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Long-Term Follow-Up of Levodopa Responsiveness in Generalized Dystonia

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Long-Term Follow-Up of Levodopa Responsiveness in Generalized Dystonia ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Long-term Follow-up of Levodopa Responsiveness in Generalized Dystonia Richard B. Dewey, Jr, MD; Manfred D. Muenter, MD; Asha Kishore, MD; Barry J. Snow, MD Objectives: To assign an accurate diagnosis to pa- toms of dystonia as the drug was withheld. In each case, tients with dystonia based on the presence of sustained worsening of dystonia did not occur until 29 hours or levodopa responsiveness and to determine whether mo- more after levodopa withdrawal, providing evidence for tor fluctuations occur in patients with dystonia who are a response profile similar to the long duration response withheld from levodopa. described in Parkinson disease. No significant changes were seen in the dystonia scores of the 3 patients with Patients and Methods: Patients with generalized dys- idiopathic torsion dystonia who were withheld from le- tonia who responded to treatment in the 1970s with le- vodopa. vodopa/carbidopa were surveyed by phone and then ex- amined during a 3-day levodopa holiday. Functional Conclusions: We suggest that the subjective feeling of imaging with fluorodopa positron emission tomogra- wearing off experienced by our patients with dopa- phy was performed on a subset of patients. responsive dystonia may have been for one of the non– motor effects of levodopa, such as mood elevation. Our Results: In the phone interview, 4 of 7 patients with a data provide objective evidence for the often-repeated as- diagnosis of dopa-responsive dystonia reported the wear- sertion that motor fluctuations (analogous to those in le- ing-off effect a short while (within 4-8 hours) after miss- vodopa-treated patients with Parkinson disease) do not ing a dose of levodopa. Five patients with dopa- occur in patients with dopa-responsive dystonia. responsive dystonia were examined repetitively during levodopa withdrawal, and 3 developed recurrent symp- Arch Neurol. 1998;55:1320-1323 ATIENTS WITH generalized ported the development of motor fluctua- idiopathic torsion dystonia tions. This case was surprising since, (ITD) have a variable re- according to Nygaard et al,3 motor fluc- sponse to treatment with le- tuations (such as the wearing-off effect) vodopa. Most have no re- do not occur in patients with DRD.3 In fact, Psponse or suffer worsening dystonia. A some authors have suggested that when distinct minority of patients report some motor fluctuations are seen in patients with improvement, which is almost always tran- presumed DRD, the correct diagnosis may sient.1 A very small subset of patients with in fact be juvenile-onset Parkinson dis- progressive idiopathic generalized dysto- ease rather than DRD.4 The aims of the cur- nia, however, have a dramatic and pro- rent study were (1) to reclassify patients longed response to relatively small doses as having either DRD or ITD based on the of levodopa, leading to the designation presence of sustained responsiveness to dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD). low-dose levodopa therapy and (2) One of us (M.D.M.) found levodopa to determine whether motor fluctua- therapy to be effective in 12 patients with tions, such as the wearing-off effect, oc- From the Departments of idiopathic generalized dystonia who were cur in patients with dystonia treated with Neurology, University of Texas treated in the 1970s.2 Several of these pa- levodopa. Southwestern Medical School, tients had only a partial and transient re- Dallas (Dr Dewey), Mayo sponse to levodopa, suggesting a diagno- Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, RESULTS Ariz (Dr Muenter), and the sis of ITD. Others had a dramatic and Neurodegenerative Disorders prolonged beneficial response to the drug Eleven patients were reached by phone and Centre, University of British and therefore represent typical cases of surveyed regarding their illness after a Columbia, Vancouver DRD. One patient had otherwise typical mean of 18.5 years since initiation of treat- (Drs Kishore and Snow). DRD but during prolonged follow-up re- ment. Table 1 shows a summary of the ARCH NEUROL / VOL 55, OCT 1998 1320 ©1998 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 10/02/2021 PATIENTS AND METHODS given their usual dose of levodopa/carbidopa and ob- served for a response. Clinical ratings were repeated after maximal clinical improvement (if any) occurred, and if no After conducting a detailed review of the medical records improvement was seen, 90 minutes later. A second “on- of the original 12 patients with dystonia who reported le- state” dystonia scoring was performed 6 hours after le- vodopa responsiveness in the 1970s, the patients were con- vodopa administration in patient 1. tacted by phone and surveyed regarding the course of their Subsequently, 6 patients underwent positron