Landscapes of Remembrance Register of Parks and Gardens Selection Guide Summary

Historic England’s selection guides help to define which historic buildings and sites are likely to meet the relevant tests for national designation. Four guides, of which this is one, deal with the types of site included on Historic England’s Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England which is a constituent part of the National Heritage List for England.

Each guide falls into two halves. The first defines the types of site included in it, before going on to give a brisk overview of how these developed through time, with notice of the main designers and some of the key sites. The second half of the guide sets out the particular tests a site has to meet if it is to be included on the Register. A select bibliography gives suggestions for further reading.

This guide covers Landscapes of Remembrance, that is the designed landscapes of cemeteries and burial grounds of all sorts. The other three guides treat Rural, Urban, and Institutional landscapes.

First published by English Heritage March 2013.

This edition published by Historic England December 2017. All images © Historic England unless otherwise stated.

HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/

Front cover Brookwood (Surrey). One of England’s largest, and greatest, cemeteries. A Grade I landscape on the Register of Parks and Gardens. Contents

Introduction...... 1 4 Select Bibliography...... 14

4.1 General...... 14 1 Historical Summary...... 2 4.2 Websites...... 14

1.1 Churchyards...... 2 1.2 Non-Anglican burial grounds...... 3 5 Where to Get Advice...... 15 1.3 Cemeteries...... 4 1.4 Crematoria ...... 6 1.5 Military cemeteries...... 8 Acknowledgements...... 16 1.6 Emergency mass burial grounds...... 9 1.7 Institutional burial grounds...... 9 1.8 Family mausolea ...... 9

2 Criteria for Registration...... 10

2.1 Date and rarity ...... 10 2.2 Further considerations...... 10

3 Specific Considerations...... 11

3.1 Pre-Victorian burial grounds ...... 11 3.2 Early nineteenth-century cemeteries...... 11 3.3 High Victorian and Edwardian municipal cemeteries...... 12 3.4 The twentieth-century funerary landscape...... 12 3.5 Military cemeteries ...... 12 3.6 Documentation ...... 12 3.7 Group value and survival...... 12 3.8 Planting...... 13 3.9 Grading...... 13 3.10 Other designations...... 13 Introduction

The Register of Historic Parks and Gardens This is one of four complementary selection of Special Historic Interest in England (now guides which briefly describe the types of a component of the National Heritage List designed landscape included on the Register, for England) was set up in 1983. It includes and set out selection criteria for designation. This designed landscapes of many types, private guide covers burial grounds and cemeteries of and public, which are identified using explicit various different types, as more fully set out at criteria to possess special interest. To date the head of the Historical Summary. The other over 1650 sites have been included on the three guides treat Rural, Institutional and Urban Register. Thereby Historic England seeks to designed landscapes. The last includes a brief increase awareness of their significance, and to consideration of municipal parks associated with encourage appropriate long-term management. remembrance. The listing of buildings in designed Although registration is a statutory designation, landscapes is considered in the Garden and Park there are no specific controls for registered Structures selection guide, and the scheduling parks and gardens unlike listed buildings or of archaeological garden remains, principally but scheduled monuments. However, the National not exclusively earthwork remains, is dealt with in Planning Policy Framework, gives registered the Gardens scheduling selection guide. parks and gardens an equal policy status with listed buildings and scheduled monuments.

1 1 Historical Summary

Funerary landscapes can be divided into eight distinct types: churchyards, non-Anglican burial grounds, cemeteries, crematoria, military cemeteries, burial grounds attached to specific institutions, ‘emergency’ mass burial grounds and family mausolea in private grounds.

1.1 Churchyards churchyards constituted a preferred option to the establishment of a new cemetery. Indeed, in 1867, Churchyards constitute some of our most sensitive the Churchyard Consecration Act simplified the historical open spaces, and a high proportion conveyancing procedure for the donation of land have Anglo-Saxon origins. Many, both rural and for churchyards. The Act specified that the donor urban, occupy clearly-planned compartments could retain one sixth of the donated portion for in settlements, and in the Middle Ages were private usage, and as a consequence some open spaces used for a variety of functions, churchyard extensions include fenced enclaves. generally without permanent grave markers until Churchyard extension was commonplace, partly as the seventeenth century or later. Churchyards are places with natural, as well as man-made, importance. Many of England’s oldest yew trees stand in churchyards, although just why this should be, and their true age, remains uncertain. Few churchyards appear to have been laid out as formal designed landscapes. Occasionally Georgian ornamental planting – tree-lined paths, for instance – is evidenced, and Painswick (Gloucestershire; registered Grade II*; Fig 1) is a rare example where this survives in dramatic form.

