DOCSLIB.ORG

Geostrophic Transport Through the Drake Passage Sounder-Transmitter Per Unit Frequency In- Terval

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geostrophic Transport Through the Drake Passage Sounder-Transmitter Per Unit Frequency In- Terval References and Notes 9. We believe the 1800 magnetic-dipole reflec- Colin, and K. L. Chan (Ames Research tions that we report to be exactly analogous Center) for lending the south polar records 1. G. L. Nelms et al., Can. J. Res. 44, 1419 with the 1800 resonant electric-dipole plasma of (1966). Alouette II; D. Stork (University of reflections routinely observed from the iono- California, Los Angeles) for use of film- 2. With the magnetic-dipole moment A of about sphere by ground-based stations. measuring equipment; and M. Mizushima 10- 0 erg/gauss, we expect approximate equal- 10. Work aided by NASA grant 237-62, con- (University of Colorado) for discussions of ity of the concentrations, of a particular tract 249-62. We thank G. L. Nelms, T. R. the of molecular species, with dipoles parallel and antiparallel magnetic properties oxygen. Hartz (both of the Canadian Defense Re- * Aided by USAF Chemical Directorate grant to the local magnetic field, both equalling search Telecommunications Establishment), and AF-AFOSR-245-65. N/2-half the total concentration. For the W. Calvert (U.S. National Bureau of Stand- particles indicated by the Alouette signal, the ards) for advice and information regarding t Supported by AEC contract AT (11-1)-1537. probability of reemission, equal to the prob- the Alouiette instrument; C. Sonett, L. 16 May 1967 M ability of absorption, in terms of the Einstein coefficient for stimulated emission, is W [27r(A2/3)/h2c](dI/dv) = 2 X 10' (dI/dv) sec' where dI/dv is the energy flux from the Geostrophic Transport Through the Drake Passage sounder-transmitter per unit frequency in- terval. The average radiated power, 300 watts, Abstract. Geostrophic transport is spread over a bandwidth of about 30 kcs. velocity and of water in the Drake Passage If one neglects absorption between the satel- relative to a newly defined zero reference layer indicate that the circumpolar lite and a point at distance R, the energy flux at R is current is basically north of 59°S, with its axis north 57°S, and that the total volume transport exceeds 200 X 106 cubic meters per second. The calculated geo- dl/dv = 10a/47rR' [erg/cm2 sec (cy/sec)] strophic velocities are consistent with results of descriptive water-structure studies. We neglect the angular dependence and as- sume that the power reflected by a popula- tion of N magnetic dipoles per cubic centi- Estimates of the total volume trans- bottom current. This calculation does meter, given by port through the Drake Passage vary not agree with the descriptive analysis P(R) = W (N/2) hv= from 0 (1) to 165 X 106 m3/sec (2). of the hydrographic data which indi- 0.5 X 109 (N/2) hIv/47r R2 (erg/cm3 sec) The uncertainty arises from a lack of cates that the bottom flow of the north- is radiated isotropically. It is assumed that direct current measurements and an in- ern Drake Passage is rapid and toward the radiated power density is approximately constant over the line width of the effective ability to define a satisfactory refer- the east, and that no zero reference radicals. The intensity of the signal arriving ence layer. The reference layer is layer exists within the water column at the satellite at time t, measured from the time at which the 100-Asec transmitter pulse needed to convert relative geostrophic of the northern Drake Passage (4, 8). begins, is given by velocities into absolute values. For this The hydrographic stations for which purpose, the level of no motion or the geostrophic calculations were perform- S(t) = [P(R)/47r R2] dV (erg/cm2 sec) zero reference layer is generally used. ed are plotted in Fig. 1. The calcu- on December 27, 2009 It can be found by various methods lated velocities are perpendicular to the where the integral is taken over the volume of origin of reemitted radiation reaching (3). the satellite at time t. This volume is a In general, velocity decreases with spherical shell centered on the satellite. For