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The story of tne activities of the people of "Racine County in the World War" has been thoroughly told, in the six hundred page volume published in 1920, toy Walter L. Halght, entitled 15 as above. It well told also, and is sure to toe of increasing interest and value as the years go toy* In common with other occurrencesiilh the religious, social,* agricultural, industrial, commercial and political life of tne people of this vicinity.since the last decade of the nine­ teenth century, the story of the World War is, of course, no part of the "Early History of Racine County", which is the ti­ tle of this publication. However, our home city and county in the World War period was the setting of a series of events of such compelling Interest, and tremendous import, that a brief £ outline of a few of the more interesting items of historical tJvt <7 rtjubw A***v value will toe submitted In this chapter, mm® of which will be quotations from Mr. Halght1s book, credit being given in each instance. A^Esumz OF THF wAttLD Wm Mr. Halght begins his book with a resume^ of the War-- four years of it - in less than three pages of print, which could hardly have been better done by any one, any where. It is reproduced verbatim with the single comment that fepteaaajp ••.£wm the first sentence of tne last paragraph of the chapter would have provided a better caption than the one used, which is not fully descriptive. It was likely the contribution of another than the author. #*'

* "TA/E Dt/TmEA* Of T/tE W%&,

HEN an assassin's bullet slew Arch­ ors and began the long and terrible fight for duke Francis Ferdinand of Austria at her very existence. Great Britain hesitated W Serajevo on June 28, 1914, it is doubt­ but three days, and then her navy sallied forth ful whether anyone in the whole world antici­ to check the marauding German ships of war, pated that the act would precipitate a conflict and her first regiments joined the French on involving all the great powers. the continent. The Balkan nations armed Austria sent her insolent ultimatum to Ser­ themselves and prepared to take sides as their bia on July 23, and the statesmen of Europe best judgment dictated. Italy, for years in the grew grave. Even then but few foresaw more Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria, de­ than another "Balkan storm cloud" such as had clined to take part with them in the assault frequently threatened European peace, but upon the peace of the world, and became an which usually had been banished by a wave of armed camp, albeit neutral. a diplomatic wand. As the days passed, the In the brief span of a week, there was hard­ very stupendousness of the conflict which was ly a city in all Europe unaffected by the con­ threatened made it appear impossible that flict. And before many months had passed civilized governments could permit its begin­ Belgium, eastern France, Poland and Serbia ning-. With Germany upholding Austria's were drenched with the blood of their defend­ stand; Russia declaring herself bound to sup­ ers and of the invading hosts. port Serbia; France assuring Russia that the Neutral nations, aghast at the holocaust, republic would lend every aid to the autocracy sent words of horror-stricken appeal to all (Z in case of war; Great Britain insistent that warring peoples, and silence was the answer. Germany should not attack France by sea or The Central Powers, by their mighty blows, through Belgium, the consequences of the first hammered their way almost to the gates of offensive step were certain to be of tragic im­ Paris in September and were checked and port. It did not seem that the Central Powers driven back across the Marne, Belgium was a would dare assume the responsibility of un­ ruin, held by the invading forces of the Kaiser. leashing the whirlwind of war. Russian armies penetrated into Germany and Through these fateful days, America watch­ then were hurled back in a rout far inside their ed from across the seas—at first with an air frontier. Serbia was overrun. Montenegro of amused tolerance at "much ado about noth­ took arms in behalf of Serbia and then Turkey ing," later with surprise at the growing crisis joined her fate with that of Germany and and finally with the startled, shocked expres­ Austria. Italy was finally forced into the sion of one who for the first time recognizes Allied camp in 1915. Japan early had put her that what he deemed a clever bit of stage play navy to the task of avenging a hatred felt is, instead, a gory tragedy of real life. against Germany ever since the Chino-Japanese Then, on August 1, 1914, the storm broke. war, and entered the Alliance against the Cen­ Germany declared war on Russia. The Aus­ tral Powers. trian army advanced toward Serbia an'd man­ On land the movements of armies soon nearly ned her own eastern borders. Russian troops ceased and trench warfare was ushered in. assembled all along the Teutonic frontier. The opposing forces faced each other across Germany's green and gray clad hordes, gather­ mined areas and barbed wire entanglements, ed together almost over night by means of her the warriors in systems of earthworks which marvelous mobilization methods, dashed toward reached across Belgium and France from the France over the ravished fields of neutral Bel­ English Channel to Switzerland, from the Tyro­ gium. France called her manhood to the col­ lean Alps along the northern Italian border^

