Linking Migration, Food Security and Development
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the Southern aFrican Migration prograMMe Linking Migration, Food Security and deveLopMent Migration poLicy SerieS no. 60 Linking Migration, Food Security and deveLopMent Jonathan cruSh SerieS editor: proF. Jonathan cruSh Southern aFrican Migration prograMMe (SaMp) 2012 acknowLedgeMentS SAMP wishes to thank the IDRC and OSISA for their financial support. This report is a joint publication with the African Food Security Urban Network (AFSUN) and also appears in the AFSUN Urban Food Security Series as No. 9. The AFSUN research reported here was funded by CIDA under the UPCD Tier One Program. The author wishes to thank Bruce Frayne, Wade Pendleton and Cassandra Eberhardt for their assistance. Published by the Southern African Research Centre, Queen’s University, Canada © Southern African Migration Programme (SAMP) 2012 ISBN 978-1-920596-02-6 First published 2012 Production by Bronwen Müller, Cape Town All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission from the publishers. Printed by Megadigital, Cape Town contentS page executive SuMMary 1 introduction 6 internaL Migration and urban Food Security 8 urbanization and circuLation 8 Food Security and Stretched houSehoLdS 14 South-South Migration and Food Security 17 changing Migration StreaMS 17 croSS-Border Migration and urban Food Security 26 MigrantS and Food Security 28 Migration and Food tranSFerS 34 concLuSion 41 endnoteS 43 Migration poLicy SerieS 49 LiSt oF tabLeS tabLe 1: Southern aFrican urban popuLation, 1950-2050 8 tabLe 2: Southern aFrican urbaniSation, 1950-2050 10 tabLe 3: South aFrican MunicipaLitieS experiencing greateSt 10 in-Migration, 2001-6 tabLe 4: proportion oF Migrant and non-Migrant houSehoLdS 14 tabLe 5: occupationS oF Labour MigrantS in South aFrica, 2006 21 tabLe 6: reFugee appLicationS in South aFrica by country oF 24 origin, 1994-2004 tabLe 7: reFugee appLicationS and deciSionS in South aFrica, 2009 25 tabLe 8: SourceS oF incoMe oF Migrant houSehoLdS 26 tabLe 9: MonthLy expenSeS oF Migrant-Sending houSehoLdS 27 tabLe 10: SourceS oF houSehoLd incoMe 30 tabLe 11: houSehoLd dietary diverSity 33 tabLe 12: Food tranSFerS by city 38 tabLe 13: Frequency oF tranSFerS by area oF origin 39 (%, paSt 12 MonthS) tabLe 14: typeS oF Food tranSFerred 40 tabLe 15: typeS oF tranSFer aS houSehoLd Migrant-StatuS 41 LiSt oF FigureS Figure 1: Southern aFrican urban popuLation, 1950-2050 9 Figure 2: internaL Migration in zaMbia, 1996-2006 12 Figure 3: LegaL entrieS to South aFrica FroM reSt oF aFrica, 1990-2010 18 Figure 4: LegaL entrieS FroM ziMbabwe to South aFrica, 1980-2010 19 Figure 5: MaLe eMpLoyMent in South aFrican MineS and FeMaLe 20 eMpLoyMent in LeSotho garMent FactorieS, 1990-2006 Figure 6: deportationS FroM South aFrica, 1990-2008 22 Figure 7: SourceS oF houSehoLd incoMe 31 Figure 8: incoMe terciLeS 31 Figure 9: Food Security oF Migrant and non-Migrant houSehoLdS 32 Figure 10: SourceS oF Food For Migrant and non-Migrant houSehoLdS 34 Figure 11: totaL Food tranSFerS to urban houSehoLdS 36 Figure 12: Frequency oF Food tranSFerS to urban houSehoLdS by area 37 oF origin Figure 13: Frequency oF Food tranSFerS to urban houSehoLdS by area 39 oF origin (% oF houSehoLdS) MMIGRATIONigration PpOLICYoLicy SERIESerieS NnOo. 4560 eExecutiveXECUTIVE SSuUMMARYMMary woealth issues workers have recently are one risenof the to categories the top of of the skilled international profession- developmentals most affected agenda: by (a)globalization. Food Security; Over and the (b) past Migration decade, andthere Development. has emerged Each a substantial has its own body global of research agency champions,that tracks internationalpatterns of internationalgatherings, national migration line of ministries health personnel, and body of THresearch. Global and regional discussions about the relationship between assesses causes and consequences, and debates policy responses at global migrationand national and scales. development Within coverthis literature, a broad range the case of policy of South issues Africa including is remittanceattracting growing flows, the interest. brain drain, For almost the role 15 ofyears diasporas South andAfrica return has migrabeen - tion.the target Strikingly of a ‘globalabsent raiding’from these of skilleddiscussions professionals is any systematic by several discus devel-- sionoped of countries. the relationship How to between deal with population the consequences migration of and the food resultant security. out- Ifflow the of global health migration professionals and development is a core policy debate issue sidelines for the nationalfood security, gov- theernment. current international food security agenda has a similar disregard for migration.This paper