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Air Quality and Climate in Megacities and Regional Hot Spots the EGGS | ISSUE 37 | JANUARY 2012 Paper: ISSN 1027-6343 Online: ISSN 1607-7954 ISSUE 37, JANUARY 2012 AVAILABLE ON-LINE AT www.the-eggs.org Air Quality and Climate in Megacities and Regional Hot Spots THE EGGS | ISSUE 37 | JANUARY 2012 3 EGU News 4 Air Quality and Climate in Megacities and Regional Hot Spots 10 News 26 Journal watch 30 Education 31 New books 32 Events EDITORS Managing Editor: Kostas Kourtidis 36 Job positions Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering Demokritus University of Thrace Vas. Sofias 12, GR-67100 Xanthi, Greece tel. +30-25410-79383, fax. +30-25410-79379 email: [email protected] Biogeosciences: Jean-Pierre Gattuso Laboratoire d’Oceanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093 CNRS- UPMC B. P. 28, F-06234 Villefranche-sur-mer Cedex France tel. +33-(0)493763859, fax. +33-(0)493763834 email: [email protected] Atmospheric Sciences: Hans Xiang-Yu Huang Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 Copenha- gen, Denmark tel. +45-39157423, fax. +45-39157460 e-mail: [email protected] Climate: Yu Shaocai Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Division (E243-01), National Exposure Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency RTP, NC 27711, USA tel. +1-919-541-0362, fax. +1-919-541-1379 e-mail: [email protected] GENERAL CONTACT For general matters please contact Kostas Kourtidis, at: [email protected] SUBMISSION OF MATERIAL For material submission, please contact the Editor-in-chief or the appropriate Section Editor. ADVERTISING For advertising information, please contact: [email protected] TECHNICAL For technical questions, please contact: [email protected] © European Geosciences Union, 2011 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is ac- knowledged, save where otherwise stated. Where prior permission must be obtained for the repro- duction or use of textual and multimedia information (sound, images, software, etc.), such permission shall Cover photo: Sunrise in the peak of the only remaining glacier in the heart of western Pacific cancel the abovementioned general permission and Warm Pool, Papua, Indonesia. Image credit: R. Dwi Susanto. indicate clearly any restrictions on use. Distributed by EGU via www.imaggeo.net THE EGGS 2 EGU Election Autumn 2011 The EGU Election Autumn 2011 for the next EGU President Günter Blöschl is the elected EGU President for the term as well as for the next EGU General Secretary was closed on 2012–2016. He will be inaugurated as President-Elect (Vice- 01 December 2011. We sincerely thank all those EGU mem- President) for one year term (2012-2013) during the plenary bers who used their voting right. We would also like to thank meeting of the next EGU General Assembly 2012 in Vienna, each of the candidates for their initiative in standing for the of- Austria. He will then serve as the Union President during two fice of President and General Secretary. Active participation in years (2013-2015) starting from the plenary meeting of the elections ensures continuation of the well-established bottom- EGU General Assembly 2013. Lastly, he will serve as the Past- up structure of our Union! President (Vice-President) for one more year (2015-2016). In total, we received 2192 ballots for the EGU president Mioara Mandea is the next EGU General Secretary for the and General Secretary elections, respectively. Please see the term 2012–2014. She will be inaugurated during the plenary results at http://www.egu.eu/elections/. meeting of the next EGU General Assembly 2012 in Vienna, Austria. THE EGGS 3 back to contents Air Quality and Climate in Megacities and Regional Hot Spots the CityZen Project CityZen (megaCITY Zoom for the ENvironment) is a three year European Commission funded project focused on the effects of megacities and emission hot spots on their local, regional and global environment, regarding both air pollution and climate change. With 16 partners from 10 countries on 3 continents the project has addressed the complex inter- actions of megacities within the air quality and climate change context using state-of-the-art models, in-situ measure- ments and satellite observations. The project has used a “hot-spot” approach looking in an integrated manner across diverse megacities in western Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and China. This short article gives an overview of the project and outlines some of the main findings. The integrated application of observations and models has demon- strated the regional impact of megacities and articulated some of the forward looking challenges. Overall, the CityZen project has found that despite vastly different meteorology, pollutant transport, and atmospheric chemistry conditions resulting in strong regional characteristics affecting pollutant levels in the different focus regions, similar future air qual- ity and climate change challenges will be faced across many megacities. The global urban population has risen from about 3% of the world’s total population in the year 1800 (Brunn and Williams, 1983) to about 47% by 2000 (UN, 2004). In 2007, for the first time in history, more