* From "Racine County in the World War", by falter L. Haight. through the Balkans, and from the Carpathians of the dawn, when Nature clothed the troops to the Baltic sea. in a mantel of partial invisibility. On the seas, the German merchant marine Finally, terrified by the blockade which was. rushed to friendly or neutral ports to be in­ threatening her existance, Germany launched terned. Teutonic raiders, bold and desperate, her trump card—the submarine. Creeping out darted across the sea lanes destroying Allied of her naval bases, the U-boats issued forth to shipping and spreading terror to distant colo­ sea hidden under the waters. They passed the nies until they were finally sunk or driven into blockading fleets and invaded the sea lanes permanent hiding. The German and Austrian along which ships brought food and other ne­ fleets were bottled in their fortified harbors, cessities of life to Great Britain. From their from where they continued to threaten their safe position beneath the waves, the command­ foes. ers of the submersibles searched the seas with periscopes, located the merchant vessels, In the air, great fleets of aeroplanes crossed and launched the torpedoes which sent them to and re-crossed the firing lines to spy out ene­ the bottom. Hundreds and hundreds of Brit­ my movements and spread death along the ain's finest ships were thus destroyed with highways and railroads. As the struggle pro­ heavy loss of life. Frequently no attempt was gressed, bombing planes were developed which made by the assailing U-boat to save passen­ dropped explosives upon towns and forts and gers or crews of their victims. railroads. Dirigible balloons were sent from Germany to strike terror and carry destruc­ Driven to desperation by her own domestic tion to English cities. London was bombed re­ troubles, Germany threw caution to the winds, peatedly and many innocent non-combatants and sank every craft which could be success­ were victims of the ruthless campaign of hor­ fully attacked, regardless of its nature, provid­ ror. Paris was also an occasional victim of ed that it was being used to help feed and. aerial attacks. clothe the hated British. Passengers from neutral countries were num­ Effort after effort to win a decision on land bered among the victims. Ships of neutral na­ failed. The battle lines remained almost sta­ tions engaged in trade with the Allies were- tionary for two and a half years. New de­ sunk. Protest after protest was made. The vices of warfare appeared. The German chem­ German government explained, apologized, ex­ ists reverted to an ancient and discarded cused her actions by various subterfuges—but method of killing, and developed poison gases the disregard for international law and for that could be released from tanks, or convey­ the rights of humanity continued with a few ed into the enemy lines in shells and bombs. intermissions. When the Cunard liner Lusi- They suffocated, burned and in other ways tania, bearing hundreds of Americans to Eng­ slew and tortured thousands. The Allies re­ land was sunk off the coast of Ireland with a ciprocated in kind, and soon all soldiers at the loss of nearly 1,500 lives of men, women and' front were provided with grotesque looking children, in May 1915, the United States gov­ masks containing chemicals to rob the gases ernment finally spoke. President Wilson, af­ of their power to kill. ter a year of patient efforts to keep this coun­ Clumsy gasoline tractors were armored and try from becoming entangled in the awful con­ armed, and rechristened "tanks." They ground flict, sent to Germany a note which demanded their way across trenches and wire entangle­ that her disregard for law and decency cease.. ments to deal death among the foe. Machine For nearly a year the German navy indicated guns and automatic rifles of great ingenuity an effort to respect the rights of neutrals while- were perfected, and on battle-fields in time of still carrying on a successful submarine cam­ action a veritable typhoon of bullets swept paign against British and French shipping- from side to side'' from concealed positions. Admiral von Tirpitz declared, after the war, Artillery was developed to a point of efficiency that had the Kaiser continued to disregard hitherto undreamed of, and the long range, ac­ neutral rights at that time England would have- curacy and destructive power of the great mis­ been decisively defeated before America could siles made territory within their reach impassa­ have entered the war in force, and would then ble by human beings at times. Opposing in­ have been able to prevent American transports fantry lines were so close that hand grenades, from crossing the Atlantic when this country bayonets and short-range mortars replaced finally declared war. He declares that the rifles for raids and daily minor brushes. The mildness of the campaign for the rest of that efficiency of weapons of all sorts almost totally year enabled England to take steps to over­ prevented daytime actions in the field, and come the submarine menace to some extent. fighting was done at night or in the misty gray However that may be, it was the following- H V

