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Inhalt_Einleitung.qxd 03.12.2010 10:29 Seite 1 World Heritage and Cultural Diversity Editors German Commission for UNESCO Dieter Offenhäußer Brandenburg University of Technology at Cottbus Walther Ch. Zimmerli UNESCO Chair in Heritage Studies Marie-Theres Albert Inhalt_Einleitung.qxd 03.12.2010 10:29 Seite 2 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de Copyediting and proofreading: Caroline Lawrence Layout and printing: DRUCKZONE GmbH & Co. KG, Cottbus © German Commission for UNESCO, 2010 Printed in Germany ISBN: 978-3-940785-20-6 Inhalt_Einleitung.qxd 03.12.2010 10:29 Seite 3 Scientific Peer Review Committee The editors of this book were supported by an independent Scientific Peer Review Committee composed of recognized experts in the field of heritage research. We therefore wish to thank Robyn Bushell, Lodovico Folin Calabi, Thomas Heyd, Peter Howard, Klaus Hüfner, Jukka Jokilehto, Lothar Jordan, Reinhard Kleßen, York Langenstein, Jutta Ströter-Bender and Andrea Witcomb. The committee reviewed, evaluated, ranked and rated research papers based on internationally established procedures and guidelines. Inhalt_Einleitung.qxd 03.12.2010 10:29 Seite 4 Inhalt_Einleitung.qxd 03.12.2010 10:29 Seite 5 Contents Prefaces 10 Walter Hirche 11 Walther Ch. Zimmerli 13 Francesco Bandarin Prologue 15 Stella Chiweshe Intangible Musical Heritage Introduction 17 Marie-Theres Albert World Heritage and Cultural Diversity: What Do they Have in Common? Part 1: Setting the Framework 24 Mounir Bouchenaki World Heritage and Cultural Diversity: Challenges for University Education 32 Dieter Offenhäußer UNESCO's World Heritage Programme – Reasons for its Popularity 35 Birgitta Ringbeck On the Future of the World Heritage Convention 38 William Stewart Logan Development of World Heritage Studies in University Education 5 Inhalt_Einleitung.qxd 03.12.2010 10:29 Seite 6 Part 2: Heritage in Time and Space 46 Margarita Hiebaum-Fichtl, Ruifan Yang Preface Standard References 50 Geneviève Susemihl Transnational and Transcultural Movements and World Heritage 59 Alice Halsdorfer Flight, Displacement, Exile and Migration: How to Represent Such Complex and Multifaceted Phenomena at World Heritage Sites? 69 Caroline Robertson-von Trotha, Robert Hauser UNESCO and Digitalized Heritage: New Heritage – New Challenges 79 Barbara Engels Serial Natural Heritage Sites: A Model to Enhance Diversity of World Heritage? 85 Susanne von der Heide Aspects of Transcultural Movements along the Ancient Trade Routes of the Himalayas 94 Jacek Purchla Towards a Heritage Preservation System: The Dilemmas of Poland's Transformation Part 3: Tangible and Intangible Expressions of Heritage 100 Konstantin Wenzel Preface 6 Inhalt_Einleitung.qxd 03.12.2010 10:29 Seite 7 Standard References 104 Britta Rudolff Local Identity on the Global Stage: The Challenges of Representing Diversity 112 Christina Cameron World Heritage Sites of Conscience and Memory 120 Jagdish S. Gundara Religious and Cultural Diversity and World Heritage in Modern Constitutional States 129 Judith Herrmann Tolerance and Diversity Case Studies 138 Huang Ziming Indian Classical Dance in the Secular Context of a Multi-Ethnic Society in Singapore 146 Ulrich Schaaf The Silesian Lutheran Churches of Peace in Jawor and Swidnica:´ Symbol of the Struggle for Religious Freedom or Witnesses of Religious Tolerance? Part 4: Political Dimensions of Heritage 156 Ellen Lekka, Marc Wohlrabe Preface Standard References 160 Christian Manhart UNESCO's Fight against Illicit Traffic of Cultural Property, Restitution and Needs of Museums in Developing Countries 7 Inhalt_Einleitung.qxd 03.12.2010 10:29 Seite 8 164 Christoff Jenschke Obligation to Restitute objets d'art According to the First Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention versus National Immunity from Seizure 167 Stefan Disko World Heritage Sites in Indigenous Peoples' Territories: Ways of Ensuring Respect for Indigenous Cultures, Values and Human Rights Case Studies 180 William Xiaojun Wei, Mathew Levitt The Qing Bronze Heads Case: Problems and Suggestions Regarding the Repatriation of Cultural Property 186 Nadia Capuzzo Derkovi´c Dealing With the Past: The Role of Cultural Heritage Preservation and Monuments in a Post-Conflict Society Part 5: Cultural Landscapes and Sustainable Development 192 Marie-Theres Albert Preface Standard References 196 Mechtild Rössler World Heritage and Sustainable Development: The Case of Cultural Landscapes 203 Michael Turner The Perception of Urban Space as Landscape: From Site to Space and Scape 8 Inhalt_Einleitung.qxd 03.12.2010 10:29 Seite 9 213 Steven Yieke Ojoo Indigenous Interpretation of the Luo Cultural Landscapes 225 Ana Pereira