The Undergraduate and the Harvard Library, 1877-1937
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The undergraduate and the Harvard Library, 1877-1937 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Lovett, Robert W. 1947. The undergraduate and the Harvard Library, 1877-1937. Harvard Library Bulletin I (2), Spring 1947: 221-237. Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37363315 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA ' The Undergraduate and the Harvard Libr;:1ry,1877-1937 ETvVEEN 1877 and 1937 the 'Harvard Library grew from a collection of 414, 2_1 5 volumes ~d pa1nphlets, the b~lk of them kept in a building already forty years old and open only during daylight hours, to a collection of 3,863, 1 50, scattered for convenience in many placest but the greater part housed in a re1atively modem building, kept open until ten at night~1 Of course the undergraduate enrollment increased dUI!ng this time too; from 813 to 3,735, to be exact. But whereas there v;rere 509 books for each undergraduate in I 877, there were 1 1034 in 193 7. However 1 had the complexities inherent in a great collection of books offset the more liberal provision of material?' Both the Faculty and the students were aware of this problem and attempted in various ,vaysto meet it. These included, in the early part of the period under consideration, subscription libraries managed by the students, and reserved books; later, class-room and laboratory libraries; and finally, Widener's great reading room~ a. separatc library for freshmen, and the Ho use libraries4 No one of these ,vas ever the complete answ~, but during two thirds of the period the rnajn effort was directed towards the attainment of a single large reading roomt ,vhile it has been of recent years that the value of smru.ler,more stratcgica11yplaced libraries has been realized. Changing methods of instruction have been reflected in the library system; and through all the expedients,.the gropings, the heated cussions, real contributions to librarianship and to cducation have emerged. The modcr11conception of the relation of the college library to the undergraduate is generally credited to Justin l1/insor, who· becan1e Librarjan in 1877, after nine fruitful years a.shead of the Boston Public Library. But just as some· of Presidcn t Eliot"s ref onns were fore- shadowed during the administration of his predecessor1 Thomas Hill, so some of Winsor's were attempted nndcr Library Sib1ey,though not, . probably~ with his wholehearted consent4 The obstacles to the free i These .figures include all the Uni vcrsity Librariest for may use the Departmental Libraries, i£ nec~ary, and c11rdsfor these libraries appear in the • Union Ca.talogue at ,:Videner. I .22J _. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume I, Number 2 (Spring 1947) 122 Harvard Library Bulletin use of books by students from the building of the second 1--Iarvard Hall to the reciren1entof S1bleyhave been portrayed by the present Librarian in a preceding article. 2 One compensating factor, as he points out, was the 'society libraries of the students\ in 187 3, the last year they appear in the co1lege catalogue, they numbered 1 6,.000 vol- umes4 But these ,vere not avail-ableto a11students, no.r could they kec p up with current pub] ications. Acc~rdingly,. ·in r 872., the students or- ganized their own Rea.ding Room fusociation, designed to supply current newspapers and periodicals for the sum of tw'o dollru"'Sa year. The Harvard Advocate took up the cause; President Eliot agreed to allow the use of the lower floor of 1'.1assachusetts I-Ia114Four hundred subscriptions were raised, enough to furnish the room, to pay a. .sopho- more curator $~.fo a week, and to buy subscriptions tq a respectable numb er of newsp apersj including f orcign. But difficulties soon arose over persons who tried to use the room without subscribing. And after a ]apse in 1 879 and a reorganization in r 883) the Association dis• solved for good in 1884. 