r spring when U-boat commanders again became Italy had made no headway against the Aus- heedless of neutral rights and on April 19, trians and was soon to suffer a terrible defeat 1916, President Wilson sent an ultimatum to on the Isonzo front. In France the Allied Germany threatening to break off all relations spring drive, upon which Germany's foes had with her unless the killing of American citi­ staked everything had just proved almost a zens on the high seas cease. Again the Ger­ total failure. man government hesitated between the two The world at large did not realize the terri­ possible courses of action and again the danger ble straits in which the Allies found themselves of starvation was temporarily lessened in the at this stage. The rigid censorship kept the British isles while a more humane policy of curtain of secrecy between the terrible picture warfare was being followed for a time by the of future disaster, and the public. At all costs, Central Powers. Germany had to be kept in ignorance of how On January 31, 1917, the advocates of un­ near she was approaching to victory. restricted submarine warfare against the Only in Asia Minor did comparatively un­ Allies, regardless of any neutral rights, won important victories come to the British ban­ out in Germany and the Kaiser declared his in­ ners, and they helped to break the spirits of tention to the world of destroying England at the Turks and Austrians who might otherwise all costs. The United States immediately on have aided Germany more effectively on the receiving this insolent declaration, severed western front. diplomatic relations with Germany and armed The manhood of France had been decimated her merchant vessels. She could not permit by the war. Every house, it seemed, mourned any nation to close the high seas to her law­ its dead. There were no more reserves. Great ^ ful commerce, as Germany frankly stated it Britain and France had both put forth their intended to do and plainly was trying to do. greatest efforts and failed. From now on they H. As this rebuke had no salutary effect upon could only hope to ward off total defeat until the Germany but rather seemed to incite her to Americans could come to their aid. And Amer­ new acts of lawlessness against American ships ica had to start almost from the bottom to create and American lives, President Wilson in April, an army. Its navy alone was ready for war. 1917, addressed Congress asking that war be That was the situation in April, 1917. declared against Germany, and it was so de­ It was nearly a year later when the first clared on April 6. American combat units were in action against In his address President Wilson cited the the Germans in France. But by July 1918, the many acts of barbarism committed against Central Powers had received their first severe America and Germany's refusal to heed words defeat on the western front since 1914. In of friendly warning; action of the German gov­ September the Americans administered two ernment in sending hundreds of spies and decisive defeats to the foe. Early in October secret agents to this country to wreck indus­ the whole German front in France and Ger­ tries, promote strikes and disorders and influ­ many collapsed under the combined pressure of ence legislation; and her recently detected ef­ the Allies. In November, the Kaiser abdicated fort to incite Mexico to engage in war with the his throne and fled, and the German govern­ United States. ment accepted terms of surrender which were At the time this country officially entered practically unconditional. the war our military forces were on a peace­ The American navy had furnished the addi­ time basis and entirely unprepared as to tional strength necessary to overcome the sub­ strength, equipment or supplies to begin any marine menace; American industries had fur­ offensive action except on the sea. nished the necessary material and ammuni­ Germany was flushed with victories on land, tions; American money had financed the bank­ and with three years of successful effort to rupt Allies; the American people had thrown prevent invasion of her own soil. Great Brit­ their whole heart and soul and strength into ain was on the verge of starvation. Admiral the struggle; American soldiers had met and William S. Sims, U. S. N. is authority for mastered the German hosts every day for the statement that the British government in­ weeks; American military strength had given formed him officially in April that the Allies the Allies sufficient power to drive the hither­ "would be forced to admit complete defeat with­ to victorious foe to his knees. in five months if some means were not devised That, in brief, is the story of the great war. to end the submarine menace. Racine men and women played their part in it, Russia had withdrawn from the Alliance and it was a part which will be remembered totally defeated by the Central Powers in a with pride as long as patriotism and love of military sense and torn by revolution within. country survive in America. PRE-WAR £)Ayg tN HAcftvE ((JuA/ry A DCTACHTD I NTS RE ST In common with most American communities, Racine, city and county, took a somewhat detached interest in the War duringthe greater part of the period preceding the entry of the United States into It. We were amazed and angered by the policy of utter ruthlessness of the Germans in their destruction of prop­ erty and lives in Belgium,- and in France, when they got there. But it ™as not our war, and vf settled back to watch the course of events, and to guess what would happen next. When the Germans began sinking United. States ships, and drowning United States citizens, however, we sat up and took notice, and wondereci what our Government vat going to do about it.. ffiasMifttLT AND WttsoH At tnis juncture it was the opinion of many thousands of well-informed and patriotic Americans thai had Theodore Roose- or tM^A&tty S^L^tatc^C^/ velt been elected PresioenMn lyit, when as an independent, he ® ran a close second to Woodrow wilaon, the Kaiser and his cohorts would have bees careful to give the United States no excuse for entering the war against them. As it turned out, though the war­ lords of Germany Knew the fighting instincts of Roosevelt, they knew also the pacifist predilections of President Alison, but misjudged the capacity of tne American people for offensive war­ fare, once they were fully aroused to the necessity for it; and of course "*e got into it - and came through, though at an awful cost..

The reader will find the following paragraphs by Mr. Halght well worth careful reading; they contain a review, in condensed form, of the out-standing events in pre-war days in Racine County. RACiA/r &iLAt*v PRIOR T&.H4srtim&s-

