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Themes of Prison Life with Focus on Solitary Confinement

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Themes of Prison Life with Focus on Solitary Confinement Running head: ARCHITECTURE AS A DEVICE OF CONTROL ARCHITECTURE AS A DEVICE OF CONTROL: THEMES OF PRISON LIFE WITH FOCUS ON SOLITARY CONFINEMENT A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by GREGORY A. GALFORD Dr. Benyamin Schwarz, Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2018 ARCHITECTURE AS A DEVICE OF CONTROL Copyright by Gregory A. Galford 2018 All Rights Reserved ARCHITECTURE AS A DEVICE OF CONTROL The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled ARCHITECTURE AS A DEVICE OF CONTROL: THEMES OF PRISON LIFE WITH FOCUS ON SOLITARY CONFINEMENT presented by Gregory A. Galford, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Benyamin Schwarz, PhD Ruth Tofle, PhD Laura Cole, PhD Anna Ball, PhD ARCHITECTURE AS A DEVICE OF CONTROL DEDICATION To my father, whose values and beliefs inspire this work. ARCHITECTURE AS A DEVICE OF CONTROL ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to express appreciation and admiration for Dr. Benyamin Schwarz for his support these past several years. His initial confidence in me as a visitor to campus several years ago truly impacted me. He understood how my background provided me with the capabilities to be a successful doctoral student. He has provided the guidance that I have needed at many points, and through his example he has taught me the rigor and responsibility of being a scholar. I will always be in his debt for his patience, care and leadership. I want to thank Dr. Ruth Tofle for all the ways in which she has been a steadying force for me and for the program as a whole. Her leadership has provided the program with a gracious yet focused path, and her research serves as a constant reminder that what we do has a benefit for everyone, and all phases of life are worth study. Dr. Laura Cole has provided me with such considerable support in the time she has been on my committee. Her dedication to students and to her craft has been in great evidence. She has been a wonderful example to me of how to remain dedicated on a daily basis to making a difference through your scholarship. Her help to me has been invaluable. Dr. Anna Ball’s reputation as an exemplary teacher for qualitative research methods is shared by everyone. I am so pleased that she took the time to listen to me describe my work and agreed to be on my committee. Her comments were invaluable. To my mother, who didn’t get to see this day. ARCHITECTURE AS A DEVICE OF CONTROL iii To all those with the two correctional institutions and the Department of Corrections for their incredible support and help. I am forever in your debt for your help and belief in my work. For my partner John, you have been the steadying force that I needed. More than anyone else, you have picked me up when I was distraught or anxious. You’ve endured my journey with patience and love. For my brother, father and Joann, you continual presence and support always helps to keep me balanced, even when it seems I am not. For Kathleen, thank you for being such a true friend. You have listened to me and encouraged me and helped me to see the positives even when I was only seeing negatives. For Nancy, thank you for helping me navigate the obstacles in my journey. At times they seemed insurmountable until you helped put it all into perspective. For Jeremy, thank you for always framing my struggles to understand how to proceed. For my family and friends, I know that I have not thanked you adequately for your support these last few years. You have supported me through both the highs and lows. At many times my workload between school and work has been overwhelming but you have remained dedicated to me and I am thankful for my luck in knowing you. ARCHITECTURE AS A DEVICE OF CONTROL iv For my colleagues at Missouri, your friendship and support these last few years have helped me incalculably, and I hope that we always remain close. I think the world of you and hope I can always be there for you. ARCHITECTURE AS A DEVICE OF CONTROL v EPIGRAPH “It is said that no one truly knows a nation until one has been inside its jails. A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones.” Nelson Mandela ARCHITECTURE AS A DEVICE OF CONTROL vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................................. ix DEFINITION OF TERMS ................................................................................................ xi ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... xii INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 Architectural Perspective of Study .................................................................................. 4 Dissertation Structure ...................................................................................................... 5 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................... 6 Criminological ................................................................................................................. 6 Historical ......................................................................................................................... 8 Environmental ............................................................................................................... 11 CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................ 15 Introduction – Redemption, Reform and Rehabilitation ............................................... 16 Correctional History ...................................................................................................... 17 Control and Subjugation................................................................................................ 31 Observation ................................................................................................................... 41 Rehabilitation ................................................................................................................ 45 METHODS ....................................................................................................................... 50 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 50 Research Question ......................................................................................................... 51 Research Design ............................................................................................................ 51 Research Paradigm ........................................................................................................ 53 Sample Identification .................................................................................................... 55 Credibility and Transferability ...................................................................................... 56 Data Collection .............................................................................................................. 58 Observation ................................................................................................................... 60 Interviews ...................................................................................................................... 62 Sequence........................................................................................................................ 63 Schedule ........................................................................................................................ 64 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................ 64 ARCHITECTURE AS A DEVICE OF CONTROL vii Potential Limitations ..................................................................................................... 66 FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................ 69 Introduction: Theme Interaction, Analysis of Photography and Graphic Documents . 69 Control as Finding ......................................................................................................... 74 Control: Observation ................................................................................................. 78 Control: Procedure ..................................................................................................... 82 Trust .............................................................................................................................. 83 Security and Safety .................................................................................................... 84 Control ....................................................................................................................... 89 Family and Community ............................................................................................. 91 Respect / Listening / Communication ......................................................................
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