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Par : RAHARIFENITRARIVO Jean Fabien UNIVERSITÉ D’ANTANANARIVO ------------------- ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE D’ANTANANARIVO ------------------- MENTION HYDRAULIQUE ------------------- MÉMOIRE DE FIN D’ÉTUDES en vue de l’obtention du DIPLÔME D’INGÉNIEUR GRADE MASTER Par : RAHARIFENITRARIVO Jean Fabien UNIVERSITÉ D’ANTANANARIVO ------------------- ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE D’ANTANANARIVO ------------------- MENTION HYDRAULIQUE ------------------- MÉMOIRE DE FIN D’ÉTUDES en vue de l’obtention du DIPLÔME D’INGÉNIEUR GRADE MASTER Par : RAHARIFENITRARIVO Jean Fabien Soutenu le 13 mars 2020 devant la Commission d’Examen composée de : Président : M. RANDRIAMAHERISOA Alain, Enseignant Chercheur à l’ESPA ; Examinateurs : M. RAMANARIVO Solofomampionona, Enseignant Chercheur à l’ESPA ; M. RANDRIANARIVONY Charles, Enseignant Chercheur à l’ESPA ; M. RATSARAEFADAHY Milson, Expert national en hydroélectricité à l’ONUDI Madagascar ; Directeur de mémoire : M. RAKOTO David Rambinintsoa, Enseignant Chercheur à l’ESPA. Promotion 2017 REMERCIEMENTS Premièrement, je remercie Dieu Tout Puissant pour sa grâce et sa bonté qui m’ont permis de terminer mes études et de réaliser ce mémoire de fin d’études. Ce mémoire est le fruit de la collaboration avec les personnes qui, de près ou de loin, ont contribué à son élaboration. Je tiens alors à remercier vivement : Monsieur RAKOTOSAONA Rijalalaina, Directeur de l’École Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo (ESPA), qui nous a autorisés à faire cette soutenance. Monsieur RANDRIAMAHERISOA Alain, Chef de la Mention Hydraulique et Enseignant chercheur à l’ESPA, qui a bien voulu présider la soutenance du mémoire. J'adresse mes plus sincères remerciements à Monsieur RAKOTO David Rambinintsoa, Enseignant chercheur à l’ESPA, qui a accepté de m’encadrer durant l’élaboration de ce mémoire. Mes remerciements et mes reconnaissances vont également à l’endroit de tous les membres du jury qui ont accepté d’examiner mon travail. Vous avez consacré une grande partie de votre précieux temps pour apprécier mon mémoire. Veuillez accepter ma gratitude. Sans oublier toute l’équipe du bureau de l’ONUDI Madagascar, structure d’accueil de mon stage de fin d’études, en particulier Madame RAKOTONDRAZAFY Volatiana, la Représentante de l’ONUDI Madagascar, Monsieur TAVERNIER Louis, Coordinateur du projet Énergie, et Monsieur COLLOMBAT François, Expert international en hydroélectricité à l’ONUDI. J’adresse également mes vifs remerciements à mon rapporteur de mémoire, Monsieur RATSARAEFADAHY Milson, Expert national en hydroélectricité à l’ONUDI Madagascar. Toute sa contribution m’a largement aidé à perfectionner cet ouvrage. Je ne saurais oublier tous mes enseignants de l'ESPA, qui m'ont instruit tout au long de ces cinq années d'études. Enfin, j'adresse une pensée sincère et pleine de gratitude à mes chers parents, mes frères, mes sœurs et à tous les membres de ma famille ainsi qu’à tous mes amis pour leur soutien indéfectible tout au long de mes études. Merci à toutes et à tous ! i RAHARIFENITRARIVO Jean Fabien SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS SOMMAIRE LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS LISTE DES ILLUSTRATIONS LISTE DES TABLEAUX LISTE DES FIGURES LISTE DES ABAQUES LISTE DES CARTES LISTE DES PHOTOS INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALITÉS ET PRÉSENTATION DE LA ZONE D’ÉTUDE ASPECTS SOCIO-ÉCONOMIQUES ET ESTIMATION DES BESOINS EN ÉLECTRICITÉ ÉTUDES PLUVIOMÉTRIQUE ET CLIMATOLOGIQUE DU BASSIN VERSANT ÉTUDE HYDROLOGIQUE DONNÉES PRINCIPALES SUR L’AMÉNAGEMENT CADRAGE ENVIRONNEMANTAL ÉTUDES ÉCONOMIQUES DES VARIANTES CHOIX DE LA VARIANTE À RETENIR CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHIE ANNEXES TABLE DES MATIÈRES ii RAHARIFENITRARIVO Jean Fabien LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS % : Pourcentage 3ERAE : Études- Exploitation des Énergies Renouvelables et Adduction D’Eau 3P : Partenariats Publics Privés ADCP : Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler ADER : Agence de Développement pour l’Électrification Rurale AEPC : Alternative Energy Promotion Center AIDER : Association des Ingénieurs pour le Développement de l’Électrification Rurale APD : Avant-Projet Détaillé APS : Avant-Projet Sommaire BD : Base de Données BEPC : Brevet d’Étude du Premier Cycle BT : Basse Tension BV : Bassin Versant CAPEX : CApital Expenditure CCE : Cahier de Charges Environnementales CEG : Collège d’Enseignement Général CPGU : Cellule de Prévention et Gestion des Urgences CREAM : Centre de Recherches, d’Études et d’Appui à l’Analyse Économique à Madagascar CSB II : Centre de Santé de Base niveau II CTGREG : Centre Technique de Génie Rural et des Eaux et Forêts CU : Commune Urbaine d'Antsohihy DCC : Débit caractéristique de Crue DCE : Débit caractéristique d'Étiage DGM : Direction Générale de la Météorologie EDBM : Economic Development Board of Madagascar