Combating Discriminations En.Pdf
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This report is supported by the European Union Programme for Employment and Social Solidarity - PROGRESS (2007-2013). This programme is implemented by the European Commission. It was established to financially support the implementation of the objectives of the European Union in the employment, social affairs and equal opportunities area, and thereby contribute to the achievement of the Europe 2020 Strategy goals in these fields. The seven-year Programme targets all stakeholders who can help shape the development of appropriate and effective employment and social legislation and policies, across the EU-27, EFTA-EEA and EU candidate and pre-candidate countries. For more information see: http://ec.europa.eu/progress This report has been drafted in the framework of the PROGRESS Programme «Combating Discrimination in the Labour Market» which is being implemented by the National Centre for Social Research (EKKE), in collaboration with the Manpower Employment Organization (OAED), and the National Confederation of Disabled People (NCDP). "The information contained in this publication does not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission". ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΚΕΝΣΡΟ ΟΡΓΑΝΙΜΟ ΑΠΑΧΟΛΗΗ ΕΘΝΙΚΗ ΤΝΟΜΟΠΟΝΔΙΑ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΚΟΤ ΔΤΝΑΜΙΚΟΤ ΑΣΟΜΩΝ ΜΕ ΑΝΑΠΗΡΙΑ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΩΝ ΕΡΕΤΝΩΝ Vulnerable Social Groups and discrimination in the labour market D. Balourdos M. Chrysakis N. Sarris A. Tramountanis K. Tsantila Το παρόν βιβλίο εκδόθηκε ςτο πλαίςιο του ζργου με τίτλο: «Καταπολζμηςη των Διακρίςεων ςτην Αγορά Εργαςίασ» που χρηματοδοτείται από την Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή (PROGRESS) December 2012 1 Contents Chapter Page Introduction 1. Vulnerable Social Groups (VSG) and discrimination in the 7 labour market: Quantitative field survey 1.1. Methodology 7 1.1.1. General information 7 1.2. Sampling 7 1.2.1. Participants – VSG members 7 1.2.2. Participants - Control group 9 1.3. Samples‟ basic characteristics – Comparability controls 9 1.4. Survey tool: Questionnaire description 11 2. Vulnerable Social Groups sample: Socio-demographic 13 characteristics 3. Characteristics of employment – unemployment 20 4. Empirical findings on discrimination in the Greek labour 33 market: The case of Vulnerable Social Groups 4.1 Severity and frequency of discrimination in the Greek labour 33 market 4.2 Forms of discrimination in the Greek labour market 37 4.3 Vulnerable Social Groups and discrimination in the labour 49 market 4.4 Vulnerable Social Groups and inappropriate or unequal 67 treatment in the workplace 5. The institutional framework for combating labour market 85 discrimination: Judicial interpretation and application in practice 5.1 Introduction 85 2 5.2. The evolution of the anti-discrimination law: A comparative 85 analysis of main institutional reforms in European and non- European countries 5.3. Main institutional reforms in European countries 89 5.4. Main institutional reforms in non European countries 95 5.5 Main institutional reforms in Greece 97 5.6. Judicial interpretation of labour marker discrimination 100 5.7. The application of anti-discrimination law in practice 104 5.7.1. The key findings of national reports 104 5.7.2. The results of the fieldwork research conducted by the National 108 Centre for Social Research 5.8 Conclusions 114 References 119 6. Evaluation of the legislative framework for combating 123 discrimination in Greece, with emphasis to discriminations in the labour market 6.1. Introduction 123 6.2 Brief presentation of the European Union legislation 123 6.3 The national anti-discrimination institutional framework 124 6.4. Implementation of the principle of equal treatment by the Greek 125 Ombudsman 6.5. Eurobarometer survey on discrimination in Greece 130 6.6. Discrimination in Greece: Data from the European Social 138 Survey (ESS) 6.7. Application of the anti-discrimination legislative framework in 140 individual European Union member-states 6.7.1. National equality bodies 141 6.7.2. Data on discrimination from the Eurobarometer Survey 143 6.7.3. Data on discrimination from the 5th Round of the ESS 144 6.8. Comparative overview 146 6.9. Conclusions 147 3 References 150 Appendix 152 7. Econometric specification of demographic effects of socially 161 vulnerable groups in employment 7.1. Introduction 161 7.2. Determinants of employment rate 166 7.3. Determinants of work experience 168 7.4. Determinants of length of unemployment 170 7.5. Determinants of net salary (hourly) 172 7.6. Determinants of insurance by a social security fund 173 7.7. Determinants of fear of potential dismissal 175 7.8. Determinants of discrimination while job-hunting 177 7.9. Determinants of discrimination in previous jobs 179 