DOCSLIB.ORG

Early Medical Schools

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Early Medical Schools EARLY MEDICAL SCHOOLS THE CULT OF AESCULAPIUS AND THE ORIGIN OF HIPPOCRATIC MEDICINE By G. E. GASK, C.M.G., D.S.O., F.R.C.S., (Hon .) F.A.C.S. LONDON N COMMENCING a study divine beings, and so it came about that of medical education in when sick of soul or body men turned Greece and the early Greek to the gods of healing for help and guid- medical schools, one is con- ance. fronted immediately by a serious diffi- Even to-day such beliefs do not strike culty. In writing of the early medical us as strange for since childhood we schools, the more important of which have heard of the dreams of Pharoah are those of Cos and Cnidos, the diffi- and Nebuchadnezzar and the stories culty arises of disentangling the associa- connected with their interpretation. tion of temple-medicine as practised in the Aesculapium of Cos and of the lay Aesculapius, the God of Healing medicine described in the Corpus Hip- From the earliest times there have pocraticum. been gods specially associated with heal- Writers in the past have believed that ing and in Greek mythology one of the Hippocrates received his training in the earliest is Apollo. As the son of Zeus, Aesculapium and derived his great Apollo appears as the god of light, the knowledge from this source. It becomes god of spring, the giver of crops, the therefore imperative to examine this averter of ills, the promoter of health. question critically and to dispose of it His fame grew and his worship became before attempting to describe the school established, the two chief centres of of Cos. which were his birthplace, Delos, and This article contains a description of Delphi with its far-famed oracle. the Cult of Aesculapius, related, it is Now according to common account hoped, without prejudice, and is fol- Apollo had a son by Coronis, the daugh- lowed by arguments intended to refute ter of Phlegeas, prince of Thessaly, and definitely the possibility of temple- it is interesting to note that it was in medicine having been the source of the Thessaly tradition states that the cult of Hippocratic inspiration. Aesculapius arose. Coronis is supposed to have been THE CULT OF AESCULAPIUS killed by Artemis, twin sister of Apollo, The origins of healing cults are for unfaithfulness, and Aesculapius, her buried deep in the mists, fancies and son, was brought up by Chiron, the make-believes of the infancy of man- Centaur, who taught him the art of kind, when dreams were thought to be healing. Aesculapius profited so well warnings or revelations of things to from his teaching that he is said to have come. In sleep, it was thought, the soul been able to bring dead men to life. could slip the body and soar into the In Homer Aesculapius is represented realm of spirits, there to commune with as a hero not yet a god, and he had two sons, Machaon and Podaleirius, skilled cent proportions that they compel our in medicine and surgery, who fought at wonder and admiration to this day. Troy. The ritual of the proceedings of the Later, we do not know just when, cult were somewhat as follows: Aesculapius becomes a god. He was a The patient who was about to be a wonder worker, a healer, a saviour from suppliant was first prepared by absten- trouble and disease and one who could tion from certain forms of food and be propitiated by gifts and worship. So drink, or by absolute fasting, for with- his cult grew and temples for his wor- out such due preparation no person ship were established far and wide, in might enter the temple. On entrance to Greece, in the islands, and in the coastal the temple the patient would be met by regions of Asia Minor. the priest, who was often accompanied Aesculapius is generally represented by his daughter, for the purpose of re- with a staff in his hand and accompa- calling, one may imagine, that Aescu- nied by a snake. From very early times lapius was assisted by his daughters snakes have been associated with medi- Hygieia and Panaceia. The patient cine and life. Sir James Frazier suggests would then be told stories of wonders that the snake became the emblem of effected by the god and everything done immortality, for it seems to renew its to excite the imagination and raise the youth yearly by shedding its skin. expectation of a cure to the highest It will be recalled that in the wilder- pitch. Next came prayers and some form ness Moses made a serpent of brass and of ceremonial purification by washing. put it up on a pole so that all those who Then came the offering in the shape of had been bitten by the fiery serpents a cake, a cock, a ram or an ox, according were cured. to the wealth of the patient. The offer- ing was placed on an altar before the The places devoted to the worship of statue of the god, and apparently it or Aesculapius were called Aesculapia, the a portion of it became the perquisite of most famous of which were Tricca in the priest. Next followed the ceremony Thessaly, Epidaurus, Cos, and Perga- of incubation (literally lying-in) or mos.1 temple-sleep, the most impressive part The sites chosen for the temples were of the ritual. generally beautiful places, commonly The patients lay side by side in a long on wooded slopes and close to a pure open-air portico, or abaton, covered at and bountiful supply of fresh water or the top