In the mid nineteenth century churchyards lost their near-monopoly on burial. Some, especially in towns, were closed, while others followed the trends set by private and municipal cemeteries as they gained elaborate monuments and Figure 1 ornamental, largely evergreen, planting such Painswick Churchyard, Gloucestershire. Probably as Irish yews. In line with Victorian piety, ‘God’s the finest churchyard in the country, displaying the Georgian Cotswold memorial tradition to fine effect. Acre’ was treated with greater reverence, and The formal clipped yews, planted about 1792, show appreciated also for its picturesque qualities the contribution made by trees in commemorative and antiquarian interest. In the second half landscapes. Exceptionally for a churchyard this is of the nineteenth century, the extension of registered as a designed landscape, at Grade II.

1 < < Contents 2 Figure 2 Figure 3 St George’s Gardens, London Borough of Camden. Bunhill Fields, London Borough of Islington. One of the Opened in 1713, this was a new kind of Anglican capital’s earliest, and historically richest, nonconformist burial ground – a suburban cemetery along the burial grounds. Interment here was started in 1666, Roman model of being situated on the edge of the and there are now some 2,000 memorials. Seventy- city, in the pasturelands of Bloomsbury. Registered five tombs, along with the boundary walls, railings Grade II*. and gates, are listed at Grades II* and II. The whole is registered at Grade I.

a consequence of investment in complex memorials, 1.2 Non-Anglican burial grounds which used up space in the churchyard rapidly, and partly because of population growth. After the Reformation a few private Catholic chapels and burial grounds continued to be used As the nineteenth century progressed, some for burial by adherents to the Old Faith, although vestries attempted to implement cemetery heavy penalties meant few burial registers were management guidance within new churchyard kept. Burial grounds (graveyards without a extensions, and parish records and visual survey principal place of worship) emerged in the later can evidence the introduction of a more rational seventeenth century as deliberately separate approach to land use. In many churchyards, enclaves for the burial of the dead from minority the complexity of the Victorian landscape has faiths such as such Quakers, Jews and Moravians regrettably disappeared as a consequence of which did not belong to the Church of England. successive clearance programmes, which have in Early burial grounds include London’s imposing particular targeted the levelling of body mounds Bunhill Fields (opened 1656; registered Grade I; and removal of kerbsets. Large-scale churchyard Fig 3), and the Velho Jewish burial ground on re-ordering has occasionally introduced some Mile End Road, London (opened 1657; registered landscaping opportunities that in themselves may Grade II). Early burial grounds tended to be small, merit conservation: for example, the churchyard functional, urban enclosures in which landscaping of St John the Baptist at Knaresborough (North and planting were generally minimal, with plain Yorkshire) was cleared ‘by design’ according to head-stones modestly reflecting sepulchral plans produced by the renowned designer Sylvia humility. However, as the nineteenth century Crowe in the early 1970s. progressed, these grounds also became subject to changing demand for formal commemoration. The Old Baptist Chapel burial ground at Tewkesbury – in use from 1655 – is one example where nineteenth-century memorials are little different from those in municipal cemeteries.

< < Contents 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Histon Road Cemetery, Cambridge. Although this Kensal Green Cemetery, Royal Borough of Kensington has lost its chapel, it is included on the Register and Chelsea, London. Opened in 1833, this is the at Grade II as the best example of a cemetery designed oldest of the ‘Magnificent Seven’ private cemeteries by J C Loudon (d.1843), the leading proponent of which served London. Some 250,000 people are cemetery improvement. Typical features include buried here, including 550 who appear in the Oxford the straight paths, neatly-ordered graves and Dictionary of National Biography. Registered Grade I. sombre planting.

