translations are specially commissioned for the series. Each vol- ume contains a critical introduction together with chronologies, biographical sketches, a guide to further reading and any necessary glossaries and text- ual apparatus. When completed the series will aim to offer an outline -
The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School DECOLONIZING HISTORY: HISTORICAL CONSCSIOUNESS, IDENTITY AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT OF NIGERIAN YOUTH A Dissertation in Education Theory and Policy and Comparative and International Education by Rhoda Nanre Nafziger Ó 2020 Rhoda Nanre Nafziger Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2020 ii The dissertation of Rhoda Nanre Nafziger was reviewed and approved by the following: Mindy Kornhaber Associate Professor Education (Theory and Policy) Dissertation Co-Advisor Co-Chair of Committee Nicole Webster Associate Professor Youth and International Development, African Studies and Comparative and International Education Dissertation Co-Advisor Co-Chair of Committee David Gamson Associate Professor of Education (Theory and Policy) Rebecca Tarlau Assistant Professor of Education and Labor & Employment Relations Anthony Olorunnisola Professor of Media Studies and Associate Dean for Graduate Programs Kevin Kinser Department Head Education Policy Studies iii ABSTRACT Historical consciousness is the way in which we use knowledge of the past to inform our present and future actions. History and culture tie human societies together and provide them with reference points for understanding the past, present and future. Education systems that strip people from their culture and history are inherently violent as they attempt to alienate the individual from his or her cultural identity, separate them from their past and thus cultivate ruptures in the social fabric. Racism is a tool is used to justify neocolonialism and capitalist hegemony. As such, neocolonial education systems reproduce violence and social instability through the negation of history and culture. This dissertation examines the neocolonial and racist legacies in education in Africa through the analysis of Nigeria's history education policy and the historical consciousness of Nigerian youth. -
Theory of Forms 1 Theory of Forms
Theory of Forms 1 Theory of Forms Plato's theory of Forms or theory of Ideas[1] [2] [3] asserts that non-material abstract (but substantial) forms (or ideas), and not the material world of change known to us through sensation, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality.[4] When used in this sense, the word form is often capitalized.[5] Plato speaks of these entities only through the characters (primarily Socrates) of his dialogues who sometimes suggest that these Forms are the only true objects of study that can provide us with genuine knowledge; thus even apart from the very controversial status of the theory, Plato's own views are much in doubt.[6] Plato spoke of Forms in formulating a possible solution to the problem of universals. Forms Terminology: the Forms and the forms The English word "form" may be used to translate two distinct concepts that concerned Plato—the outward "form" or appearance of something, and "Form" in a new, technical nature, that never ...assumes a form like that of any of the things which enter into her; ... But the forms which enter into and go out of her are the likenesses of real existences modelled after their patterns in a wonderful and inexplicable manner.... The objects that are seen, according to Plato, are not real, but literally mimic the real Forms. In the allegory of the cave expressed in Republic, the things that are ordinarily perceived in the world are characterized as shadows of the real things, which are not perceived directly. That which the observer understands when he views the world mimics the archetypes of the many types and properties (that is, of universals) of things observed. -
On the Arrangement of the Platonic Dialogues
Ryan C. Fowler 25th Hour On the Arrangement of the Platonic Dialogues I. Thrasyllus a. Diogenes Laertius (D.L.), Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers 3.56: “But, just as long ago in tragedy the chorus was the only actor, and afterwards, in order to give the chorus breathing space, Thespis devised a single actor, Aeschylus a second, Sophocles a third, and thus tragedy was completed, so too with philosophy: in early times it discoursed on one subject only, namely physics, then Socrates added the second subject, ethics, and Plato the third, dialectics, and so brought philosophy to perfection. Thrasyllus says that he [Plato] published his dialogues in tetralogies, like those of the tragic poets. Thus they contended with four plays at the Dionysia, the Lenaea, the Panathenaea and the festival of Chytri. Of the four plays the last was a satiric drama; and the four together were called a tetralogy.” b. Characters or types of