than half of the world’s population was liv- ing in cities, and the trend is expected to continue. Megacities, often defined as cities with over 10 million people, have grown from only two in the 1950s to over 20 today. With the development of megacities there has been a concentration of anthropogenic pollutant emissions and land- use change that has large environmental implications from lo- cal to regional scales. Rapid economic growth in megacities is often not followed by an equally rapid growth in infrastructure such as road construction or public transportation systems, leading to inefficient traffic flow and enhanced air pollution. For instance, Gurjar and Lelieveld (2005) point out that the per capita CO emissions in megacities tend to be higher than in densely populated countries. Furthermore, a recent study of Asian megacities found that Figure 1. Population density map with the CityZen hotspot areas circled. they cover less than 2% of the land area, hold more than 30% Credit: NASA, Visible Earth (http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/), National of the population and produce ~10% of the anthropogenic gas Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA). and aerosol emissions. These numbers mean that large frac- tions of the population are exposed to disproportionately ad- and satellite observations. The main objectives of CityZen, of verse health impacts in megacities (Guttikunda et al., 2005). which selected preliminary results will be presented, are: The increasing emissions from the emerging and evolving • Quantify and understand current air pollution distribution megacities as well as changes in the emission patterns in- and development in and around selected megacities/hot spot crease the severity of several environmental problems, in par- regions, including the interaction across the different spatial ticular in relation to air pollution, climate change, water and soil scales. resources. It has become urgent to assess and address this • Estimate the future impact of emission changes with a broad problem in the science and policy context. focus on the effect of rapid growth in the population of mega- CityZen (megaCITY Zoom for the ENvironment) is a three cities/hot spots and the increasing background of pollutants, year European Commission funded project finishing in 2011. with a concentration on ozone, particulate matter, and their The focus of the project has been to address the complex inter- precursors. actions of megacities within the air quality and climate change • Estimate how megacities/hot spots influence climate context using state-of-the-art models, in-situ measurements, change. THE EGGS 4 back to contents • Estimate how megacities are responding to climate forc- Sea, contribute significantly to pollution build up during sum- ing which can influence transport patterns, chemical oxidation mer. Natural emissions from semi-arid North African regions and biogenic emissions, with a concentration on biogenic vola- (e.g. Sahara desert), from the vegetation that surrounds the tile organic compounds. Mediterranean Sea and from the Mediterranean Sea itself • Study mitigation options to limit adverse human health also affect the area. Southerly winds from Africa mobilises the effects and climate impact. transport of air masses with high loads of dust and low levels of • Develop tools to estimate interactions between different NOx and O3 over the Eastern Mediterranean. This air flow pat- spatial scales (megacities to global). tern is most frequent during the transition periods (spring and • Communicate the project results to policy makers provid- autumn). Air masses transported from the Atlantic Ocean at- ing a scientific underpinning of policy work. mosphere and within the upper troposphere from Asia can also Motivation for Study Regions From a human health per- reach the area under certain air flow conditions. The Po Val- spective in the European Union (EU), the pollutants of greatest ley hotspot region also affects the East Mediterranean basin concern are ground level ozone and particulate matter (PM), at times. Several large, continuously growing, agglomerations specifically fine PM (PM2.5) (EU, 2005). Ozone is a secondary are located inside the Eastern Mediterranean hotspot region or air pollutant, which means that it is formed in the atmosphere close to it; Athens, Istanbul and Cairo have grown dramatically and has no significant emission sources. Ground level ozone over the past 10 years. Pearl River Delta (PRD) is an area with is formed from photochemically driven reactions of primarily ni- one of the fastest economic growth rates in China. Urbaniza- trogen oxides (NOx = NO2 + NO), volatile organic compounds tion in the PRD is characterized by city clusters with two mega- (VOCs), and carbon monoxide (CO). These ozone precursors cities (Guangzhou and Hong Kong) and many medium-sized are emitted in significant amounts from the transportation sec- to small cities linked by dense highways. Until around 1985, tor, as well as power generation, and industrial sources which the PRD had been mainly dominated by farms and small rural are significant in urban areas.
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