1.3 Cemeteries publicised health fears. The rise of sentimental piety and a growing emphasis on seemliness also Planned detached cemeteries (as opposed to played their part. overflow burial grounds, in confined spaces) were laid out from the earlier seventeenth century – Cemeteries emerged as a new form of arcadian Exeter’s Bartholomew Yard (registered Grade II*) funerary landscape, combining the incident- of the 1630s is the earliest known – while St dotted circuits of the private park with the George’s Gardens (registered Grade II*; Fig 2) religious and didactic monuments of the opened in 1714 as the Anglican burial ground for churchyard. Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris Bloomsbury, is regarded as the first deliberately (opened 1804) in part influenced J C Loudon’s planned Anglican cemetery in England. On the Laying Out, Planting and Managing of Cemeteries (1843), which promoted a more 1.3.1 Early private company cemeteries regimented approach to cemetery management. What is generally reckoned the first non- Loudon aimed to meet sanitary requirements denominational cemetery in England is The from burial space whilst at the same time offering Rosary, Norwich, (registered Grade II*), founded an attractive and instructive landscape (Fig 4). in 1819. It was to be a cemetery where people were free to be buried with the religious service of In England the general model was for their choice, or none at all. Over the next decade, cemeteries to be constructed by private joint several further non-denominational cemeteries stock companies, as in the case of St. James’s were founded by Nonconformists in English towns Cemetery, Liverpool, opened 1829 (registered and cities. But what in general lay behind the Grade I) and what is perhaps the best-known opening of new cemeteries in the last years of the example, at Kensal Green, London, opened in Georgian epoch in the 1820s and 1830s was the 1833 (registered Grade I; Fig 5). The Neoclassical need for more burial space in towns and cities character of these early foundations was where much-increased populations overwhelmed joined from the later 1830s onwards by stylistic the existing churchyards giving rise to much eclecticism, with the provision of Gothic and

3 < < Contents 4 Egyptian structures and a proliferation of space in the cemetery, created a context for the diverse, privately-erected, monuments. Lay-out erection of more elaborate monuments. Boards combined formal axial routes with meandering generally established hierarchies of graves which or serpentine pathways, often with separate ranged from the formal and imposing, situated zones for Anglicans (with a chapel in the Gothic along the principal avenues, to public graves style) and Nonconformists (whose chapel was in less prominent areas, where families were typically Neoclassical). Financial difficulties for generally not permitted to erect a memorial. the cemetery companies meant that in time there was a collapse in investment in maintenance: the Early sections were frequently joined later majority of original private company cemeteries by later nineteenth- and twentieth-century are now protected by designation and managed extensions which can possess a different by active Friends groups, after years of neglect. character in terms of layout and planting. The grander municipal cemeteries, like their 1.3.2 High Victorian and Edwardian municipal commercial inspirations, aimed at an opulent cemeteries effect through imposing gateways, chapels and The Public Health Act 1848 created a framework planting, but this gave way during the later for the closure of insanitary burial spaces, and twentieth century to a much leaner approach to Burial Acts in 1852 and 1853 empowered vestries upkeep which involved the demolition of disused to establish new cemeteries funded through buildings, the in-filling of pathways, and the loans raised against the rates. The burial boards abandonment of elaborate planting schemes, which were then created to administer these which has transformed their appearance. new cemeteries took their cue from the private establishments of the earlier period, in offering 1.3.3 The twentieth-century funerary landscape the sale of burial rights in perpetuity. This degree The twentieth century saw the emergence of of permanency, in addition to a growing cultural new and distinct landscapes of commemoration. aversion to disintering bodies in order to re-use Victorian excess was deemed by some to be

Figure 6 Figure 7 York Cemetery was opened in 1836-7 by the Warstone Lane Cemetery, Birmingham, was opened in York General Cemetery Company. Contributing 1848 primarily for Anglicans; the nearby Key Hill Cemetery to its special interest is its Grade II*-listed (Registered Grade II*), opened 1836, was predominantly chapel of 1837 by J.P. Pritchett, with basement a nonconformist burial ground. Warstone Lane Cemetery catacombs. Registered Grade II*. lies alongside the city’s Jewellery Quarter, and contains the tombs of many industrialists and craftsmen. These catacombs adjoined the demolished cemetery chapel. Registered Grade II.