Roders, Ron van Oers Outstanding Universal Value, World Heritage Cities and Sustainability: Mapping Assessment Processes Case Studies 238 Shadi Azizi, Nader Afzalan, Mahda Mohammadbagher A Case Study of Cultural Landscape as a Potential for Sustainable Development of Local Scale: Garme Village Redevelopment 245 Yuri L. Mazurov Challenge of Climate Change for Historical Heritage: Monitoring and Reporting in the Russian Federation 252 Thomas Raab, Alexandra Raab Impacts of Early Land Use and Mining on River Landscapes 262 Authors and Members of the Scientific Peer Review Committee 9 Inhalt_Einleitung.qxd 03.12.2010 10:29 Seite 10 Walter Hirche Preface With the international conference on World Heritage and The symposium took place on the occasion of the inauguration Cultural Diversity – Challenges for University Education, the of the UNESCO Chair in Heritage Studies. In 2003, UNESCO international Master's programme World Heritage Studies at recognized the success of the Chair in Intercultural Studies at Brandenburg University of Technology at Cottbus celebrated its Cottbus University, which was heading the Master's programme 10 th anniversary in October 2009. This innovative and unique World Heritage Studies until 2009, by awarding the title of interdisciplinary study course is primarily based on the World UNESCO Chair, thereby integrating Chair and study course into Heritage Convention adopted by UNESCO in 1972. The Con- the international network of UNESCO Chairs to foster university vention defines the commitment to preserve cultural and natural cooperation worldwide. sites of “outstanding universal value” as heritage of humanity for present and future generations. In it the educational mandate of The international conference stands in a long tradition of the World Heritage and the idea of sustainability, of a responsible very successful collaboration between the Chair in Intercultural and future-oriented handling of our heritage, are placed. In this Studies, the UNESCO Chair in Heritage Studies and the Ger- respect the study course follows the request to lead young man Commission for UNESCO. Over recent years several con- people to constructively engage with the socio-economic, cultur- ferences have been jointly organized and publications designed al, ecological, political and technical challenges that are con- to celebrate the significance of World Heritage and to actively nected with the protection of heritage. Priority is given to captur- participate in the definition and application of terms and ing World Heritage in its complex diversity, which means the methods in the field of heritage protection. I wish to express my physical polymorphy of heritage, the significance of its immate- sincere congratulations to the Chair for its important contribution rial aspects, as well as its contribution to intercultural dialogue to the success of the World Heritage Studies course, which it has and mutual understanding. headed for the past ten years. World Heritage education is therefore attributed high signifi- Now, it is my pleasure to commend the publication associated cance. This was already acknowledged in the Cottbus Declara- with this conference, which will, I feel sure, provide interesting tion, which was adopted at the symposium on Constructing and intriguing insights into World Heritage. World Heritage in Cottbus on 5 June 2004: “The protection and safeguarding of the heritage of mankind is a central task for all societies and hence also a task for universi- Minister (retd) Walter Hirche ties and schools. To that end, innovative forms of education and President of the German Commission for UNESCO advanced professional training are required, such as inter- national, intercultural, and interdisciplinary study programmes. Knowledge about World Heritage should be implemented in all university and school curricula.” 10 Inhalt_Einleitung.qxd 03.12.2010 10:29 Seite 11 Walther Ch. Zimmerli A philosophical preface By “culture” on the one hand we understand both the process of there is a necessary relation between the past, its reflection in transformation of nature by human beings and the results of this history and the future. “The future needs the past” is just one way transformation. The very notion of culture thus comprises the of expressing this strong mutual dependence of the two temporal whole range from physical to intellectual transformation, from dimensions constitutive of humanity. “tangible” to “intangible”. Reflecting on the fact that human beings are not just transform- Human beings on the other hand are but transformers of nature ing nature into culture, but also the future into the past, there is into culture. At the
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