ACINE county is a typical inland Amer­ the nation's financial support to her armies ican community. Like thousands of while many who peruse the lines still own the R other counties in the United States it is bonds which helped to purchase victory; to populated by intelligent, progressive citizens. describe the loving efforts made in home, and A considerable proportion of the inhabitants club and church to provide comfort for those are native born and descended from a line of who had donned the khaki or blue; and above pioneer stock. There are likewise a great all to keep fresh the memories of those who many who are immigrants or the offspring of made the great sacrifice for country, while immigrants who came from foreign shores to their families still wear the bands of mourning seek their fortunes in this land where Nature on their arms. smiles encouragingly upon the hopeful and the j At the outbreak of the World War in 1914, energetic. A dozen nationalities are well rep­ this community had but little fear that the resented here. distant conflagration could spread to this side The two principal cities of the county—Ra- of the Atlantic. That Racine might be send­ cine and Burlington—are factory centers. The j ing men to France, England and Russia to former has for years manufactured and ship- fight their country's battles seemed more like the figment of a disagreeable dream than the ped to all parts of the earth a varied assort­ unavoidable and logical result of the turmoil ment of products, ranging from clothing and overseas. prepared foods to automobiles, machinery and leather goods. Surrounding these centers, and For more than two years Racine county, in tributary to them is an area of rich, highly common with the greater part of America, cultivated farm land where dairying and agri­ watched the progress of the terrible struggle culture is carried on by the most modern meth­ in Europe with startled fascination. From the ods. flood of charges and countercharges, defenses There are millionaires in Racine county, and and denials, protests and arguments, which there are laborers. There are high salaried came from the various governments involved, specialists and skilled mechanics. There are few people seriously assumed the power to representatives of almost every class known to tell with certainty who was responsible for the American life. It has daily newspapers and holocaust. Almost everyone denounced Ger­ good schools. Its connections with the outside many for her base violation of Belgium's neu­ keep its people in touch with adjacent and dis­ trality, and sympathy was quite generally with tant lands, and its numerous transportation the Belgians. When Great Britain came into lines make travel to all parts of the country the war, most Americans were inclined to as­ easy. Its prosperity has kept its people happy sume that Germany's fate was sealed, now that and contented. Its steady growth has resulted the "iron ring" was closing about her at sea as in continued optimism. Briefly, it is a thriv­ well as on land. As days passed, and the ing American county, with the qualities and armies settled down to trench warfare, the characteristics typical of American communi­ lingering idea that the war might spread to ties. America almost disappeared. The history of Racine county's part in the Pacifists opposed any military preparations World War, therefore, is much the same, in on our part, assuming that the vast armaments all probability as that of the great majority of of Europe were the cause of the trouble there. places in the United States. The story of its Looking back to the days of 1914-1915, it seems sacrifices and trials and accomplishments is as if a majority of Racine people had the same similar to that of the nation. What America sort of interest in the World War then as they did, Racine did in a smaller way. What Ra­ might have had in some well advertised cham­ cine and its neighbors experienced, the towns pionship prize fight. They discussed in homes, and villages and cities of the entire country cafes, cigar stores and clubs the merits of the experienced. various antagonists. They cited statistics on The whole story of the great conflict which land and naval forces, and on population and deluged the world with suffering and misery wealth and resources. They cheered the brave and death from 1914 to 1918 has not yet been French poilus for driving the German invaders told. It may be a generation before there will back at the Marne: they applauded the Ger­ appear an historian able to do justice to such mans for turning apparent defeat on the Rus­ a theme and with means to assemble all the sian front into an overwhelming victory which data required for such a monumental work. almost destroyed the Czar's armies; they ex­ But it is not too early to attempt to put into pressed admiration for the boldness of the words the tale of one county's part in the war. Kaiser's raiders going forth on the seas to al­ It is possible to depict armies and navies in most certain destruction, yet spreading terror terms of men whose faces are familiar to the and death from Gibraltar to the East Indies reader; to explain America's mighty industrial before they met their fate. efforts during the war in words which paint There were few, indeed, who hoped for a the tasks performed in local plants; to recall real German victory. The brutal methods of

# From "Racine County tn ttm World War", By Walter L. Halght. the invaders in Belgium and eastern France feelings, but they did not kill Americans, de­ caused even the friends of the Teutonic Em­ stroy American property or show a total dis­ pire to blush for shame, and dread the adoption regard for the rights of neutrals. Perhaps the of such rule in wider spheres. Yet there was most serious complaint against the Allies was also a feeling that Germany was handicapped due to the British rule that neutrals could ship in the struggle by her lack of food and other but a Mmited amount of food and manufactured supplies and to many she appeared as a brave goods to countries bordering upon Germany, it people being slowly starved into submission being claimed that Holland and the Scandina­ despite her magnificent fight. Americans, too, vian countries were furnishing the Germans had never been inclined to feel, as individuals, with supplies. Cargoes stopped in transit and much friendliness for Great Britain. They had seized, were paid for, however, so there was no been taught in the schools of our troubles with actual loss. Efforts to stop this interference her in the Revolution, the War of 1812 and the with trade were being made when Germany's Civil War. The Irish-American population had actions finally forced us into the war and also told tales of British rule which had not then, of course, we were in accord with the been without their effect. Allies' policy. Probably, the preponderance of sentiment in Racine people took active part in the plans Racine county was in favor of the Allied cause. to send food and clothing to the Belgian refu­ But quite frequently the feeling seemed to be gees prior to our entry into the struggle, and as disinterestedly neutral as that of the woman funds were contributed by many to aid the who, seeing her spouse in combat with a French orphaned children. In Milwaukee,! grizzly, exclaimed, "Go it husband! go it, b'ar! where there was a large German population, May the best one win!" there were fairs and entertainments held to Early in 1916 new factors entered into their raise money for the German and Austrian opinions and sympathies. German-Americans, civilian sufferers and contributions to these loud in their defense of the Fatherland were causes, also, were made here. The Red Cross noticeably backward about trying to get back Society, being an international organization to the old country to fight, while quite a num­ for the amelioration of suffering, did work on 1 ber of young men of French and English, and both sides of the fighting lines in Europe and particularly Canadian, nativity were quietly maintained an impartial attitude. packing up their suitcases and starting for At times, during our period of neutrality, Allied ports to enlist. Very shortly most of there were hot arguments and even some fistic us could claim some acquaintance with men in encounters on the streets as a result of differ­ the Allied ranks. ences of opinion over the war. But it is prob­ Then the German government began a course ably not far from the truth to say that up to of action which forever lost her the support of the spring of 1916 there were very few people even her admirers. No one claiming to be a self- in this part of the country who were so parti­ respecting American could hear without anger san that they would have cared to see Amer­ and resentment in his heart the stories of ica enter the war on either side, or who would American lives lost in the ruthless attacks by have been heart-broken at the defeat of any German submarines upon defenseless ships. of the combatants. Reference to newspaper Every principle of international law required files bear out this view of the country's senti­ that a warship provide for the safety of pas­ ment. sengers before sinking any unarmed vessel, Probably in future years, this attitude of and this the Germans persistently refused to our people will seem one of the strangest fea­ do. tures of the history of America during the Then came the revelations of German intri­ period of the war. gue in Mexico, and the exposure of the official President Wilson was re-elected in 1916 as a instructions from Berlin to agents in Mexico result of a campaign which had as its political to stir up a war against the United States. battle-cry, "He kept us out of war." Yet, This followed after the discovery of plots, in when in the following April he solemnly set some cases successful, to destroy American forth the reasons why we could no longer be factories which sold goods to the .Allies, these at peace, the nation quietly, sternly and with plots being contrary to all law and often times undoubted loyalty and determination) trans­ with utter disregard for human life. formed itself into a mighty fighting machine pledging its last man and last dollar to the The indiscriminate bombing of English and task of defending the ideals of democracy from French towns with heavy loss of life among the onslaughts of arrogant militarism and au­ the women and children was also generally de­ tocracy. nounced. All these things tended to germinate a feeling of dislike and distrust. The Allies themselves did many things to grate upon our \