< < Contents 5 insincere and obsessed with social status. 1.4 Crematoria The modern lawn cemetery emerged as a new ideal, in which the tradition of mounded Cremation was legalised in 1884, the first legal graves was replaced by flat lawn which made cremation took place in 1885, at a crematorium maintenance easier to achieve, particularly founded by the Cremation Society of Great where new mowing equipment was introduced. Britain, at Woking (Surrey; Grade II). An Act of Maintenance was further eased by the removal 1902 empowered the construction of crematoria of kerbsets delineating the grave. Monuments by local authorities. Hilary Grainger’s Death were deliberately modest, with inscriptions and Redesigned records that to 2005, 251 crematoria imagery becoming more restrained and private. were built in the UK: 14 to 1914, 6 in the 1920s, 34 in the 1930s, and 4 in the 1940s. Between While the twentieth century generally saw 1950 and 1970 a further 147 were constructed. a decline in the opulence and ambition of Golders Green, opened 1902 (London Borough commemorative design, some modern funerary of Barnet; registered Grade I; Fig 8) is the first landscapes may deserve greater recognition in crematorium in England where landscape design the future. There was an intention to produce was considered from the outset, and it had landscapes that were more akin to the domestic significant influence on crematorium landscape garden, with flat lawns and bright bedding. A design in general right through the first half of the new trend in the late twentieth century was the twentieth century although, as the figures above woodland, or natural, burial ground. The first in show, it was only in the 1930s that crematoria the UK was opened in 1993 at Carlisle Cemetery, began to be built in larger numbers. William with the first private one, the Greenhaven Burial Robinson’s God’s Acre Beautiful (1880) was a Ground, at Lilbourne (Nottinghamshire), opening key tract, promoting both cremation, and burial in 1994. By 2012 there were over 200 in the UK. grounds entirely uncluttered with memorials or tombstones. The American term ‘gardens of rest’ or ‘gardens of remembrance’ has been in

Figure 8 Figure 9 Golders Green Crematorium, London Borough of Stoke Poges Gardens of Remembrance, Barnet. Opened in 1902, it remains the most important Buckinghamshire. Set up in the mid 1930s for the example of a crematorium landscape, in which burial of ashes, Edward White’s Grade I-registered individual memorials are subservient to the elemental landscape comprises discrete individual gardens set terrain of earth and sky. William Robinson advised on around a formal ensemble with canals and pergolas. the lay-out. Registered Grade I.

5 < < Contents 6 Figure 10 Figure 11 The German Military Cemetery on Cannock Chase, The American Military Cemetery, Madingley, Staffordshire. Opened in 1967, the location, with its Cambridgeshire. The only permanent American silver birches and heather, deliberately resembles a Second World War cemetery in Britain, dedicated North German heath landscape. It contains the remains in 1956. Many young airmen are buried here, of 5,000 German nationals who died during the two and the cemetery – with a dedicated viewing world wars. Registered Grade I. platform at one corner – overlooks the flat ‘bomber country’ they flew over. Registered Grade I.