dialogues (D.L. 3.49): 1. instructive (ὑφηγητικός) A. theoretical (θεωρηµατικόν) a. physical (φυσικόν) b. logical (λογικόν) B. practical (πρακτικόν) a. ethical (ἠθικόν) b. political (πολιτικόν) 2. investigative (ζητητικός) A. training the mind (γυµναστικός) a. obstetrical (µαιευτικός) b. tentative (πειραστικός) B. victory in controversy (ἀγωνιστικός) a. critical (ἐνδεικτικός) b. subversive (ἀνατρεπτικός) c. Thrasyllan categories of the dialogues (D.L. 3.50-1): Physics: Timaeus Logic: Statesman, Cratylus, Parmenides, and Sophist Ethics: Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Phaedrus, Symposium, Menexenus, Clitophon, the Letters, Philebus, Hipparchus, Rivals Politics: Republic, the Laws, Minos, Epinomis, Atlantis Obstetrics: Alcibiades 1 and 2, Theages, Lysis, Laches Tentative: Euthyphro, Meno, Io, Charmides and Theaetetus Critical: Protagoras Subversive: Euthydemus, Gorgias, and Hippias 1 and 2 :1 d. -
A Thesis Entitled Yoshimoto Taka'aki, Communal Illusion, and The
A Thesis entitled Yoshimoto Taka’aki, Communal Illusion, and the Japanese New Left by Manuel Yang Submitted as partial fulfillment for requirements for The Master of Arts Degree in History ________________________ Adviser: Dr. William D. Hoover ________________________ Adviser: Dr. Peter Linebaugh ________________________ Dr. Alfred Cave ________________________ Graduate School The University of Toledo (July 2005) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is customary in a note of acknowledgments to make the usual mea culpa concerning the impossibility of enumerating all the people to whom the author has incurred a debt in writing his or her work, but, in my case, this is far truer than I can ever say. This note is, therefore, a necessarily abbreviated one and I ask for a small jubilee, cancellation of all debts, from those that I fail to mention here due to lack of space and invidiously ungrateful forgetfulness. Prof. Peter Linebaugh, sage of the trans-Atlantic commons, who, as peerless mentor and comrade, kept me on the straight and narrow with infinite "grandmotherly kindness" when my temptation was always to break the keisaku and wander off into apostate digressions; conversations with him never failed to recharge the fiery voltage of necessity and desire of historical imagination in my thinking. The generously patient and supportive free rein that Prof. William D. Hoover, the co-chair of my thesis committee, gave me in exploring subjects and interests of my liking at my own preferred pace were nothing short of an ideal that all academic apprentices would find exceedingly enviable; his meticulous comments have time and again mercifully saved me from committing a number of elementary factual and stylistic errors. -
Raymond Resigns
Non-Profit U.S. Postage Paid Waterville, ME.04901 Permit No. 39 i New student center i Raymond I grand opening set i resigns by David Scannell change is day to day student life. The grand opening of the student "The building is designed in such a Harold C. "Chris" Raymond has center is slated for Saturday, December way that it gives students a place to go resigned as head football coach at Col- 7 at noon, according to Jim Peacock , between classes. After you get your by College. President William R. Cot- director of student activities. mail , you 'll have a place to. go. Peo- ' \ ter announced yesterday that the col- The day's events will begin with a ple go back to their rooms now. I don 't lege will begin immediately to form a noon luncheon for student leaders, know where they go. It 's going to search co mmittee to find his faculty, administration , and trustees. change their habits. " ** replacement. , President William Cotter will address "It 's goi ng to be a real subtle but Colby's football players were in- th e group. real st rong change," he said. formed of the resignation at an early In addition , Jeff Riley, Ihe Peacock said that the ^student 's morning meeting in Robert 's Union , accor- building 's architect will speak adaptability to various social functions yesterday. ding lo Peacock. is another positive aspect * of the According to sources, Raymond did During the luncheon , the "Colby 's building. "There could be comedians, not attend the meeting. Cotter and 8 V the "Colbyettes " and "Tuxedo every type of band , plays, dinner Athletic Director Richard McGee, Junction " will perform. -
Remembering Music in Early Greece