a pulse of 100 ,sec, the inner surface of the depth; therefore, any deep isobaric shell has radius Ro = c(t - 100)/2, and the surface would suffice as a zero refer- outer surface has radius R2 = ct/2, where I is measured in microseconds. By integration ence layer for the determination of sur- over the spherical angular coordinates and tise of v = 106 cy/sec, it follows that face currents. However, the depth of the zero reference layer becomes criti- www.sciencemag.org IR2 S(t)=J PdR= cal for calculations of deep currents and total volume transport. Table 1 summarizes the past esti- 1.5 10 13NJ/ dR/R2 J1 mates of the total volume transport through the Drake Passage. The trans- If the signal is to be detected at the satellite, S(t) must be greater than the threshold of port values vary with changes of the the receiver, that is, S(t) - 3 X 10-15 erg/ cm2 sec. Furthermore the signal must be at reference layer, even though, in many Downloaded from least 100-Asec long, that is, t = 202 Asec. cases, the same hydrographic data are For the minimum value of detectable signal, therefore, used. Fig. 1. Hydrographic stations used in geo- strophic calculations. fRa2 The zero reference layer in the J dR/R2=6x 107and southern Drake Passage (4) is used to determine the mean density of over- N 3 * 10' cm- lying water. The reference layer may a el co I aAO 0AO, *,&f*00&* 3. L. Marshall and W. F. Libby, Nature 214, 126 (1967). then be extended northward by use of 4. See, for example, D. J. E. Ingram, Free the equivalent-barotropic assumption 2000 -SONIC DEPTH AND REFERENCE LEVEL _/ Radicals (Butterworths, London, 1958), pp. AT HYDROGRAPHIC STATION /\ / 218-22; J. Sheridan, Ann. Rept. Progr. Chem. (5). This assumption has yielded mean- Chem. Soc. London 44, 7 (1957); ingful results in stratified water (5) and ibid. 60, 160 (1963). `4000 - _ - R- ZERO 5. C. Moore, U.S. Nat. Bur. Std. Circular 467; may be of use in water of a homo- F-NEAF SCHEMATIC BOTTOM / IZED ZERO L. Wiese, M. W. Smith, B. M. Glennon, PROFILE -/ REFERENCE LAYER "Atomic transition probabilities," in NSRDS- geneous nature such as that found in NBS 4, vol. 1. the Antarctic Ocean. The assumption 2-6000 _Z 6. R. Beringer and J. G. Castle, Phys. Rev. 78, (Li L ~~~/~ aOCR was applied to the Drake Passage by C] 04 * ELTANIN 581 (1950); R. Beringer, E. B. Rawson, A. 4 ^A DISCOVERY F. Henry, ibid. 94, 343 (1954); C. C. Lin Ostapoff (1, 6); however, the initial 8000 // * WILLIAM SCORESBY and M. Mizushima, ibid. 100, 1726 (1955); H. E. Radford, ibid. 122, 114 (1961). zero reference layer was found by ex- 7. Ne III, IV, and V also show the same Lande trapolation of Defant's Atlantic Ocean 1051ACI g values, but the abundance of neon in 560S 57T 58° 590 60 61' Earth's atmosphere is marginally small for reference layer (7) into the Drake Pas- LATITUDE detection with this receiver. 8. R. W. Zimmerer, thesis, University of Colo- sage. Ostapoff's resulting velocities Fig. 2. Depth of zero reference layer in rado (1960). show a westward-flowing deep and the Drake Passage. 1732 _t~~~~~~~~/SCIENCE, VOL. 156 /0 indicated line; therefore, they represent Table 1. Estimates of the volume transport through the Drake Passage by various authors. the northeast component of the total Total geostrophic velocity. Based on the po- Reference Method volume Author Data Season layer of finding transport tential relationship between tempera- (in) reference 10" m3/ ture and salinity in the Drake Passage, sec) the zero reference layer at Eltanint 1933 Cloxves (12) Discover Summer 3500 DIS* 110 Station 91 is 2750 m (4, fig. 1). The (above mean density of the water column 3500 m) 1942 Sverdrup (13) Composite: above the zero reference layer is 27.77. mostly By use of a mean density of 27.77. Discoi ery Com- 30(00 DIS 90 the depth of the zero reference layer and Williamz posite was found for all stations shown in Fig. Scoreesb! 