use since the 1920s. They are interchangeable designs, as set out by by E White in Cremation and usually describe either the entire grounds in Britain (3rd edn 1945). However, some local surrounding a crematorium or a specific area authorities sought advice from private landscape within more extensive cemetery grounds. architects; in 1956 Salisbury District Council commissioned Brenda Colvin to design the These were characterised by a relatively formal landscape at Salisbury Crematorium (completed layout close to the crematorium buildings, with 1960; registered Grade II), which she displayed rose beds, pools, rockeries, shrubberies and at the Chelsea Flower Show in 1958. Other good walks (mostly influenced by the Arts and Crafts examples are Taunton Deane, Somerset (1963), style), with informality beyond. Although in where Peter Youngman worked closely together the early years most ashes were interred in the with the architects Potter and Hare (crematorium ground, there was a gradual move to retain ashes and chapel listed Grade II), Luton, Bedfordshire above ground which promoted the building of (1960) by R J English, and Grantham, Lincolnshire columbaria, walls with niches purchased either (1966) by Geoffrey Jellicoe and F S Coleridge. for a few years or in perpetuity. A remarkable example of 1901 (listed Grade II) remains at There are instances of landscapes for cremated Hull Crematorium (itself also of 1901, and listed remains that were laid out with no adjacent Grade II), consisting of an artificial rockery that crematorium such as Stoke Poges Memorial was extensively planted with alpines and held Garden (1937); registered Grade I (Fig 9). This up to a thousands urns. After the First World War stands on the meadows immortalised in Thomas colonnades became popular, where small tablets Gray’s poem, ‘Elergy Written in a Country could be placed after ashes had been scattered in Churchyard’ (1751).Within many churchyards, the adjacent gardens. newly landscaped areas have been created to accommodate cremated remains, and may After 1945 more natural, wooded, settings were include formal built and designed elements such favoured, with pools and fountains. Most new as columbaria. In 2000, over 70 per cent of all crematorium gardens followed fairly standard deposits were of cremated bodies.

< < Contents 7 1.5 Military cemeteries

British military personnel had long been buried where they died; commemoration was confined to officers, who occasionally received individual memorials. An early military cemetery was that laid out in Turkey at Scutari hospital during the Crimean War (1854-6). As the status of soldiers rose in the later nineteenth century, greater attention was paid to their burial: at home, and across the Empire, distinct military burial grounds were established. Others were established in South Africa during the Zulu and Boer Wars. Figure 12 The Muslim Burial Ground, Woking, Surrey. Lying at the south-east corner of Horsell Common, this However, it was not until the First World War that opened in 1917 as the designated burial place for a decision was made not to repatriate the dead, Muslim soldiers who had died at the temporary and that systematic record keeping and care for Indian Army Hospital in Brighton Pavilion. After graves should be introduced. In 1915 the Imperial restoration, this re-opened in 2015 as the Muslim Burial Ground Peace Garden. Listed Grade II. (Later Commonwealth) War Graves Commission was founded by Major General Sir Fabian Ware (1869-1949). One of its first tasks was to acquire land abroad, and to construct cemeteries and memorials to the dead. Prominent architects Harrogate, Chester and Oxford share the grand and artists were commissioned to design the design characteristics of those created abroad. cemeteries, including Sir Edwin Lutyens, Sir Reginald Blomfield and Sir Herbert Baker, In 2003 a repatriation policy was formalised, and Rudyard Kipling was the literary advisor. and since then service personnel who die Gertrude Jekyll, through Lutyens, briefly advised abroad are returned to the UK at the expense on planting, and while she recommended that of the MoD. To meet the public desire to each gravestone should be shaded by an English commemorate those who have served the rose, generally species native to the casualties’ country, the National Memorial Arboretum at countries were used, enhancing connections with Alrewas in Staffordshire was created; planting home. By 1921 the Commission was responsible began in 1997, and it opened in 2001. By for 2,400 cemeteries abroad, and by the mid 2015 it contained over 300 memorials. twentieth century 2,500. The names of those with no known grave were inscribed on memorials to Aside from the Commonwealth War Graves the missing. Commission (CWGC) cemeteries, there are a few war cemeteries in England laid out by For soldiers who died at home of wounds, disease other countries for their war dead. These or accident, the Commission created over 12,000 include the German War Cemetery at Cannock enclaves in the UK. Many are attached to pre- Chase (Staffordshire) of 1967, laid out by the existing civilian cemeteries. Of the UK sites, 416 Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorgung are large enough (that is, with over 40 graves) to (the German War Graves Commission; now have the Cross of Sacrifice designed by Blomfield managed on its behalf by the CWGC) to evoke and thirteen (with over 1,000 graves) the altar- north German heathland (Fig 10); and the like Stone of Remembrance designed by Lutyens. Brookwood, and Cambridge, American War In general only the larger war cemeteries, such Cemeteries, created by the American Battle as Brookwood (Surrey; registered Grade I), and Monuments Commission, which have severely the RAF regional cemeteries at Bath, Cambridge, formal designs. The Cambridge cemetery,