and open at the side. Lights a medicinal spring. In addition to the were put out by the attendants and all temple or shrine of the god there were were told to go to sleep. inns or hostels for the reception of the Here the suppliants spent the night sick and their friends, as well as abatons and during sleep dreams came to them or sleeping places in which the sick by which they were cured or a means of passed the night and where they re- cure revealed. But about the sleeping ceived the dreams or revelation or treat- places there came at night tame snakes, ment which was to effect their cure. or in some instances dogs, who licked Closely associated with the temple the sore places or the blind eyes and buildings were ample facilities for ex- aided in the cure. ercise and recreation, including stadia In many instances a cure did follow, and open-air theatres of such magnifi- in which case the will of the god had been obeyed, but if no cure ensued then his bonds. Straightway he departed cured, the patient had omitted to do some- and the floor of the abaton was covered thing that should have been done. with blood. In the case of a cure it was a custom Many more instances could be cited, to consecrate a votive offering to the some of them dealing with affections of god or present a model of the diseased the eyes. But these are a fair sample of part or limb, made perhaps of gold or the votive inscriptions. They mostly re- silver, which could be hung up in the late immediate and miraculous cures, temple. It was common also to adorn and some of them are even more fan- the walls with votive tablets describing tastic than those quoted. Any medical cures for the benefit of future patients. man reading them would agree at once In Epidaurus a number of such inscrip- that they do not bear the slightest evi- tions have been discovered, done on dence of rational diagnosis or rational large stone stelae. treatment. Cure is by miraculous inter- Here are three such inscriptions:2 vention of the god following propitia- 1. Kleo was with child for five years. tion by gifts, aided by the use of sugges- After these five years of pregnancy, she tion and perhaps also by drugs. came as a suppliant to the god and slept Exception might be taken to this in the abaton. As soon as she left it and judgment in the case of the third exam- got outside the temple precincts, she bore ple quoted—the man with the abscess. a son who, immediately after birth, Professor Singer thinks that the man was washed himself at the fountain and walked given a powerful narcotic and that, about with his mother. In return for this while he was under its influence, the favour, she inscribed on her offering: “Ad- mire not the greatness of this tablet, but priest, in the guise of the god, opened the divine power, in that Kleo was with the abscess with a knife “and the floor child for five years, until she slept in the of the abaton was covered with blood.” Temple and the god cured her.” The Rev. John Todd thinks it was 2. A man had his toe healed by a ser- merely an advertising stunt to impress pent. He was suffering dreadfully from a the patients with the power of the god. malignant sore in his toe, when the ser- In 388 b .c . Aristophanes exhibited vants of the Temple took him outside and his play “Plutus” in Athens, probably sat him on a seat. When sleep came upon in the theatre of Dionysus, which is him, a snake came out of the abaton and alongside of the Aesculapium. In this healed the toe with his tongue, and there- after went back to the abaton.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Cave of the Nymphs at Pharsalus Brill Studies in Greek and Roman Epigraphy
    The Cave of the Nymphs at Pharsalus Brill Studies in Greek and Roman Epigraphy Editorial Board John Bodel (Brown University) Adele Scafuro (Brown University) VOLUME 6 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsgre The Cave of the Nymphs at Pharsalus Studies on a Thessalian Country Shrine By Robert S. Wagman LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Pharsala. View of the Karapla hill and the cave of the Nymphs from N, 1922 (SAIA, Archivio Fotografico B 326) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Wagman, Robert S. Title: The Cave of the Nymphs at Pharsalus : studies on a Thessalian country shrine / by Robert S. Wagman. Description: Boston : Brill, 2015. | Series: Brill studies in Greek and Roman epigraphy, ISSN 1876-2557 ; volume 6 | Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Identifiers: LCCN 2015032381| ISBN 9789004297616 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9789004297623 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Thessaly (Greece)—Antiquities. | Excavations (Archaeology)—Greece—Thessaly. | Inscriptions—Greece—Thessaly. | Farsala (Greece)—Antiquities. | Excavations (Archaeology)—Greece—Farsala. | Inscriptions—Greece—Farsala. | Nymphs (Greek deities) Classification: LCC DF221.T4 W34 2015 | DDC 938/.2—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015032381 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1876-2557 isbn 978-90-04-29761-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-29762-3 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 40. the System of Lunar Craters, Quadrant Ii Alice P