The aims primary to to focus examine of the policy agenda debates is food and insecurity issues concerning and under- nutritionthe migration and how of skilled enhanced health agricultural professionals production from the by country small farmers and to can resolvefurnish thesenew insights endemic on problems. the recruitment There is patterns a tendency of skilled to ignore health the per-real- itysonnel. that migrationThe objectives is a critical of the foodpaper security are twofold: strategy for rural households up andQ down +CDFCJ=895B5I8=HC:H<9CF;5B=N5H=CB5B8D5HH9FBGC:F97FI=H the African continent. If migration is a neglected aspect of discussionsment ofabout skilled rural professionals food insecurity, from it South is almost Africa totally in the absent health from considerationssector. ofThe the paper causes draws and uponimpact a detailedof food securityanalysis amongstof recruitment urban populations.advertising In practice, appearing therefore, in the there South is aAfrican massive Medical institutional Journal and for substantivethe disconnectperiod 2000-2004 between and these a series two developmentof interviews agendas.conducted with Currentprivate conceptualisations recruiting enterprises. of the food security crisis in Africa provide an inadequateQ 5G98IDCBH<956CJ95B5@MG=G5B8588=H=CB5@=BH9FJ=9KGK=H< basis for working at the interface between migration and food security.key stakeholders First, there inis thethe assumptionSouth African that health food security sector, theis primar paper- ily a ruraloffers problem a series that of willrecommendations be resolved through for addressing technical the innovation problem of amongstskilled smallholders health (inmigration. the guise These of a newrecommendations Green Revolution). are grounded What seems toin be both forgotten South in African this romantic experience view and of the an interrogationAfrican rural houseof inter-- hold is thatnational its food debates security and is ‘good not simply, policy’ or practice even mainly, for regulating a function recruit- of what it doesment. or does not produce itself. Up and down the continent rural householdsThe paper purchase is organized some intoor most five of sections. their food Section and they Two do positions so with cashdebates that about they thereceive migration from household of skilled membershealth professionals who have migrated within a to earnwider income literature in otherthat discussesplaces within the international the country and mobility across of borders. talent. The evidenceSection Three for Southern reviews Africaresearch is thaton the these global rural circulation households of do health not invest pro- remittancesfessionals, focusing in agriculture in particular but in uponbasic necessities,debates relating including to the food experience pur- chase.of countries Rural infood the security, developing in other world. words, Section may Fourbe improved moves the but focus will notfrom beinternational resolved by tocurrent South approaches African issues to food and insecurity.provides new empirical mate- rialA drawn second from assumption the survey is thatof recruitment food security patterns in urban and areas key interviewsis about pro- motingundertaken urban with agriculture. health sector The obsessionrecruiters withoperating urban in agriculture South Africa. may be well-intentionedSection Five addresses but it derivesthe questions from misplaced of changing idea policy that increasedinterventions food in productionSouth Africa is thetowards key tothe urban outflow food of security. skilled healthThe primary professionals determinant and the of foodrecruitment insecurity of inforeign African health cities professionals is not production to work shortfalls in South but Africa. the lack The of access to food and that means the absence of a regular and reliable income with which to purchase it. Even within the poorest areas of the 1 1 kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk MIGRATION POLICY SERIES NO. 45 Linking Migration, Food Security and deveLopMent EXECUTIVE SUMMARY city, access varies considerably from household to household with wage employment, other income generating activity, the size and structure of ealth workers are one of the categories of skilled profession- the household, the educational level of the household members, access to als most affected by globalization. Over the past decade, social grants and being embedded in social networks. there has emerged a substantial body of research that tracks There are some recent signs of recognition of the reality that migra- patterns of international migration of health personnel, tion and remittances play an important role in the food security strategies H of rural households. A recent issue of the journal Food Policy, for