CHAPTER V ^ RACINE NATIONAL GUARD MEN CALLED

OR eighteen years following the Spanish- ed a sufficient incentive, and within a few American war, Racine county had no weeks the necessary 110 men had enlisted and F representation in the National Guard. been accepted. In June, 1916, the Adjutant Lack of a suitable building for armory pur­ General of the state approved the organization poses was one of the main reasons why Wis­ at an inspection in the Commercial Club consin's second largest city had not maintain­ rooms, and the next day the governor commis­ ed a military company. sioned as captain, George W. Rickeman, a vet­ The World War broke out in August, 1914. eran officer of the Spanish-American war. Far-sighted citizens who were interested in James W. Gilson and Richard Drake, were National Guard matters to a greater or less named first lieutenants. Richard G. Bryant degree, began to feel that America might get was named second lieutenant, and a few weeks involved in the conflict and that it would be later Harry J. Sanders was also named as sec­ wise to plan for the establishment of Guard ond lieutenant. organizations in all of the cities of the state. Drills were held twice a week at the Lake­ The matter dragged along for a year and a side Auditorium. The older guard organiza­ half. The federal government apparently hesi­ tions from other parts of the state were called tated to provide for larger defensive forces. into federal service and dispatched to the Mex­ President Wilson constantly urged, with all ican border in July. The Racine unit, now the eloquence at his command, that the people known as Battery C, 1st Wisconsin Field Artil­ of America be neutral in thought, word and lery, expected to follow shortly. Its officers deed and there was a pretty general feeling and a number of men were detailed to go to that Wilson would keep us out of the war, as Texas and take part in the maneuvres there he had up to that time. with Battery A of Milwaukee until their own In 1916 the Mexican situation became too battery should be called out. They remained serious to be longer ignored. The Mexican three weeks or more, some men staying for government was powerless to control the bandit several months. and revolutionary forces which swarmed in the August 14, 1916, the Battery was ordered to mountains and plains near the Texas border, Camp Douglas, Wis., but as there were no guns and these bands of armed men made frequent or horses for it, the men spent days in foot forays on the American side of the Rio Grande, drill and then were sent back to Racine. stealing and slaying. Nothing more was done about providing equip­ Most of the regular army was sent to the ment, excepting uniforms, so these boys missed border and the National Guard was told to pre­ their first chance to see action. The rest of pare for a call into federal service in June, the Guard returned from the border duty in 1916. Authority was given to increase the the winter. number of companies, and under this order After quite a campaign of oratory, the peo­ Major Westfahl of Milwaukee offered to allow ple of the city voted at a special election to his battalion of field artillery to be completed have the city build a $50,000 armory, and au­ by the raising of a Battery at Racine if so thorized a bond issue of that amount so that desired there. the battery could obtain guns and horses from Immediate steps were taken to see if the the government. Before it could be built, it. battery could be recruited. Captain Henry C. was decided by some of the city officials that Baker, a veteran guardsman and then chief of it would be better to put more money with the police was a leader in the movement. The $50,000 and erect a structure large enough to probability of active service at the border prov­ use for public auditorium purposes. Eventu-