1959 Kort (2) Ob Winter 3000 DIS 134 1. Figure 2 is a plot of the depth of the Bottom 165 average zero reference layer. The ref- 1960 Ostapoff (1) Discoveryi Summer Variable Defant's method with 0 erence layer descends from a minimum equivalent-baro- of 1800 m in the south to over 9000 mn tropic assumption 1961 Ostapoff (6) DiscovecrY SuLmmer V'ariable Same as above 0 in the northern Drake Passage. The 2000 DIS 33 depth of the zero reference layer prob- 3000 DIS 85 ably has a time variation. The dashed Oh WN inter Variable Defant's method with 9 equivalent-baro- line shown in Fig. 2 represents an tropic assumption average condition. Extrapolation be- 2000 DIS 34 low the sea floor was necessary to cal- .000 DIS 86 cLIlate velocities relative to this refer- 1962 Xesk-in (10) Composite SLumminier 3noo DIS 150 Winteri 0 I 123 ence layer. Since the water is fairly 1965 Vorob'yev and Composite Summer Variable Defant's method 120 homogeneous in the Antarctic Ocean Gindysh (14) Winter Variable Defant's method 91 and there is only slight attenuation of 1967 Gordon (15) Oh WNinter Variable T/St relation, with 218 currents with depth (8), extrapolation equivalent-baro- techniquLes are probably valid. tropic assumption There are four sets of data: (i) Oh DIS. deep isobaric surfaces. T S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Air-Cruise Model Only 2 Hour flight and Then Sail in Antarctica
    Last updated on Jan. 15, 2019 Traveling to the White Continent Te Drake Passage is the body of water that separates Cape Horn, the last piece of land belonging to the American continent, and the South Shetland Islands, located in Antarctica. Tis is where the Antarctic, the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans meet, which makes this merging point one of the most turbulent waters on Earth. 3 The traditional way from Ushuaia: 4 days crossing the Drake Passage To reach the Antarctic Peninsula, travel operators sail the tempestuous Drake Passage. But this comes with inconvenience for the traveller. · At least 50 hours South to reach the Antarctic peninsula · At least 50 hours North to get back to South America · Usually through rough seas, potentially causing sea sickness Watch Drake Passage video Highlight: Watch how crossing the Drake Passage looks like here. Visit antarctica21.com 4 Our Air-Cruise Model Only 2 hour flight and then sail in Antarctica Antarctica21’s innovative approach offers wilderness adventures that combine a 2-hour flight from Punta Arenas, located in the Chilean Patagonia, to the Antarctic peninsula, where our expedition vessel waits for the travelers to embark on an incredible journey. · Comfort: Avoid the Drake Passage’s storm · Speed: Reach the Antarctic Peninsula faster · Size: Small-ship, yacht-like experience Highlight: Antarctica21 is the world’s first Antarctic air-cruise and has led the way since 2003. Visit antarctica21.com Watch Air-Cruise Video Fly & Sail Expeditions Experience the best of Antarctica 6 Comfort Skip the stormy waters of the Drake Passage Rough seas are common in the Drake Passage.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Cenozoic Glaciation of Antarctica Induced by Declining
    letters to nature 17. Huang, Y. et al. Logic gates and computation from assembled nanowire building blocks. Science 294, Early Cretaceous6, yet is thought to have remained mostly ice-free, 1313–1317 (2001). 18. Chen, C.-L. Elements of Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics (Irwin, Chicago, 1996). vegetated, and with mean annual temperatures well above freezing 4,7 19. Wang, J., Gudiksen, M. S., Duan, X., Cui, Y. & Lieber, C. M. Highly polarized photoluminescence and until the Eocene/Oligocene boundary . Evidence for cooling and polarization sensitive photodetectors from single indium phosphide nanowires. Science 293, the sudden growth of an East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) comes 1455–1457 (2001). from marine records (refs 1–3), in which the gradual cooling from 20. Bagnall, D. M., Ullrich, B., Sakai, H. & Segawa, Y. Micro-cavity lasing of optically excited CdS thin films at room temperature. J. Cryst. Growth. 214/215, 1015–1018 (2000). the presumably ice-free warmth of the Early Tertiary to the cold 21. Bagnell, D. M., Ullrich, B., Qiu, X. G., Segawa, Y. & Sakai, H. Microcavity lasing of optically excited ‘icehouse’ of the Late Cenozoic is punctuated by a sudden .1.0‰ cadmium sulphide thin films at room temperature. Opt. Lett. 24, 1278–1280 (1999). rise in benthic d18O values at ,34 million years (Myr). More direct 22. Huang, Y., Duan, X., Cui, Y. & Lieber, C. M. GaN nanowire nanodevices. Nano Lett. 2, 101–104 (2002). evidence of cooling and glaciation near the Eocene/Oligocene 8 23. Gudiksen, G. S., Lauhon, L. J., Wang, J., Smith, D. & Lieber, C. M. Growth of nanowire superlattice boundary is provided by drilling on the East Antarctic margin , structures for nanoscale photonics and electronics.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Overlap Between Humpback Whale Foraging Grounds and the Antarctic Krill fishery MARK