    NO. 40. THE SYSTEM OF LUNAR CRATERS, QUADRANT II by D. W. G. ARTHUR, ALICE P. AGNIERAY, RUTH A. HORVATH ,tl l C.A. WOOD AND C. R. CHAPMAN \_9 (_ /_) March 14, 1964 ABSTRACT The designation, diameter, position, central-peak information, and state of completeness arc listed for each discernible crater in the second lunar quadrant with a diameter exceeding 3.5 km. The catalog contains more than 2,000 items and is illustrated by a map in 11 sections. his Communication is the second part of The However, since we also have suppressed many Greek System of Lunar Craters, which is a catalog in letters used by these authorities, there was need for four parts of all craters recognizable with reasonable some care in the incorporation of new letters to certainty on photographs and having diameters avoid confusion. Accordingly, the Greek letters greater than 3.5 kilometers. Thus it is a continua- added by us are always different from those that tion of Comm. LPL No. 30 of September 1963. The have been suppressed. Observers who wish may use format is the same except for some minor changes the omitted symbols of Blagg and Miiller without to improve clarity and legibility. The information in fear of ambiguity. the text of Comm. LPL No. 30 therefore applies to The photographic coverage of the second quad- this Communication also. rant is by no means uniform in quality, and certain Some of the minor changes mentioned above phases are not well represented. Thus for small cra- have been introduced because of the particular ters in certain longitudes there are no good determi- nature of the second lunar quadrant, most of which nations of the diameters, and our values are little is covered by the dark areas Mare Imbrium and better than rough estimates.
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Power, Law and Justice in Ancient Macedonia Joseph Roisman
    Royal Power, Law and Justice in Ancient Macedonia Joseph Roisman In his speech On the Crown Demosthenes often lionizes himself by suggesting that his actions and policy required him to overcome insurmountable obstacles. Thus he contrasts Athens’ weakness around 346 B.C.E. with Macedonia’s strength, and Philip’s II unlimited power with the more constrained and cumbersome decision-making process at home, before asserting that in spite of these difficulties he succeeded in forging later a large Greek coalition to confront Philip in the battle of Chaeronea (Dem.18.234–37). [F]irst, he (Philip) ruled in his own person as full sovereign over subservient people, which is the most important factor of all in waging war . he was flush with money, and he did whatever he wished. He did not announce his intentions in official decrees, did not deliberate in public, was not hauled into the courts by sycophants, was not prosecuted for moving illegal proposals, was not accountable to anyone. In short, he was ruler, commander, in control of everything.1 For his depiction of Philip’s authority Demosthenes looks less to Macedonia than to Athens, because what makes the king powerful in his speech is his freedom from democratic checks. Nevertheless, his observations on the Macedonian royal power is more informative and helpful than Aristotle’s references to it in his Politics, though modern historians tend to privilege the philosopher for what he says or even does not say on the subject. Aristotle’s seldom mentions Macedonian kings, and when he does it is for limited, exemplary purposes, lumping them with other kings who came to power through benefaction and public service, or who were assassinated by men they had insulted.2 Moreover, according to Aristotle, the extreme of tyranny is distinguished from ideal kingship (pambasilea) by the fact that tyranny is a government that is not called to account.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roles of Solon in Plato's Dialogues
    The Roles of Solon in Plato’s Dialogues Dissertation Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Samuel Ortencio Flores, M.A. Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Bruce Heiden, Advisor Anthony Kaldellis Richard Fletcher Greg Anderson Copyrighy by Samuel Ortencio Flores 2013 Abstract This dissertation is a study of Plato’s use and adaptation of an earlier model and tradition of wisdom based on the thought and legacy of the sixth-century archon, legislator, and poet Solon. Solon is cited and/or quoted thirty-four times in Plato’s dialogues, and alluded to many more times. My study shows that these references and allusions have deeper meaning when contextualized within the reception of Solon in the classical period. For Plato, Solon is a rhetorically powerful figure in advancing the relatively new practice of philosophy in Athens. While Solon himself did not adequately establish justice in the city, his legacy provided a model upon which Platonic philosophy could improve. Chapter One surveys the passing references to Solon in the dialogues as an introduction to my chapters on the dialogues in which Solon is a very prominent figure, Timaeus- Critias, Republic, and Laws. Chapter Two examines Critias’ use of his ancestor Solon to establish his own philosophic credentials. Chapter Three suggests that Socrates re- appropriates the aims and themes of Solon’s political poetry for Socratic philosophy. Chapter Four suggests that Solon provides a legislative model which Plato reconstructs in the Laws for the philosopher to supplant the role of legislator in Greek thought.