^. From "Racine County in the world * By Walter L. Halght. V %

ally this was put up to the people, but the re­ command, Drs. William Salbreiter, William J. quest for authority to issue $100,000 bonds ad­ Hanley, Clarence O. Del Marcelle and Luther ditional was defeated. Before the council could N. Schnetz, were given commissions as lieu­ get busy again on the $50,000 building project, tenants and assigned to the company when the National Guard had started for France and Lieutenant Johnston was promoted to captain the whole proposition was allowed to drop. and the company ordered to report at Camp In April, 1917, war was declared against Douglas, Wisconsin, on July 30, 1917. Germany. The National Guard quota was Batteries C and F left Racine for Camp again increased and all organizations ordered Douglas on July 2d to join the rest of the to be filled to war strength. Battery C was artillery regiment, which was composed of recruited to 200 men, and it was decided to Green Bay and Milwaukee units. The occa­ have another battery in Racine to complete the sion was a dramatic one. The country had 1st Wisconsin artillery regiment. The work begun to see that the United States would continued, the Battery C members acting as re­ have to engage in active hostilities against cruiting agents. There were also three or Germany and it was anticipated that the Na­ four public meetings held. One, on the ex­ tional Guard would be sent overseas as soon as treme south side, resulted in the enlistment of transports could be provided. Parents did not a score of Polish young men. One at Union know whether they would ever see their boys Grove added a dozen men to the battery from again, or if they should, whether it might be that village and surrounding towns. years before they would be reunited. The en­ A month after war was declared the new tire city turned out to watch the soldiers' de­ battery was completed, assigned to the regi­ parture. ment as Battery F, and began drilling three The batteries answered roll call at the Audi­ times a week under direction of Battery C of­ torium at 6 o'clock in the morning. All the ficers. On June 16, the governor promoted recruits, including all of Battery F, were with­ Captain Rickeman to major, and made the fol­ out uniforms. They carried home-made kit lowing promotions and assignments: bags containing toilet articles and a few per­ sonal belongings. None were loaded up with Battery C. surplus baggage, and most of them showed by ; 1st Lieut. Richard G. Bryant to be captain. their countenances that they realized that the 2nd Lieut. Harry J. Sanders to be 1st lieu­ adventure they were starting upon might be a tenant . tragic one. Ludwig Kuehl to be 1st lieutenant. Shortly before 7 o'clock the two batteries, Sergt. Harry J. Herzog to be 2nd lieutenant. headed by a drum corps composed of members Pvt. Harrison L. Clemons to be 2nd lieuten­ of the two units, marched up Third street to ant. College avenue, then to Seventh Street and Battery F. east to Main street, going then between two lines of massed humanity to the C. M. & St. P. 1st Lieut. James W. Gilson to be captain. railroad, where a special train was awaiting Hugo A. Rickeman to be 1st lieutenant. them. The G. A. R. and Spanish-American Walter L. Haight to be 1st lieutenant. War Veterans acted as escort of honor. Fif­ Harry C. Stearns to be 2nd lieutenant. teen minutes was allowed in the depot yards George H. Wallace to be 2nd lieutenant. for a last farewell. Then came the command to All of Battery F officers had been members get aboard, and within two or three more min­ of Battery C. Lieutenant Bryant had become utes the long train had started on its trip the senior officer in Battery C when Captain to Camp Douglas, with Racine's first contribu­ Rickeman was promoted, due to the prior resig­ tion—410 picked young men—to the great war. nation of Lieutenant Drake. The officers at­ Fully 30,000 persons saw the boys depart. tended a two weeks' school of instruction at Main Street and the vicinity of the railroad WRitefish Bay, Wisconsin, the last two weeks depot were a solid mass of humanity. State in June, 1917. street and Fourth street bridges were jammed While the Batteries were being completed, from the girders to overhead arches. Along Dr. William W. Johnston of Racine was asked the railroad right-of-way people crowded near to raise a motor ambulance company in the the tracks to shout a farewell to the boys. city to become a part of the National Guard. The fences were lined with men, women and The work proceeded as rapidly as expected and children almost the entire distance to Corliss. the full quota of 143 officers and enlisted men An almost equal demonstration was given on was obtained by early in July. Dr. Johnston July 30th when the ambulance company started -was commissioned 1st lieutenant and given for Camp Douglas. 3