    Biological Conservation 210 (2017) 184–191 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Identifying overlap between humpback whale foraging grounds and the Antarctic krill fishery MARK ⁎ Ben G. Weinsteina, , Michael Doubleb, Nick Galesb, David W. Johnstonc, Ari S. Friedlaendera a Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, 2030 Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA b Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia c Duke University Marine Laboratory, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The Antarctic krill fishery is the largest in the southern ocean, but currently operates without fine-scale Cetaceans information on whale movement and behavior. Using a multi-year dataset of satellite-tagged whales, as well as Bayesian movement models information on krill catch levels, we analyzed the spatial distribution of whales and fisheries effort within the Gerlache Strait small-scale management units defined by the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living CCAMLR Resources (CCAMLR). Using a Bayesian movement model to partition whale movement into traveling and area- Fisheries management restricted search states, we found that both whale behavior and krill catch effort were spatially clustered, with distinct hotspots of the whale activity in the Gerlache and southern Branfield Straits. These areas align with increases in krill fishing effort, and present potential areas of current and future conflict. We recommend that the Antarctic West and Bransfield Strait West management units merit particular attention when setting fine-scale catch limits and, more broadly, consideration as critical areas for krill predator foraging.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Tectonic Reconstructions of the Southernmost Andes and the Scotia Sea During the Opening of the Drake Passage
    123 Chapter 4 Tectonic reconstructions of the Southernmost Andes and the Scotia Sea during the opening of the Drake Passage Graeme Eagles Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Marine and Polar Research, Bre- merhaven, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Study of the tectonic development of the Scotia Sea region started with basic lithological and structural studies of outcrop geology in Tierra del Fuego and the Antarctic Peninsula. To 19th and early 20th cen- tury geologists, the results of these studies suggested the presence of a submerged orocline running around the margins of the Scotia Sea. Subse- quent increases in detailed knowledge about the fragmentary outcrop ge- ology from islands distributed around the margins of the Scotia Sea, and later their interpretation in light of the plate tectonic paradigm, led to large modifications in the hypothesis such that by the present day the concept of oroclinal bending in the region persists only in vestigial form. Of the early comparative lithostratigraphic work in the region, only the likenesses be- tween Jurassic—Cretaceous basin floor and fill sequences in South Geor- gia and Tierra del Fuego are regarded as strong enough to be useful in plate kinematic reconstruction by permitting the interpretation of those re- gions’ contiguity in mid-Mesozoic times. Marine and satellite geophysical data sets reveal features of the remaining, submerged, 98% of the Scotia 124 Sea region between the outcrops. These data enable a more detailed and quantitative approach to the region’s plate kinematics. In contrast to long- used interpretations of the outcrop geology, these data do not prescribe the proximity of South Georgia to Tierra del Fuego in any past period.