7 < < Contents 8 dedicated 1956, has landscape design by Olmsted Areas within existing larger cemeteries where Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts (Fig 11). massed burials took place are sometimes All three cemeteries are registered at Grade I. demarcated. For example, large-scale losses as The Muslim Burial Ground at Woking (Surrey) for a consequence of aerial bombardment in the soldiers of the Indian sub-continent who died Second World War were – when pressure was of wounds was completed in 1917 (Fig 12); its particularly acute – interred in massed graves. walls and gateway are listed Grade II. Lastly, the Monuments that were later erected to the civilian Chattri Memorial on the Downs near Patcham war dead were financed through specific grants (East Sussex; listed Grade II), unveiled in 1921, available from the Treasury, and were subject to marks the site of the burning ghat (place of negotiation on design and cost. Some have been cremation) where 53 Hindu and Sikh soldiers and listed in their own right. servants who had died of wounds or disease in Brighton hospitals in 1914-15 were cremated. 1.7 Institutional burial grounds War memorials in cities, towns and villages often stand within a designed setting, From the mid nineteenth century institutional typically laid out at the time of the memorial’s burial grounds became more common with the installation, and intended to complement rise of locally-funded facilities such as county it. These range from a kerbed or railed asylums and isolation hospitals. The earliest lawn, to much larger and more ambitious surviving examples are of the seventeenth enclosures which serve as memorial parks. century, notably the Royal Hospital Chelsea, where the burial ground on Royal Hospital For the listing of war memorials, and the special Road was in use from the 1690s and which is considerations which apply to those in CWGC included in the Grade II landscape. The former cemeteries, see the Commemorative Structures Greenwich Hospital had a comparable area, but listing selection guide. this landscape is not registered in its own right. In the eighteenth century military establishments such as the naval hospitals at Greenwich, Haslar 1.6 Emergency mass burial grounds (Gosport, Hampshire; registered Grade II) and Devonport (Plymouth, Devon), gained burial In towns, from the Middle Ages until the Second grounds, as did prisons. Other than the Haslar World War, epidemics and other massed death Royal Naval Cemetery, very few such funerary incidents could lead to emergency burial grounds landscapes have been registered hitherto. being established. For example, cholera burial grounds existed across the UK, although in some cases these have been retained as open 1.8 Family mausolea spaces where there is little evidence of their past purpose. York’s, alongside the railway station, For such buildings see the Commemorative is the resting place of 185 victims of the 1832 Structures listing selection guide. Their outbreak, while the emergency cholera burial landscapes form part of parklands: these ground for Selby (North Yorkshire) adjoined the are considered in the Rural Landscapes abbey’s cemetery. selection guide.

< < Contents 9 2 Criteria for Registration

All sites included on the Register of Parks and Gardens must hold a level of significance defined as ‘special historic’ interest in a national context. Nine general criteria have been defined: five relating to date and four to other considerations, which have been used in assessing candidates for inclusion since the start of the Register in the 1980s

2.1 Date and rarity 2.2 Further considerations

The older a designed landscape is, and the fewer Further considerations which may influence the surviving examples of its kind, the more selection, and may exceptionally be sufficient by likely it is to have special interest. Likely to be themselves to merit designation, are: designated are: „„ Sites which were influential in the „„ Sites formed before 1750 where at least development of taste, whether through a significant proportion of the principal reputation or reference in literature features of the original layout is still in evidence „„ Sites which are early or representative examples of a style of layout or a type of „„ Sites laid out between 1750 and 1840 where site, or the work of a designer (amateur or enough of the layout survives to reflect the professional) of national importance original design „„ Sites having an association with significant „„ Sites with a main phase of development persons or historic events post-1840 which are of special interest and relatively intact, the degree of required „„ Sites with a strong group value with other special interest rising as the site becomes heritage assets closer in time

„„ Particularly careful selection is required for sites from the period after 1945

„„ Sites of less than 30 years old are normally registered only if they are of outstanding quality and under threat

9 < < Contents 10 3 Specific Considerations

In this section, more specific guidance is given relating to the registration of landscapes of remembrance, which outlines our approach in assessing candidates for being added to the National Heritage List for England.