As the government had not yet completed stance, 1,500 men from the Wisconsin Guard the construction of its mobilization camps, the regiments were transferred in a body to the Wisconsin National Guard was kept at Camp 1st division, generally termed a Regular Army Douglas, Wisconsin, the state reservation, for division, before that organization went into a some time. The men were equipped with uni­ battle. forms, and the Racine batteries began the long After six weeks at Camp Douglas, Battery period of intensive training that was to fit F was selected as one of a number of organi­ them for overseas service. The older Milwau­ zations to precede the rest of the Guard to kee and Green Bay batteries had obtained four Camp MacArthur, Waco, Texas, and prepare 3-inch field pieces and caissons apiece, and the the camp there for the balance of the troops. regiment had some sixty horses, which were It had but two days' notice of the plan, and utilized by all the batteries in turn for drill most of the boys did not have time to say purposes. good-bye to their folks, although many people In addition to the artillery regiment, there visited Camp Douglas from Racine during the were six regiments of infantry and two brig­ training period there. On September 12th the ade headquarters, a regiment of cavalry, a rest of the 1st Artillery regiment, including battalion each of engineers and signal corps Battery C, arrived at Waco and by the latter and three ambulance companies. The total part of the month the Wisconsin contingent strength August 5th was 15,266 men. was all present and had been joined by the Captain William Mitchell Lewis of Racine, Michigan National Guard. State officials of who had commanded Company F of this city both states had protested against taking the during the Spanish-American war, offered his men so far away from home for training, but services to the state in any capacity desired, the war department believed it was the better and he was commissioned a major and given policy as no provision could be made for hous­ command of the battalion of the signal corps. ing men at Camp Douglas. At Waco tents Rev. Frederick S. Penfold of St. Luke's were comfortable for most of the year. The church was appointed chaplain and assigned climate was mild all year around excepting for to the 1st Field Artillery. Dr. Frank H. occasional freezing spells in winter and fre­ Fancher was commissioned 1st lieutenant in quent dust storms in the autumn. the dental corps, and Dr. Roy W. Smith was The Wisconsin and Michigan units were 2nd lieutenant in the veterinary corps, both combined into the 32nd division, U. S. army. being attached to the artillery regiment. The regiments were enlarged and renumbered. B. F. Crandall of Racine was commissioned The Wisconsin infantry regiments formed the 1st lieutenant in the signal corps and served 127th and 128th infantry, as well as portions of as adjutant for Major Lewis. the divisional supply, sanitary and ammuni­ There were also quite a number of Racine tion trains, and military police companies. men who enlisted in Milwaukee companies of The 1st Wisconsin Field Artillery regiment be­ the National Guard because they preferred came the 121th Heavy Field Artillery, and the other branches of the service to the artillery. 1st Wisconsin cavalry was transformed into Members of the guard went through the the 120th Field Artillery. There was much required physical examinations, innoculation mourning over the loss of old regimental identi­ against typhoid and para-typhoid, and vaccina­ ties, particularly in the infantry, and at the tion against smallpox. On July 15th both wholesale shifting of officers entailed. But the batteries were mustered into federal service government declined to consider personal de­ and during the month that followed the entire sires or sentimental arguments. guard went through the same ceremony. On For the next three months the division drill­ August 5th an act of congress disbanded the ed steadily for six days a week from sunrise National Guard as such and all members were to sunset and were not entirely idle on the drafted into the United States army, although seventh day. At Christmas time it was de­ National Guard units continued to be designa­ clared ready for combat service, and was the ted by that title for several months in offcial picture of efficiency and strength. As yet the orders. The following spring all distinction artillery had not received its guns, which were between regulars, guardsmen, reserve officers to be furnished in France. in service and selective service men was drop­ Transports were not ready, however, the di­ ped officially, as the frequent shifting of men vision waited impatiently until January when due to the enlarging of units, replacement of the entrainment for Camp Merritt began. The casualties and changes in organizations made artillery and ambulance companies left in Feb­ it impossible to keep the regiments filled with ruary, the batteries entraining February 5th. . men from the various parent bodies. For in­ They remained at Camp Merritt for almost H H

a month, during which many of the men were quarantined for scarlet fever or mumps. Most of them were released by March 1st, but a number were left there and went to France in casual detachments a few weeks later. Some of the first units of the division sailed in January on the transport "Tuscania," which was torpedoed and sunk off Ireland. Thirty Wisconsin lives were lost in the disaster. The artillery brigade, including the Racine batter­ ies, boarded the transport "Leviathan," former­ ly the giant German liner "Vaterland," and sailed for France March 4, 1918. They landed at Liverpool six days later, en­ trained for a rest camp at Winchester, Eng­ land, crossed the English channel from South­ hampton to LeHavre five days later, and after three days at Camp Sanvic entrained for Guer, in Brittany, where they were provided with French 155 mm. howitzers. For two months they studied gunnery and the science of artil­ lery under French instructors, firing every day. on the range. They were then ordered to join the rest of the division, which had been scat­ tered through various training camps in France. On June 8, Battery F entrained for Belfort and on June 11th its guns were in position near Bretton, across the frontier in old Alsace, with the remainder of the personnel at Ettonfont-le- bas, the rear echelon position. From that time on its history is closely connected with that of the 32nd division, and is given more in detail in later pages of this book. Battery C, like certain other selected units of the brigade, was ordered to report to an officers' training camp to act as school bat­ tery temporarily. The ambulance company from Racine preceded Battery F into the Bel- fort sector. Their records also will be recount­ ed on other pages. ) 7&E /f/VIEfitCAN P#QT£CTtVT JJ-AG&E" Tne American Protective League was a national secret asso­ ciation of loyal Americans, organized to discover and stamp out ..disloyal propaganda and .propagandists in this country when­ ever and wherever found, and to put the fear of God into the hearts of all who were disposed to discredit the United states to the advantage of its enemies. They made it difficult and dan­ gerous, also, for any who tried to evade service, or failed to respond to the "calls" of the Local Boards; deserters in fact. There were strangers in every large city, and some in Racine, who had left their home towns for the express purpose of escap- ing military service, the great majority of whom were soon or later persuaded that they had made a serious mistake, and that military service was not by any means the worst thing that could happen to them when their country was at War. Many of, ¥ere theseAyoung men, who had not thought the thing through, but an appreciable proportion of them were out-right enemies of the United States, concerning whom action was tanen that would per­ mit the Government to put its hand on them when they were wanted* On the evening of August 3, I91S, the Racine branch of the AmericaAprotective League staged a spectacular round-up of all men of draft age who could not show their registration certificates* The following account, by W, L. Halght, in "Racine County in the World War", contains some details of the event, and some incidents, that are interesting reading. % h ^ Roam-up AND A CLEAN-UP % ''Late in July 1918, the league branches were' told to take steps to round up all slackers and draft evaders; to carry out the "work or fight" rule. The Racine branch chose thirty citizens to act as squad captains, and one hundred state guardsmen and fifty Spanish War veterans to assist. They were summoned quietly to the court house, and the squads formed. The three companies of men supposed they were to take part in a parade to greet a visiting notable. // tl On the night of August 3, all these men were ordered to report at the Lakeside auditorium. Thirty automobiles were waiting near the junc­ tion, supposedly to meet a delegation of Great Lakes Jackies and band. The raiding squads were told that they were to pick up slackers. Each squad had certain blocks in which to oper­ ate. All instructions were given quietly. The autos then came to the auditorium, picked up the raiders and carried them to their scenes of operation. Within fifteen minutes the round­ up had commenced. Every man of draft age who did not have a registration card with him was taken to the auditorium. There he was examined, and if he could not produce proof 44 of his identity and of being properly register­ ed, he was required to produce the necessary witnesses or was turned over to the police. H Many humorous and semi-tragic incidents * « occurred. For several days the newspapers had carried notices that all men within the H 5-. draft age should carry their cards with them *-t 0) O +J at all times, so no excuses were accepted. •S i—l Men coming from theaters were taken away cd a; a: from the sides of girls they had escorted. One ,a man stepped from an automobile containing -^ >» his wife and baby, to do some shopping. He 43 was nabbed and unable to return to his waiting and much worried spouse for nearly two hours. A blonde young man wept copious­ ly as he told the investigators that he was "in bad" with his wife and had only been allowed o to go down town that evening on his promise o • to be back at 10 o'clock. He feared he never would be allowed to go out of the house alone again. He didn't get home until midnight, but o a league representative went with him to ex­ plain to the wife that her recreant husband had 1 not -been carousing but was "engaged in gov­ ernment business and unavoidably detained." f o i Out of 1500 men rounded up that night, seventeen were put in the custody, of the police u as slackers, suspects or unregistered citizens. N *