REMEMBERING MUSIC IN EARLY GREECE JOHN C. FRANKLIN This paper contemplates various ways that the ancient Greeks preserved information about their musical past. Emphasis is given to the earlier periods and the transition from oral/aural tradition, when self-reflective professional poetry was the primary means of remembering music, to literacy, when festival inscriptions and written poetry could first capture information in at least roughly datable contexts. But the continuing interplay of the oral/aural and written modes during the Archaic and Classical periods also had an impact on the historical record, which from ca. 400 onwards is represented by historiographical fragments. The sources, methods, and motives of these early treatises are also examined, with special attention to Hellanicus of Lesbos and Glaucus of Rhegion. The essay concludes with a few brief comments on Peripatetic historiography and a selective catalogue of music-historiographical titles from the fifth and fourth centuries. INTRODUCTION Greek authors often refer to earlier music.1 Sometimes these details are of first importance for the modern historiography of ancient 1 Editions and translations of classical authors may be found by consulting the article for each in The Oxford Classical Dictionary3. Journal 1 2 JOHN C. FRANKLIN Greek music. Uniquely valuable, for instance, is Herodotus’ allusion to an Argive musical efflorescence in the late sixth century,2 nowhere else explicitly attested (3.131–2). In other cases we learn less about real musical history than an author’s own biases and predilections. Thus Plato describes Egypt as a never-never- land where no innovation was ever permitted in music; it is hard to know whether Plato fabricated this statement out of nothing to support his conservative and ideal society, or is drawing, towards the same end, upon a more widely held impression—obviously superficial—of a foreign, distant culture (Laws 656e–657f). -
The Immortality of the Soul in Plato's Phaedo
Trinity University Digital Commons @ Trinity Philosophy Honors Theses Philosophy Department 5-2014 The mmorI tality of the Soul in Plato's Phaedo Julie Stayton Trinity University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/phil_honors Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Stayton, Julie, "The mmorI tality of the Soul in Plato's Phaedo" (2014). Philosophy Honors Theses. 2. http://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/phil_honors/2 This Thesis open access is brought to you for free and open access by the Philosophy Department at Digital Commons @ Trinity. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Trinity. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Julie Stayton The Immortality of the Soul in Plato’s Phaedo In his dialogue, the Phaedo, Plato gives an account of the immortality of the soul. Plato does this through an argument commonly referred to as the “final argument.” The title stems from the fact that the final argument occurs at the finale of Plato’s dialogue and follows three less conclusive “arguments” for the immortality of the soul. My thesis is two-fold. First, I will give an interpretation of Plato’s final argument in the Phaedo, outlining the ontological presuppositions that Plato relies on for the validity of his argument. Secondly, I will discuss some of the key features of the previous three arguments in the Phaedo. It is my view that the final argument stands on its own as an analysis of the immortality of the soul. However, I believe it is useful to examine the previous three arguments in the dialogue in conjunction with the final argument, as several of the key concepts Plato uses in the final argument are introduced and expanded upon earlier. -
On the Hosiotes in Plato's Crito
PEITHO / EXAMINA ANTIQUA 1 ( 2 ) / 2011 Why Not Escape? On the Hosiotes in Plato’s Crito JOANNA KOMOROWSKA / Warsaw / 1. The swarm of questions Why does Socrates drink his hemlock? What motivates his rejection of Crito’s proposal to escape? These and similar questions concerning the decision made by the philoso- pher gave rise to a considerable number of scholarly inquiries as well as to a whole array of answers. Thus, Greenberg (1965) sought the explanation in Socrates’ “heroic temper”, while Barker (1977) argued for the decisive role of the philosopher’s elevated moral awareness. Importantly, a great deal of scholarly discussion builds on the appar- ent incompatibility of two accounts of civil duties in the Apology and Crito. In the Apol- ogy (29 c–d), we see Socrates challenge his audience and, in fact, the judges with the declaration that he will under no circumstances renounce philosophy, and that he will continue his instructing the Athenians. In the Crito, the philosopher chooses to reject his friend’s offer of help, and, when doing so, he implicitly accepts the death sentence.1 Whilst the two dialogues are often regarded as inconsistent, various attempts to explain- ing the inconsistency resulted in an impressive number of publications devoted to the 1 Quotations from the Apology and Crito in C.D.C. Reeve’s (2005) translation. Other works quoted as they appear on the Perseus Project database. 170 Joanna Komorowska / Warsaw / issue.2 The present paper will seek to contribute to this line of inquiry. When trying to ascertain why Socrates chooses to die, the article will suggest that taking into account the then Athenian customs and rituals may contribute to a better understanding of the dialogue.