3.1 Pre-Victorian burial grounds 3.2 Early nineteenth-century cemeteries A high proportion of earlier burial grounds have been built over, which adds to the significance There is a presumption to designate early of those which remain. Extra interest attaches to cemeteries from this period: the best will warrant those which were opened to serve minority faiths registering in a higher grade. and communities. Generally closed for burials Specific criteria should include: in the 1850s and later converted to public park use, these burial grounds have often undergone „„ Intactness of original design considerable alteration and care is needed in their assessment. A further complication lies in their „„ Earliness of date relatively plain and utilitarian design. Specific criteria should include: „„ Overall integration of landscaping, buildings and tombs to produce an arcadian effect „„ Early date „„ Subsequent influence on cemetery design „„ Quality and survival of monuments as a contribution to the landscape Churchyards are generally not considered for registration, unless planting of exceptional „„ Interest of later conversions to public interest is present, as at Painswick. park use (including planting and hard landscaping)

„„ Rarity as a survival

„„ Significance in terms of faith and community

< < Contents 11 3.3 High Victorian and Edwardian – have each been registered at Grade I as municipal cemeteries exceptional exemplars of cemetery designed landscapes with profound historical associations. Specific criteria for this category of cemetery will Where military cemeteries form adjuncts of be more stringent than for the earlier categories. civilian cemeteries, any assessment will be of Sometimes it may be appropriate to designate the cemetery as a whole; that will have to meet only the early sections of a cemetery if the later the general selection criteria, although the war areas have less design interest; these may be the cemetery area may give added special interest. areas with greater emotional sensitivity on account of possessing more recent burials, however. Where a military memorial stands within an Specific criteria should include: enclosure with hard landscaping, this will typically be included in the listing of the memorial itself. „„ Quality of original design

„„ Intactness and degree of alteration 3.6 Documentation

„„ Overall effect of landscaping, buildings Whatever its date and type, where a landscape’s and tombs creation or development is particularly well documented, that will almost always add to its „„ Earliness of date interest, and can merit designation at a higher grade. „„ Innovation

„„ Regional or local distinctiveness 3.7 Group value and survival

Cemetery buildings have generally been designed 3.4 The twentieth-century funerary to form an integral part of an overall scheme, and landscape indeed the ground plan of the cemetery is often by the same hand as the architecture. Where Selection will be especially stringent here; the the full complement of buildings and structures principal specific criteria will be: survives, and particularly where these are of high quality, this can increase the historic interest of a „„ Innovation and rarity in design site as seen in terms of the Register. Conversely, where the original buildings and other structures „„ Intactness have been lost, a site might still be of registerable quality if its landscaping is of sufficient merit or if it is of sufficient historic interest as judged 3.5 Military cemeteries by any of the other criteria outlined above. The existence of impressive groupings of monuments These already enjoy special protection and can add to the case for registration as these were are managed with great care and sensitivity important elements in the overall conception of by the CWGC and allied bodies. Accordingly, the design, even though the original designers and following Historic England’s policy could not determine the forms these would take. towards monuments therein (for which see the Monuments of note will increase the overall Commemorative Structures listing selection importance. Clearance of tombs can sometimes guide) the individual registration of cemeteries lessen the overall interest of a cemetery, but, as will not normally be warranted. However, with the loss of buildings, need not be an absolute the three most notable military cemeteries – reason for non-registration. Brookwood, Madingley, and Cannock Chase