3 Presumably the newspapers ,vent to the CollegeLibrary. Another library open ~nly to subscribers ,vas that of the Harvard Union 1 established in 19or. That too finally was taken over by the U niversiry-; quite Iightl y, libraries-by-subs-cription were not to be the ans,ver to the problem of tbe student and the library. The introduction of the reserved book system, and of the n1et~ ods of teaching ,v-hichit implies,.was first undertaken by·Professors Henry Torrey nnd Henry Adatns of the History Department.. Vliiting 'in the Boston Evening Transcript of 5 Novcn1ber 1913.,'K.V.s4~ recalls: 'There came Torrey, watchful for his history a1covethat it be supplied with everything new and valuable.... It ,vashe who first took down the ''No admittance,, bars and opened his alcove for the free access of his students1 p1acingin it tables and chairs.,and making it attractive~that hls classes might love to live with the books and not merely· refer to them/ The conrribution of Hemy Adams to the ne,v methods of teaching is ,vell known; he describes it hirnself in the Education: 'Since • no textbooks existed, the professor refused to profess, knovling no more than his students, and they read ,vhat they pleased and com- • Keye."'D~ Metcalft 'The Undergradu~te and the Harvard Lihrary 1 r76;-1877/ Harvard Library Bulletin. 1 (1947)~ 29-51. 1 Notes on the new reading room a ppeaf in the Advocate for 21 Decetn be.r 1871,, 9 and 20 F ebrn ary and 2 .2 hf arch J 8 72~ The annu~l H arva-rd Index con rains lists of offi.ccr5 of the Assa ciation~ ,. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume I, Number 2 (Spring 1947) \ The Undergradffllte and the Harvard Library,'"1877-1.937 22 3 pared their ,results., 4 D issacisfiedwith conditions in the Library, Adams in 1875 addressed the f ollo,ving petition to the Corporation: Th~ Under-signed*Assistant Prof cssor of History, respectfully presents the following peti ti.on to the H onorab1e the Corporation of Harvard College. The Undersigned has the duty of instructing a number of students in the de- partment of Hjstory. He requires of them that each one shall use to the utmost possible extent the resources of the College Library. Without doing so, they cannot acquire the t;rniningwhich it is bis principal object to gi ~e them. As the Library js at present arranged it is impossible for th em to use it to proper advantage. The students req uirc room, e.specinlly ta ble-roo1n, which is not given them. The Undersigned respectfully represents that this j nconvenience is ,vholly unnecessary. One half the floor of the library is now occupied by show-casesi standst or other .fixrures)which do not necessarily belong there and which add nothing to the prop er usefulness of the institution. The Undersigned respectfully requests that these cases, &ct may be removed and that a long table may, so soon as the Honorable ·Corporation think proper, be substituted. If thls be done, the Undersigned believes that the students wUl have sufficjcnt accommodation for all their immediate wants. Respectfully presented Cambridge4 14 Deer. 187s /sf Henry Adams~ I The petition brought action, for Pr~ident Eliot., in his report for I 876-,7, states that the floor has been cleared and (is to be given up entirely to the accommodation of persons ,vho are consulting books.' Justin Winsor, himself a scho]ar., approved completely of the ne,v methods of teaching and the system of reserved books. An excellent statement of rusattitude is to be f oond in his preliminar)r report to President Eliot., for .1876-77: 'Books may be accumulated and guarded, and the result is sometimes called a library: but if books are made to help and spur men on in their o,vn daily work, the library becomes a vital influence; the prison is turned into a ,vorkshop4 ~'insor soon did away,. as he had already done at the Boston Public Library, with the calling in of books for annual examination and the closing of the Library for cleaning. He inaugurated a SJrstem of (Notes and Queries,' where~y questions could be posted, for anyone ,vith the requisite in- formation to answer. By 1 880 students were being admitted to the ' The Education of H e12ry A d~111s( Boston and New Y or~ 191 8), p- 3,0l 1 11;This petitlont with similar docum.ents quoted in thfa account, is preserved in the Harvard University Archives. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume I, Number 2 (Spring 1947) ... .. Harvard Library Bulletin : I stacks; tickets ,vcre given·for limited periods of time... Of his extension of the alcove and reserved book collections, he writes in his first com- plete report 1 for r 8 77-78: : I; The students can hand]e-this abso]ute contact with books js, in my .judg- ment, humanlzing - the newer books, as they stand on ~ertain shelves~ fo.r e. while after their accession; and alcoves~ with tables, ar~ also given to an ever- changing collection of books, designated by the several professors as -collaterel reading for th cir classes.