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Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1979-1984

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Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1979-1984 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, I9794984 A Chronology by Bette R. Janson and Eleanor H. Ritchie THE NASA HISTORY SERIES National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Management NASA Scientific and Technical information Division Washington, DC 1990 NASA maintains an internal history program for two principal reasons. (1) Spon- sorship of research in NASA-related history is one wiy in which NASA responds to the provision of the National Aeronautics and :Space Act of 1958 that re- quires NASA to “provide for the widest practicable and appropriate dissemina- tion of information concerning its activities and the results thereof.” (2) Thoughtful study of NASA history can help agency managers accomplish the missions assigned to the agency. Understanding NASA’s past aids in understan- ding its present situation and illuminates possible future directions. Selection of items for inclusion in the chronology is the responsibility of the History Office employee assigned to assemble them; omission or manner of treatment has no relationship to agency policy. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (paper cover). Library of Congress catalog number 656038 Preface Astronautics ana' Aeronautics for 159-1984 completes the series of annual chronologies of events in aeronautics, aviation, and space science and explora- tion prepared by the History Division of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration since 1961. The concluding volume of the series, Astronautics and Aeronautics for 1985, was published in 1988. The present volume was written by Bette R. Janson and Eleanor H. Ritchie under the editorial supervision of the director of the NASA History Division. Items for inclusion in this volume were collected by Eleanor H. Ritchie and Lee D. Saegesser of the NASA History Division. As with any work of this nature, its extensive scope has made the use of primary sources prohibitive. Thus, entries are based largely on normally reliable secondary sources. All entries are followed by their sources to provide resear- chers guides for further investigations. Sylvia D. Fries July 1989 Director, NASA History Division Washington, D.C. ... 111 Contents Page ... Preface ..................................................... Astronautics and Aeronautics. 1979 ........................ 1 Astronautics and Aeronautics. 1980 ........................... 101 Astronautics and Aeronautics. 1981 ........................... 247 Astronautics and Aeronautics. 1982 ........................... 319 Astronautics and Aeronautics. 1983 ........................... 389 Astronautics and Aeronautics. 1984 ........................... 457 Appendix A ................................... ..... 527 Satellites. Space Probes. and Manned Space Flight. 1979 ..... 529 Satellites. Space Probes. and Manned Space Flight. 1980 ..... 549 Satellites. Space Probes. and Manned Space Flight. 1981 ..... 571 Satellites. Space Probes. and Manned Space Flight. 1982 ..... 599 Satellites. Space Probes. and Manned Space Flight. 1983 ..... 625 Satellites. Space Probes. and Manned Space Flight. 1984 653 Appendix B Major NASA Launches. 1979-1984 ........................ 683 Appendix C Abbreviations of References ...................... 699 Index ................................................... 707 The NASA History Series ........................ .... 777 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1979 Januapy January I: The International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (IN- TELSAT) announced that this week it would complete taking over all of its own managerial and operational activities, performed by the U.S. Com- munications Satellite Corporation (ComSatCorp) since INTELSAT’s foun- ding in 1964. ComSatCorp had been handing back responsibilities gradually since 1973 and would continue to provide technical and laboratory services under contract. Jobs done by ComSatCorp had included procuring spacecraft and launch services, operating and maintaining facilities, carrying out technical studies, and performing research and development. This would be the first time in INTELSAT history that it would incorporate all of its own executive functions, both administrative and technical. (INTELSAT Release 79-1-1) January 2: Wire services reported that an explosion that damaged a Space Shuttle engine during test firing at Bay St. Louis, Miss., on December 27 might delay the first Shuttle launch, now scheduled for the end of September. Further tests would await determining the cause of the accident-apparently failure of a valve in a high-pressure pump feeding oxygen to a combustion chamber. The engine had completed 255 seconds of a 52-second test firing when the pump exploded, damaging the