EIE : Étude d’Impact Environnemental ESHA : European Small Hydropower Association ESPA : École Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo ETP : Évapotranspiration Potentielle FEM : Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial FTM : Foibe Taosaritanin'i Madagasikara HT : Hors Taxe IST : Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles JIRAMA : JIro sy RAno MAlagasy LCOE : Levelized Cost Of Energy MAP : Madagascar Action Plan MECIE : Mise En Comptabilité des Investissements avec l’Environnement MNT : Model Numérique du Terrain MRE : Ménage à Revenu Élevé MRF : Ménage à Revenu Faible MRM : Ménage à Revenu Moyen iii RAHARIFENITRARIVO Jean Fabien MST : Maladie Sexuellement Transmissible MT : Moyenne Tension N° : Numéro NIHYCRI : Normes malgaches de construction des Infrastructures HYdroagricoles contre les CRues et les Inondations NPHE : Niveau de Plus Hautes Eaux ODD : Objectifs de Développement Durable ONE : Office Nationale de l’Environnement ONU : Organisation des Nations Unies ONUDI : Organisation des Nations Unies pour le Développement Industriel OPEX : Operational Expenditure PCH : Petites Centrales Hydroélectriques PDRI : Plan de Développement Régional Indicatif PGE : Plan de Gestion Environnementale PGEP : Plan de Gestion Environnementale du Projet PHE : Plus Hautes Eaux PPI : Petits Périmètres Irrigués PPN : Produits de Première Nécessité PREE : Programme d’Engagement Environnemental RN : Route Nationale RNM : Radio Nationale Malagasy SAVA : Sambava, Andapa, Vohemar, Antalaha SHEMA : Société Hydraulique d’Études et de Mission d’Assistance SIDA : Syndrome Immuno Déficience Acquise SOCTAM : Société de Culture de Tabac à Madagascar SOMEAH : Société Malagasy d’Études et d’Applications Hydrauliques SRAFI : Société Razafitsalama et Fils STR : Station de référence TRI : Taux de Rentabilité Interne TTC : Toute Taxe Comprise US : United States USACE : U.S Army Corps on Engineers USD : United States Dollar VAN : Valeur Actuelle Nette WES : Waterways Experiment Station WGS 84 : World Geodetic System 1984 iv RAHARIFENITRARIVO Jean Fabien LISTE DES ILLUSTRATIONS LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1 : Répartition de l’occupation du sol du BV ............................................... 12 Tableau 2 : Nombre de populations et de ménages pour chaque chef-lieu de commune ................................................................................................................................. 14 Tableau 3 : Géolocalisation des localités cibles ....................................................... 15 Tableau 4 : Segmentation des ménages .................................................................. 20 Tableau 5 : Jour du marché hebdomadaire .............................................................. 21 Tableau 6 : Activités génératrices de revenus .......................................................... 22 Tableau 7 : Nombres des institutions ....................................................................... 22 Tableau 8 : Évolution annuelle du nombre de clients pour les 5 villages .................. 24 Tableau 9 : Puissance unitaire des appareils utilisés par les clients ........................ 25 Tableau 10 : Répartition de la demande journalière [kW] ......................................... 27 Tableau 11 : coefficients d’utilisations ...................................................................... 30 Tableau 12 : Évolution de la consommation énergétique en [MWh] pour la zone rurale ................................................................................................................................. 31 Tableau 13 : Évolution du nombre des abonnées, de la puissance de pointe et de la consommation énergétique de la ville d’Antsohihy de 2000 à 2017 ......................... 33 Tableau 14 : Projections de la demande et de la consommation d’énergie de la CU Antsohihy sur 20 ans ................................................................................................ 33 Tableau 15 : Besoins en électricité pour les 6 localités sur 20 ans ........................... 34 Tableau 16 : Pluviométrie moyenne mensuelle interannuelle de 1951 à 2012 ......... 36 Tableau 17 : Pluviométries moyennes annuelles de période de retour 5, 10, 20 et 50 ans ............................................................................................................................ 38 Tableau 18 : Pluviométries moyennes mensuelles de période de retour 5, 10, 20 et 50 ans ............................................................................................................................ 38 Tableau 19 : Pluviométries maximales journalières de période de retour 5, 10, 20, 50 et 100 ans ................................................................................................................. 40 Tableau 20 : Vitesse moyenne du vent de 1990 à 2010 ........................................... 41 Tableau 21 : Température moyenne
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