emis- illness since their last examination, with specific attention sion tomography (PET) scans with fluorodopa F 18 and to the issues of levodopa responsiveness and motor fluc- raclopride labeled with carbon 11 (11C) at the University tuations. Patients were then invited to travel to the Mayo of British Columbia, Vancouver. All PET studies were per- Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Ariz, for reexamination. All formed (using an ECAT 953B/31 tomograph) after a 12- travel and accommodation costs were funded through the hour withdrawal of medication. The fluorodopa F 18 PET study. Those patients who agreed to visit underwent de- scans were performed dynamically over a 2-hour period. tailed clinical evaluation for dystonia and parkinsonism over The analysis was performed using regions of interest that a 3-day period. While we did not expect to see parkinson- covered the heads of the caudates and 3 regions of interest ism in our patients with DRD, we included scoring for par- per slice that covered the putamen. The analysis was per- kinsonism because other investigators have suggested that formed using a graphical method and metabolite- these disorders can sometimes be confused.4 After provid- corrected blood input according to the method described ing informed consent, the patients who were still taking by Patlak and Blasberg.6 The full details of the method have levodopa/carbidopa (all 5 patients with DRD and 3 of the been described elsewhere.7 The 11C-raclopride scans were 4 patients with ITD) were asked not to take the drug for performed using the same sets of regions of interest placed up to 3 days, during which time they received 4 neuro- manually on the raclopride scans. After an injection of 5 logic examinations for both dystonia and parkinsonism. mCi, data were collected for 60 minutes. The analysis was “Off-levodopa” dystonia examinations were performed in the ratio of striatum to background for the period from 30 the morning (8 AM) and in the late afternoon (5 PM)toas- to 60 minutes. The definition of normal for both the fluo- sess for diurnal fluctuations. Dystonia was rated using the rodopa and raclopride scans was based on the 95% confi- Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Scale,5 while parkinsonism was as- dence limits of age-matched normal controls. The control sessed using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale subjects had no history of neurologic disease and were nor- motor section (items 18-31). After the final off-levodopa mal on neurologic examination. None were taking medi- clinical rating was performed on the third day, patients were cation that influenced the dopaminergic system. Table 1. Clinical Features Based on Chart Review and Phone Interview Duration of Patient No./ Daily Levodopa Effect of Wearing-Off Response to Diurnal Age at Onset, y Initial Symptom Dose, mg Levodopa Effect? Levodopa, h Fluctuations? Diagnosis* 1/7 Foot inversion when walking 100 Dramatic Yes 29 Yes DRD 11/5 Foot inversion when walking 100 Dramatic Yes 8 Yes DRD 8/7 Torticollis and dystonic posturing of arms 150 Dramatic Yes 4 Yes DRD 5/6 Involuntary movements of hands 300 Dramatic Yes 6 No DRD 4/5 Inversion of feet and flexion of toes 200 Dramatic Yes 7 Yes DRD 10/3 Foot inversion when walking 100 Dramatic Yes 24 Yes DRD 2/2 Foot inversion when walking 100 Dramatic Yes 17-25 Yes DRD 7/10 Truncal dystonia with retrocollis None Modest No Not applicable No ITD 6/9 Torticollis 500 Modest No Not applicable No ITD 9/12 Torticollis, right arm tremor 1000 Modest Yes 24 Yes ITD 3/43 Eyelid and facial twitching 1600 Modest Yes 4 No ITD *DRD indicates dopa-responsive dystonia; ITD, idiopathic torsion dystonia. clinical features of each case gathered from chart review within a mean of 6 hours after taking the last dose of le- and telephone interview. An important finding from the vodopa. survey was that all patients with DRD admitted to hav- Nine patients traveled to Mayo Clinic Scottsdale for ing experienced the wearing-off effect from levodopa, usu- detailed examination over a period of 3 days. Those still ally when a dose of the drug was inadvertently skipped. taking levodopa remained off the drug for up to 83 hours Three of the 7 patients with DRD had a relatively long (mean, 55.8 hours). Dystonia scores for each patient at duration response to a given dose, noting wearing off of each of the assessment examinations are shown in the effects 24 hours or more after the dose was missed. Figure 1 and Figure 2. Consistent with our expecta- Four of the 7, however, had short duration responses by tions, parkinsonism was not observed in any patient at history and developed a feeling of uneasiness that they any time during drug withdrawal. Diurnal fluctuation of thought presaged the recurrence of dystonic posturing dystonia severity (operationally defined here as a low- ARCH NEUROL / VOL 55, OCT 1998 1321 ©1998 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 10/02/2021 40 55 35 Patient No.
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