    [Show full text]
  • 29. Evolution of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean Basin
    29. EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTHWESTERN ATLANTIC OCEAN BASIN: RESULTS OF LEG 36, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT The Shipboard Scientific Party1 Together with Wayne Harris, and William V. Sliter INTRODUCTION cores only and will be considered only briefly here. The four successful sites of the leg were drilled on the Leg 36 started in Ushuaia, Argentina, on 4 April Falkland (Malvinas) Plateau and in the Malvinas Outer 1974 and finished in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on 22 May Basin. The Falkland Plateau extends eastwards from 1974. It completed the second of three austral summer the continental shelf of the South American continent seasons of drilling planned for Antarctic waters during (Figure 1). The 500-fathom submarine contour lies east Phase III of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. In fact Leg of the Falkland Islands which consist of a meta- 36 brought the Antarctic drilling program of Phase III morphic complex overlain by Paleozoic-Triassic sedi- to an end, because the plan to drill south of Africa dur- mentary strata deformed in the early Mesozoic and cut ing the austral summer of 1974-75 had to be abandoned by mafic dykes (Greenway, 1972). The strata can be for want of a suitable escort vessel. correlated with rocks of comparable age in South The two main objectives of Leg 36 as originally con- America and southern Africa. There is therefore no ceived by the Antarctic Advisory Panel were to in- reason to doubt that the western portion of the plateau vestigate the geologic histories of the Scotia Arc and of at least is underlain by continental crust.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Small Cetaceans. Distribution, Behaviour, Migration and Threats
    Review of Small Cetaceans Distribution, Behaviour, Migration and Threats by Boris M. Culik Illustrations by Maurizio Wurtz, Artescienza Marine Mammal Action Plan / Regional Seas Reports and Studies no. 177 Published by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Review of Small Cetaceans. Distribution, Behaviour, Migration and Threats. 2004. Compiled for CMS by Boris M. Culik. Illustrations by Maurizio Wurtz, Artescienza. UNEP / CMS Secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 343 pages. Marine Mammal Action Plan / Regional Seas Reports and Studies no. 177 Produced by CMS Secretariat, Bonn, Germany in collaboration with UNEP Coordination team Marco Barbieri, Veronika Lenarz, Laura Meszaros, Hanneke Van Lavieren Editing Rüdiger Strempel Design Karina Waedt The author Boris M. Culik is associate Professor The drawings stem from Prof. Maurizio of Marine Zoology at the Leibnitz Institute of Wurtz, Dept. of Biology at Genova Univer- Marine Sciences at Kiel University (IFM-GEOMAR) sity and illustrator/artist at Artescienza. and works free-lance as a marine biologist. Contact address: Contact address: Prof. Dr. Boris Culik Prof. Maurizio Wurtz F3: Forschung / Fakten / Fantasie Dept. of Biology, Genova University Am Reff 1 Viale Benedetto XV, 5 24226 Heikendorf, Germany 16132 Genova, Italy Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] www.fh3.de www.artescienza.org © 2004 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) / Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made.
    [Show full text]
  • Eddies and Jets in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
    The atmospheric ocean: eddies and jets in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current By Andrew F. Thompson Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics Centre for Mathematical Sciences University of Cambridge Wilberforce Road Cambridge CB3 0WA UK Although the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the longest and strongest oceanic current on Earth and is the primary means of inter-basin exchange, it re- mains one of the most poorly represented components of global climate models. Accurately describing the circulation of the ACC is made difficult because of the prominent role that mesoscale eddies and jets, oceanic equivalents of atmospheric storms and storm tracks, have in setting the density structure and transport prop- erties of the current. The successes and limitations of different representations of eddy processes in models of the ACC are considered, with particular attention given to how the circulation responds to changes in wind forcing. The presence of energetic, filamentary jets all along the path of the ACC suggests that capturing spatially-variable eddy transport properties in numerical and theoretical models may be crucial for climate prediction. Keywords: Antarctic Circumpolar Current, mesoscale eddies, zonal jets 1. Introduction Within the ocean's circulation system, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) stakes its claim to a number of superlatives. The ACC is both the longest and strongest current in the ocean carrying a volume transport of 130 Sv (1 Sverdrup = 1 Sv = 1×106 m3 s−1) along a 24 000 km path encircling Antarctica (Rintoul et al. 2001, figure 1a). The ACC is also unique because no continental barriers exist in the latitudes spanning Drake Passage (the gap between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula), which allows the current to close upon itself in a circumpolar loop.