    [Show full text]
  • The Date of the First Pythiad-Again Alden A
    MOSSHAMMER, ALDEN A., The Date of the First Pythiad - Again , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 23:1 (1982:Spring) p.15 The Date of the First Pythiad-Again Alden A. Mosshammer OST HISTORIANS have long agreed that the first in the regular M series of Pythian festivals celebrated every four years at Del­ phi took place in 58211. Now H. C. Bennett and more re­ cently S. G. Miller have argued that we should instead follow Pausa­ nias in dating the first Pythiad to 586/5, because the Pindaric scho­ liasts, they maintain, reckon Pythiads from that year. 1 The debate is an old one, but it has important implications for our understanding of the sequence of events at the time of the First Sacred War. Bennett and Miller have rightly criticized the excessive claims that have been made for some of the evidence; and Miller, in particular, has offered some important new insights into the problem. The argument in favor of 58211 nevertheless remains the stronger case. It needs to be presented once again, both to take these new objections into account and to elucidate the tradition that has given rise to the debate. I. The Problem According to the Parian Marble, our earliest evidence (264/3), the Amphictyons celebrated a victory against Cirrha by dedicating a por­ tion of the spoils as prizes for a chrematitic festival celebrated in 59110, and again the games became stephani tic in 582/1. 2 Pausanias 1 H. C. BENNETT, "On the Systemization of Scholia Dates for Pindar's Pythian Odes," HSCP 62 (1957) 61-78; STEPHEN G.
    [Show full text]
  • St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas on the Mind, Body, and Life After Death
    The University of Akron IdeaExchange@UAkron Williams Honors College, Honors Research The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors Projects College Spring 2020 St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas on the Mind, Body, and Life After Death Christopher Choma [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects Part of the Christianity Commons, Epistemology Commons, European History Commons, History of Philosophy Commons, History of Religion Commons, Metaphysics Commons, Philosophy of Mind Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Please take a moment to share how this work helps you through this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Recommended Citation Choma, Christopher, "St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas on the Mind, Body, and Life After Death" (2020). Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects. 1048. https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/1048 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors College at IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The University of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 1 St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas on the Mind, Body, and Life After Death By: Christopher Choma Sponsored by: Dr. Joseph Li Vecchi Readers: Dr. Howard Ducharme Dr. Nathan Blackerby 2 Table of Contents Introduction p. 4 Section One: Three General Views of Human Nature p.