11 < < Contents 12 3.8 Planting 3.10 Other designations

Planting was given close attention in many The Register of Parks and Gardens is cemeteries to help lend appropriate character. primarily intended to flag up landscapes Older and more ephemeral plantings and of particular design interest. Individual horticultural displays will inevitably have been buildings and monuments are listed for their lost, but the main structural plantings of trees and architectural and historic interest (including longer-lived shrubs may survive. Where planting their artistic value): for more information on schemes survive, these will probably add interest this, see our Commemorative Structures to the site; a particularly fine scheme might selection guide. Few cemeteries have been contribute towards a high grade. comprehensively assessed for listing, as well as for registration: many memorials await individual designation, and the presence of 3.9 Grading important groups of monuments can strengthen the case for landscape designation too. While all registered sites are considered to be of a sufficiently high level of interest to merit a A small number of post-medieval cemeteries national designation, the sites included on the (such as the Jewish burial ground in Penzance) Register of Parks and Gardens are divided into have been designated as scheduled monuments: three grade bands to give added guidance on this is not a designation outcome we will be their significance. The three grades are Grade advocating in the future. Nor is wholesale listing I (of exceptional interest), Grade II* (of more an appropriate outcome, as this will tend not than special interest) and Grade II (of special to signify the special interest of a cemetery’s interest, warranting every effort to preserve component parts. That said, with very small them). Having begun by assessing the best- burial grounds alongside places of worship, a known designed landscapes, we accordingly single listing can sometimes be the most sensible have a high percentage registered in the higher approach; an example is the Friends Meeting grades, and over 37 per cent of all such sites are House, Clare Road, Halifax, which is listed Grade graded in a Grade I or Grade II* ranking; by way of II along with its small, walled, burial ground and comparison, only 8 per cent of listed buildings are nineteenth-century headstones. Some cemeteries designated at these levels. have been designated as conservation areas by local planning authorities, which affords them extra protection in the planning system and is often a very appropriate way of signalling local significance. Natural designations include tree preservation orders. For more detailed guidance on the management of cemeteries, see Paradise Preserved: An Introduction to the Assessment, Evaluation, Conservation and Management of Historic Cemeteries (English Heritage, 2007)

< < Contents 13 4 Select Bibliography

4.1 General 4.2 Websites

Brooks, C, Mortal Remains: The History and Present Parks & Gardens UK is the leading on-line resource State of the Victorian and Edwardian Cemetery (1989) dedicated to historic parks and gardens across the whole of the United Kingdom. CABE, Cemeteries, Churchyards and Burial Grounds (2007) [available as download only]

Cox, M, Life and Death in Spitalfields 1700-1850 (1996)

Curl, J S, Death and Architecture (2000)

Curl, J S, Kensal Green Cemetery (2001)

Curl, J S, The Victorian Celebration of Death (2002)

Grainger, H J, Death Redesigned: British Crematoria: History, Architecture and Landscape (2006)

Kadish, S, Jewish Burial Grounds and Funerary Architecture (2003)

Loudon, J C, On the Laying Out, Planting and Managing of Cemeteries (1843; reprinted 1981)

Rutherford, S, The Victorian Cemetery (2008)

Tarlow, S, Ritual, Belief and the Dead in Early Modern Britain and Ireland (2011)

War Memorials Trust, Conservation and Management of War Memorial Landscapes (2016) [available as download]

White, J, and Hodson, J, Paradise Preserved: An Introduction to the Assessment, Evaluation, Conservation and Management of Historic Cemeteries (2nd edition 2007) [available as download]

Worpole, K, Last Landscapes: The Architecture of the Cemetery in the West (2003)

13 < < Contents 14 5 Where to Get Advice

If you would like to contact the Listing Team in one of our regional offices, please email: [email protected] noting the subject of your query, or call or write to the local team at:

North Region East Region 37 Tanner Row Brooklands York 24 Brooklands Avenue YO1 6WP Cambridge Tel: 01904 601948 CB2 8BU Fax: 01904 601999 Tel: 01223 582749 Fax: 01223 582701 South Region 4th Floor West Region Cannon Bridge House 29 Queen Square 25 Dowgate Hill Bristol London BS1 4ND EC4R 2YA Tel: 0117 975 1308 Tel: 020 7973 3700 Fax: 0117 975 0701 Fax: 020 7973 3001

< < Contents 15 Acknowledgements

Images © Historic England All images except those listed below

© Other Figure 7: Jonathan Lovie

Figure 9: Sarah Rutherford

15 < < Contents 16 We are the public body that looks after England’s historic environment. We champion historic places, helping people understand, value and care for them.

Please contact [email protected] with any questions about this document.

HistoricEngland.org.uk

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HEAG091 Publication date: March 2013 © English Heritage Reissue date: December 2017 © Historic England Design: Historic England