7.10. Synopsis 180 References 183 8. Empirical evidence from the focus group discussions on 188 discrimination 8.1. Focus Group Interview in Thessaloniki: Time and participants 188 8.2. Main axes – Discussion topics 188 8.3. Focus Group Interview in Athens: Time and participants 194 8.4. Main axes – Discussion topics 194 9 Best practices for Equal Access to the labour market 204 9.1 Examples of best practice from Greece: Equal Community 204 Initiative (1st and 2nd round) 9.2. Thematic Networks 218 9.3. Integrating the principles of C.I. Equal into development 219 strategy References 222 4 Introduction The current report is referred in the framework of the research programme «Combating Discrimination in the Labour Market» which was implemented by the National Centre for Social Research (EKKE) in collaboration with the Manpower Employment Organisation (OAED) and the National Confederation of Persons with Disabilities (NCDP). This report does not reflect necessarily the opinion or the position of the European Commission. The latter has not any responsibility for the information included in this report. This publication has issued for the aims of the programme titled «Combating Discrimination in the Labour Market» in Greece. The research programme started in December of 2011 and had annual duration. Project‟s research team National Centre for Social Research - D. Balourdos (Scientific coordinator- National Centre for Social Research) - Μ. Chrysakis (Institute of Social Research) - N. Drydakis (External collaborator) - V. Galata (External collaborator) - R. Kinti (External collaborator) - Α. Mouriki (Institute of Social Research) - Ν. Sarris (Institute of Social Research) - Ν. Spyropoulou (Institute of Social Research) - Α. Tramountanis (Institute of Social Research) - Κ. Tsantila (External collaborator) From the Manpower Employment Organisation (OAED) have also collaborated: - K. Hadjiyianni, Director of Career Orientation - T. Makri, Director of Special Coordination Service of the Employment Promotion Centres (KPA) - E. Koliopoulos, Head of the Coordination Directorate - N. Koureta, International Relations The current issue aims to present some basic dimensions of discriminations both at the national and the European level focusing on the discriminations in the labour market. In order to do that, some special tables, models and figures are used. 5 This report includes 3 specific sections. The first one includes the field research and is divided into 4 chapters. The second one explains the institutional framework concerning combating discrimination in Greece and in other European countries. This section is divided into 2 parts, chapter 5 and chapter 6. The last section includes specific issues on discrimination in the labour market and is divided into 3 chapters. More specifically: M. Chrysakis, R. Kinti and K. Tsantila have written chapters 1-4: - Methodological framework of field research - Samples‟ basic socio-demographic characteristics - Characteristics of employment – unemployment - Empirical findings on discrimination in the Greek labour market: The case of Vulnerable Social Groups. V. Galata has written chapter 5: - The institutional framework for combating labour market discrimination: Judicial interpretation and application in practice N. Sarris has written chapter 6: - Evaluation of the legislative framework for combating discrimination in Greece, with emphasis to discriminations in the labour market N. Drydakis has written chapter 7: - Econometric specification of demographic effects of socially vulnerable groups in employment M.Spyropoulou and A. Tramountanis collaborated in writing chapter 8: - Results reports on focus groups in Athens and Thessaloniki A. Mouriki has written Chapter 9: - Best practices for equal access to the labour market. Athens, December 2012 D. Balourdos Research Director National Centre for Social Research 6 1. Vulnerable Social Groups (VSG) and discrimination in the labour market: Quantitative field survey Emmanuel Chrysakis, Roi Kinti, Katerina Tsantila 1.1. Methodology 1.1.1. General information In order to investigate discriminations faced by members of vulnerable social groups (VSG) in the Greek labour market, a quantitative field study was carried out across the country. The survey was addressed to VSG members, who are getting services from local Employment Promotion Centres (EPC) of the Manpower Employment Organization (OAED), but also to a control group, comprised by individuals who do not belong to any vulnerable population groups. More specifically, the survey was conducted with a sample of 1280 VSG members throughout Greece, using face-to-face semi-structured interview (for a description of the questionnaire, see section 1.1.4 below). Interviews were also carried out in a control group, comprising 306 individuals who live or/ and work in the Prefecture of Attica. 1.2 Sampling 1.2.1. Participants