    [Show full text]
  • Dear Supervisors- Attached Please Find Our Letter of Opposition to the SCA Ordinance for Sleepy Hollow As Drafted by Our Attorne
    From: Andrea Taber To: Rice, Katie; Kinsey, Steven; Adams, Susan; Arnold, Judy; Sears, Kathrin Cc: Dan Stein; Thorsen, Suzanne; Lai, Thomas Subject: Sleepy Hollow Homeowners Association Letter of Oppostion to the SCA Ordinance Date: Wednesday, May 22, 2013 8:12:53 PM Attachments: Document4.docx Dear Supervisors- Attached please find our letter of opposition to the SCA Ordinance for Sleepy Hollow as drafted by our attorney Neil Moran of Freitas McCarthy MacMahon & Keating, LLP. Sleepy Hollow Homeowners Association May 3, 2013 Board of Supervisors of Marin County 3501 Civil Center Drive San Rafael, CA 94903-4157 Re: Stream Conservation Area (SCA) Proposed Amendments to the Development Code Honorable Members of the Board of Supervisors: INTRODUCTION The Sleepy Hollow Homes Association (SHHA) objects to the proposed changes to Chapters 22.33 (Stream Protection) and 22.63 (Stream Conservation Area Permit) as they would apply to the residents of the unincorporated portion of San Anselmo known as Sleepy Hollow. We ask that the County exempt and/or delay implementation of any changes to Chapters 22.33 and 22.63 as to the city-centered corridor streams, including Sleepy Hollow. The SHHA supports implementation of the proposed amendments to the San Geronimo Valley, to protect wildlife habitat in streams where Coho Salmon currently exist. The SHHA supports regulations to ensure the health and survival of the species in these areas. The SHHA recognizes the urgency of this matter to the San Geronimo Valley, both for the survival of the endangered and declining Coho population and for the property rights of the affected residents who are currently subject to a building moratorium.
    [Show full text]
  • Marathon 2,500 Years Edited by Christopher Carey & Michael Edwards
    MARATHON 2,500 YEARS EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SUPPLEMENT 124 DIRECTOR & GENERAL EDITOR: JOHN NORTH DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS: RICHARD SIMPSON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARATHON CONFERENCE 2010 EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2013 The cover image shows Persian warriors at Ishtar Gate, from before the fourth century BC. Pergamon Museum/Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. Photo Mohammed Shamma (2003). Used under CC‐BY terms. All rights reserved. This PDF edition published in 2019 First published in print in 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN: 978-1-905670-81-9 (2019 PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/1019.9781905670819 ISBN: 978-1-905670-52-9 (2013 paperback edition) ©2013 Institute of Classical Studies, University of London The right of contributors to be identified as the authors of the work published here has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Designed and typeset at the Institute of Classical Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory note 1 P. J. Rhodes The battle of Marathon and modern scholarship 3 Christopher Pelling Herodotus’ Marathon 23 Peter Krentz Marathon and the development of the exclusive hoplite phalanx 35 Andrej Petrovic The battle of Marathon in pre-Herodotean sources: on Marathon verse-inscriptions (IG I3 503/504; Seg Lvi 430) 45 V.
    [Show full text]
  • October 2017
    St. Mary of the St. Vincent’s ¿ En Que Consiste Angels School Welcomes El Rito Del Ukiah Religious Sisters Exorcismo? Page 21 Page 23 Pagina 18 NORTH COAST CATHOLIC The Newspaper of the Diocese of Santa Rosa • www.srdiocese.org • OCTOBER 2017 Noticias en español, pgs. 18-19 Pope Francis Launches Campaign to Encounter and Since early May Catholics around the diocese have been celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Apparitions of Our Welcome Migrants Lady of the Most Holy Rosary in Fatima. The Rosary: The Peace Plan by Elise Harris from Heaven Catholics are renewing Mary’s Rosary devotion as the Church commemorates the 100th anniversary of the Fatima apparitions by Peter Jesserer Smith (National Catholic Register) “Say the Rosary every day to bring peace to the world promised as the way to end the “war to end all wars.” and the end of the war.” The great guns of World War I have fallen silent, but One hundred years ago at a field in Fatima, Por- these words of Our Lady of the Rosary have endured. tugal, the Blessed Virgin Mary spoke those words to In this centenary year of Our Lady’s apparitions at three shepherd children. One thousand miles away, Fatima, as nations continue to teeter toward war and in the bloodstained fields of France, Europe’s proud strife, Catholics have been making a stronger effort to empires counted hundreds of thousands of their spread the devotion of the Rosary as a powerful way “Find that immigrant, just one, find out who they are,” youth killed and wounded in another battle vainly (see The Rosary, page 4) she said.