engine, and NASA would also need 3 to 4 weeks to repair damage to the test stand. Last September, when NASA announced delay of the first launch, originally scheduled for March, Associate Administrator John F. Yardley warned of further delays “if unfore- seen problems arise or the tests are not entirely successful.” (NY Ernes, Jan 2/79 [UPI], A-13; W Post, Jan 4/79 [AP], A-2) January 3: George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) announced that the five “payload specialists” selected last July to operate experiments on the first Spacelab mission in 1981 would begin training January 9 at seven cities in the United States and two in Canada. Selection and training of non-NASA scientists to fly in space was a “famous first” for NASA; the scientists chosen by their colleagues having experiments aboard the Spacelab would be the first noncareer astronauts and would include the first Western Europeans and the first non-U.S. citizens to fly on a U.S. space mission. Three payload specialists were Europeans: Ulf Merbold of West Germany, representing Max-Planck Institute of Stuttgart; Claude Nicollier of Switzerland, represen- ting Europe’s Space Technology Center (ESTEC); and Wubbo Ockels of the Netherlands, representing Groenigen University. U.S. selectees were Michael L. Lampton of the University of California at Berkeley and Byron K. ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS JANUARY 19m Lichtenberg of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Since Oc- tober 1978, the five had been in Europe learning to operate experiments designed by European scientists. Two of the selectees would actually fly on Spacelab 1, and the other three would operate the experiment equipment on earth. Spacelab 1 would carry 40 instruments, about equally divided between NASA and European Space Agency (ESA) experiments in terms of weight, volume, and power requirements; fields of investigation would include solar physics, space plasma physics, stratosphere and upper-atmosphere physics, biology, medicine, astronomy, earth observation, materials processing, and technology areas, such as thermodynamics and lubrication. After leaving MSFC, the trainees would visit Redondo Beach (Calif.), the Johnson Space Center (JSC), Philadelphia, Boston, and Montreal (Quebec) and Toronto (On- tario) in Canada; return to JSC in Houston; visit Pa10 Alto, Calif; and be back at MSFC in Huntsville on March 22. (MSFC Releases 79-1, 79-4) MSFC reported that a delegation from the People‘s Republic of China (PRC) visiting the United States since November would arrive at MSFC January 5 to investigate peaceful uses of space technology. Following up a visit to the PRC last July by Presidential Science Advisor Dr. Frank Press, the Chinese delegation, accompanied by NASA representatives, had visited several NASA centers and U.S. aerospace industry establishments. Among items of interest to the visitors at MSFC would be the Space Shuttle orbiter Enterprise, cur- rently undergoing tests. The PRC representatives were to be in the United States until mid-January and had concluded an informal agreement on developing a civilian com- munications system for the PRC and on buying equipment to receive Earth resources data from Landsat remote-sensing satelllites. NASA Administrator Dr. Robert A. Frosch headed the U.S. delegation, and Dr. Jen Xin-min, direc- tor of the PRC’s Academy of Space Technology, headed the PRC delegation. (MSFC Release 79-2) Januaiy 7: The Nav York Ernes reported that a huge international scientific project supported by 147 nations would begin this week. The $500 million Global Weather Experiment (GWE), part of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP), would be a joint effort of the World Meteorological Organization and the International Council of Scientific Unions, financed by the meteorological group. It would expand the existing World Weather Watch, now generating more than 40,000 daily observations, by using 10 satellites, 50 research vessels, 110 aircraft, 300 high-altitude c onstant-level balloons, and 300 instrumented ocean buoys, in addition to other measuring devices. The widely dispersed instruments and large numbers of scientists would study seasonal weather cycles in Earth’s atmosphere and would gauge the practical limits of present technology for weather forecasting, to compile what would be the most complete record of global weather data ever attempted. A JANUARY 1979 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS Twice daily, about 50 oceanographic research ships from 22 nations would release balloon-borne packages for atmosphere measurements; U. S. resear- chers would release 150 balloons in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans to monitor winds and temperatures at an altitude of 47,000 feet. Satellites would record wind forces and directions by photographing changes in cloud shapes and positions; they and other spacecraft
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