    [Show full text]
  • Request for Letter of Authorization for the Taking of Marine Mammals
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE Office of Protected Resources PETITION FOR PROMULGATION OF REGULATIONS AND REQUEST FOR LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 101 (a) (5) (A) OF THE MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT for the Taking of Marine Mammals Incidental to Fisheries and Ecosystem Research Conducted and Funded by the Southwest Fisheries Science Center 50 C.F.R. Part 216, Subpart R April 2020 Submitted by: National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Science Center Prepared By: ECO49 Consulting, LLC Telephone | 907.903.9714 www.ECO49.com This page intentionally left blank. Fisheries and Ecosystem Research LOA Application TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... v 1. Description of Activities .................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1. Nature of Request ..................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2. Regulatory Context ................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.3. Description of the Activity ........................................................................................................ 1-3 1.3.1. Definition of Action Area ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Download Itinerary
    THE OCEAN ENDEAVOUR TRIP CODE ACACBFP DURATION 11 Days LOCATIONS Antarctic Peninsula INTRODUCTION Begin your journey in the charming Chilean town of Punta Arenas. Navigate the Strait of Magellan before crossing the legendary Drake Passage and be the first to witness the unveiling of Antarcticaâs pristine white wilderness and rose-coloured sunsets. This itinerary offers the budding photographer incredible experiences of untouched frozen landscapes, beautiful sculptured icebergs and unparalleled wildlife courtship displays. For the adventurer, under the guidance of an expert you can choose to strap on a pair of snowshoes and feel the spirit of early Antarctic explorers. Or kayak through a sea of brash ice, among majestic icebergs and experience nature close-up. Finish the day relaxing in the ships heated saltwater pool, sauna or hot tub or treat yourself to a pamper in our 5* wellness centre. Return to the scenic port of Ushuaia with a sense of fulfilment having experienced the journey of a lifetime. PLEASE NOTE: Prices displayed are subject to change and subject to availability, contact us for more information ITINERARY DAY 1: Punta Arenas Start your journey by exploring the charming streets and rugged coastline of Punta Arenas, Chile on the shores of the historic Strait of Magellan. Established on the wealth of the Patagonian wool export industry, the town’s splendour has been continued by a shift in focus to facilitating Antarctic exploration and research. It’s from the Punta Arenas post office that Sir Robert Falcon Scott penned his 400 letters announcing his return from the Antarctic and the town also hosted Sir Ernest Shackleton and his men for the closure of their harrowing Endurance expedition.
    [Show full text]
  • AWE-INSPIRING ANTARCTICA Aboard Ocean Atlantic BUENOS AIRES to USHUAIA • JANUARY 2–14, 2020
    AWE-INSPIRING ANTARCTICA aboard Ocean Atlantic BUENOS AIRES TO USHUAIA • JANUARY 2–14, 2020 BOOK BY MAR 15, 2019 FOR PRE-PAID GRATUITIES Single & Triple pricing available! Drake Passage | South Shetland Islands | Antarctic Peninsula Includes 2-Night Pre-Cruise Program and Pre-Paid Gratuities SPONSORED BY: AWE-INSPIRING ANTARCTICA FOLLOW GO NEXT TRAVEL: aboard Ocean Atlantic BUENOS AIRES TO USHUAIA • JANUARY 2–14, 2020 Includes 2-Night Pre-Cruise Program and Pre-Paid Gratuities Book by March 15, 2019 JOIN OUR ANTARCTICA WEBINAR FEBRUARY 22 OR MARCH 1 V1 PRSRT STD FIRST-CLASS MAIL 585-1 Awe-Inspiring Antarctica V1 Antarctica 585-1 Awe-Inspiring U.S. POSTAGE University of Oklahoma Alumni Association PAID 900 Asp, Suite 427 TWIN CITIES, MN Norman, OK 73019-4051 PERMIT #32322 Iceberg, Antarctica Iceberg, Cover Image: DEAR ALUMNI AND FRIENDS, Explore the far reaches of the earth aboard Albatros Expeditions’ newly renovated Ocean Atlantic. First reached just over one hundred years ago and preserved by the Antarctic Treaty, the seventh continent still embodies a spirit of thrilling discovery— from the abundant and extraordinary wildlife to the craggy glaciers jutting from pristine Antarctic waters. Spend two days immersed in Argentinian culture with an included two-night Pre-Cruise Program. Travel to Buenos Aires, known for its thriving arts culture, world-class eateries, and nearly 300 theaters. Tour the elegant turn-of-the century districts that earned this city the nickname “the Paris of South America.” Next, fly to Ushuaia, the city at the end of the world; tour Tierra del Fuego National Park and experience stunning views of snow-capped mountains on the far reaches of the Beagle Channel, your gateway to Antarctica.