    [Show full text]
  • Thales of Miletus Sources and Interpretations Miletli Thales Kaynaklar Ve Yorumlar
    Thales of Miletus Sources and Interpretations Miletli Thales Kaynaklar ve Yorumlar David Pierce October , Matematics Department Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University Istanbul http://mat.msgsu.edu.tr/~dpierce/ Preface Here are notes of what I have been able to find or figure out about Thales of Miletus. They may be useful for anybody interested in Thales. They are not an essay, though they may lead to one. I focus mainly on the ancient sources that we have, and on the mathematics of Thales. I began this work in preparation to give one of several - minute talks at the Thales Meeting (Thales Buluşması) at the ruins of Miletus, now Milet, September , . The talks were in Turkish; the audience were from the general popu- lation. I chose for my title “Thales as the originator of the concept of proof” (Kanıt kavramının öncüsü olarak Thales). An English draft is in an appendix. The Thales Meeting was arranged by the Tourism Research Society (Turizm Araştırmaları Derneği, TURAD) and the office of the mayor of Didim. Part of Aydın province, the district of Didim encompasses the ancient cities of Priene and Miletus, along with the temple of Didyma. The temple was linked to Miletus, and Herodotus refers to it under the name of the family of priests, the Branchidae. I first visited Priene, Didyma, and Miletus in , when teaching at the Nesin Mathematics Village in Şirince, Selçuk, İzmir. The district of Selçuk contains also the ruins of Eph- esus, home town of Heraclitus. In , I drafted my Miletus talk in the Math Village. Since then, I have edited and added to these notes.
    [Show full text]
  • Meet the Philosophers of Ancient Greece
    Meet the Philosophers of Ancient Greece Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Ancient Greek Philosophy but didn’t Know Who to Ask Edited by Patricia F. O’Grady MEET THE PHILOSOPHERS OF ANCIENT GREECE Dedicated to the memory of Panagiotis, a humble man, who found pleasure when reading about the philosophers of Ancient Greece Meet the Philosophers of Ancient Greece Everything you always wanted to know about Ancient Greek philosophy but didn’t know who to ask Edited by PATRICIA F. O’GRADY Flinders University of South Australia © Patricia F. O’Grady 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Patricia F. O’Grady has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identi.ed as the editor of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East Suite 420 Union Road 101 Cherry Street Farnham Burlington Surrey, GU9 7PT VT 05401-4405 England USA Ashgate website: http://www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Meet the philosophers of ancient Greece: everything you always wanted to know about ancient Greek philosophy but didn’t know who to ask 1. Philosophy, Ancient 2. Philosophers – Greece 3. Greece – Intellectual life – To 146 B.C. I. O’Grady, Patricia F. 180 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Meet the philosophers of ancient Greece: everything you always wanted to know about ancient Greek philosophy but didn’t know who to ask / Patricia F.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcmaeon in Psophis
    Alcmaeon in Psophis Psophis was said to have been originally called Erymanthus, and its territory to have been ravaged by the Erymanthian Boar.Pausanias, "Description of Greece" viii. 24. § 2-10] [Hecat. "on Stephanus of Byzantium s.v." polytonic|Ψωφίς] [Apollodorus, ii. Alcmaeon (mythology) â” In Greek mythology, Alcmaeon, or Alkmáon, was the son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. As one of the Epigoni, he was a leader of the Argives who attacked Thebes, taking the city in retaliation for the deaths of their fathers, the Seven Against Thebes ⦠Alcmaeon in Psophis. Year: between 180 and 200 AD. Scripts: Alcmaeon in Psophis by Euripides. Genres: Tragedy. Psophis. How to cite this ancient performance. Alcmaeon in Psophis, accessed at http://www.apgrd.ox.ac.uk/ancient- performance/performance/98 <16 September 2018>. Alcmaeon in Psophis (Ancient Greek: Ἀλκμαίων ὠδιὰ Ψωφῖδος, AlkmaiÅn ho dia Psophidos) is a play by Athenian playwright Euripides. The play has been lost except for a few surviving fragments. It was first produced in 438 BCE in a tetralogy that also included the extant Alcestis and the lost Cretan Women and Telephus. The story is believed to have incorporated the death of Argive hero Alcmaeon.[1]. Alcmaeon in Psophis. Alcmaeon (mythology)'s wiki: In Greek mythology, Alcmaeon (Greek: Ἀλκμαίων), was the son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. As one of the Epigoni, he was a leader of the Argives who attacked Thebes, taking the city in retaliation for the deaths of their fathers, the Seven Against Thebes, wh.
    [Show full text]