    [Show full text]
  • WHALES of the ANTARCTIC PENINSULA Science and Conservation for the 21St Century CONTENTS
    THIS REPORT HAS BEEN PRODUCED IN COLLABORATION WITH REPORT ANTARCTICA 2018 WHALES OF THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA Science and Conservation for the 21st Century CONTENTS Infographic: Whales of the Antarctic Peninsula 4 1. PROTECTING OCEAN GIANTS UNDER INCREASING PRESSURES 6 2. WHALES OF THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA 8 Species found in the Antarctic Peninsula are still recovering from commercial whaling 10 Infographic: Humpback whale migration occurs over multiple international and national jurisdictions 12 Whales face several risks in the region and during migrations 15 Authors: Dr Ari Friedlaender (UC Santa Cruz), Michelle Modest (UC Baleen whales use the Antarctic Peninsula to feed on krill Santa Cruz) and Chris Johnson (WWF Antarctic programme). – the keystone species of the Antarctic food chain 16 Contributors: Infographic: The Western Antarctic Peninsula is critical Dr David Johnston (Duke University), Dr Jennifer Jackson feeding habitat for humpback whales 20 (British Antarctic Survey) and Dr Sarah Davie (WWF-UK). Whales play a critical role in Southern Ocean ecosystems 22 Acknowledgements: Special thanks to Rod Downie (WWF-UK), Dr Reinier Hille Ris Lambers (WWF-NL), Rick Leck (WWF-Aus), 3. NEW SCIENCE IS CHANGING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF WHALES 24 Duke University Marine Robotics and Remote Sensing Lab, California Ocean Alliance and One Ocean Expeditions. Technology is providing scientists and policymakers with data to better understand, monitor and conserve Antarctic whales 26 Graphic Design: Candy Robertson Copyediting: Melanie Scaife Satellite and suction-cup tags uncover whale foraging areas and behaviour 28 Front cover photo: © Michael S. Nolan / Robert Harding Picture Library / National Geographic Creative / WWF Long-Term Ecological Research – Palmer Station, Antarctica 29 Photos taken under research permits include: Dr Ari Drones uncovering a new view from above 30 Friedlaender NMFS 14809, ACA 2016-024 / 2017-034, UCSC IACUC friea1706, and ACUP 4943.
    [Show full text]
  • Antarctica & Patagonia Expedition Cruise
    ANTARCTICA & PATAGONIA EXPEDITION CRUISE Buenos Aires, Ushuaia, Patagonia, Drake Passage, Antarctic Peninsula Antarctica & Patagonia Expedition Cruise CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA | Buenos Aires, Ushuaia, Patagonia, Drake Passage, Antarctic Peninsula Season: 2022 12 DAYS 31 MEALS 16 SITES Prepare for the adventure of a lifetime as you explore the infinite riches and natural beauty of the Antarctic Peninsula. Nature takes center stage and unique experiences abound as you hike through penguin colonies, search for pods of whales navigating the waters around you, and share a toast with fellow Adventurers as you glide past glaciers and ice floes. Plus, you’ll kick off your journey to the Antarctic Peninsula with explorations of the diverse landscapes and rich culture of Patagonia, also known as the “End of the World.” ANTARCTICA & PATAGONIA EXPEDITION CRUISE Buenos Aires, Ushuaia, Patagonia, Drake Passage, Antarctic Peninsula Trip Overview 12 DAYS / 11 NIGHTS ACCOMMODATIONS 4 LOCATIONS Sofitel Buenos Aires Recoleta Buenos Aires, Ushuaia, Drake Le Boréal OR Le Lyrial OR Passage, Antarctic Peninsula L’Austral AGES FLIGHT INFORMATION 31 MEALS Minimum Age: 10 Arrive: Ezeiza International 11 Breakfasts, 10 Lunches, 10 Suggested Age: 12+ Airport (EZE) Dinners Return: Ezeiza International Airport (EZE) All Internal Flights Included ANTARCTICA & PATAGONIA EXPEDITION CRUISE Buenos Aires, Ushuaia, Patagonia, Drake Passage, Antarctic Peninsula DAY 1 BUENOS AIRES Activities Highlights: No Meals Included Arrive in Buenos Aires Sofitel Buenos Aires Recoleta Arrive in Buenos Aires ¡Bienvenidos a Buenos Aires! From the moment you arrive in the Argentine capital city, you’ll be immersed in the sights and sounds of a truly magical destination. Known as the birthplace of the Tango, Buenos Aires exudes passion that creates an intoxicating setting.
    [Show full text]