The Local Boards had been notified of trr e "raids" several days in advance, and were requested to be on duty at the Board Room that night in.order to validate,or disprove the claims of any who were registered' in Racine City, very soon after reaching 3 the auditorium the victims began to appear at the office of Lo­ cal Board Number One, in the City Hall, two blocks distant, each accompanied, by a guard, and it took but a moment to settle any particular case. In a very short time, however, we concluded to take the books to the Auditorium, and attend to the business there, which speeded things upteery much . The cases of some few who had registered in other cities, were necessarily held over, l»y and the facts determined telephone or by mail. A H THE FCUH M(M«T& MEAF'

.-•••• The Four Minute Men were speakers who "The Shipbuilder." volunteered their services to lecture oh the "Eyes for the Navy." war, on drives for funds or such other topics as "The Danger of Democracy." the Committee on Public Information at Wash­ "Lincoln's Gettysburg Address." ington desired to have put before the people. "The Income Tax." Wherever there was an assemblage of people "Farm and Garden." (as, for instance, at theaters, clubs, political "President Wilson's Letter to Theaters," meetings, etc.,) a Four Minute man made his "Third liberty Loan." appearance to discuss in forceful language "Organization." some issue which the government desired to "Second Red Cross Campaign." have elucidated. In this way it was practic­ "The Meaning of America." able to reach those men and women who did "Mobilizing America's Man Power." not read the daily newspapers thoroughly. "Where Did You Get Your Facts?" A. J. Lunt was in charge of the local organi­ "Certificates to Theater Members." zation of Four Minute Men. He arranged to "Register." fill all requests for speakers, and also saw that "Four Minute Singing." invitations for speakers were forthcoming from "Fourth Liberty Loan." such meetings as might prove fertile ground "Food Program for 1919." for the seeds of thought the orators were pre­ "Fire Prevention." pared to scatter. "United War Work Campaign." The following men enlisted for this unique "Red Cross Home Service." service: Rev. Charles S. Nickerson, Jerome J.j "What Have We Won." Foley, Rev. J. M. Naughtin, Elmer E. Gittins, j "Red Cross Christmas Roll Call." Milton J. Knoblock, R. G. Harvey, Rev. B. Tal-1 "A Tribute to the Allies." bot Rogers, Peter J. Myers, William D. Thomp­ It is impossible to set an adequate value on son, William H. Armstrong, Elbert B. Hand, the good accomplished in this patriotic service. L. J. Quinn, Mortimer E. Walker, Guy A. Ben­ Heavy calls were made upon their time but son, Max W. Heck, William Smieding, Jr., they responded willingly and cheerfully and Thomas Kearney, Jr., Thorwald Beck, the Rev. the high standard of their work was reflected Arthur MacDavitt, the Rev. J. W. Carter and in the great aid given to the various drives. ^ Vilas Whaley. pitTUKt SMrrc Another organization which did good worK The speakers visited churches, schools^and during the war was the Wisconsin Loyalty public halls to deliver their four minute mes­ Legion. This was a state society founded sages. One-minute community singing was primarily to stamp out sedition by patriotic finally added to the plan, and this feature was propaganda and, where deemed necessary, to developed under the direction of Miss Lillian take part in political campaigns to insure the Watts. election of loyal men to office. The main thing To assure the official character of the brief done was the distribution of literature from speeches they were prepared at National Head­ the Bureau of Public Information. Some 4,- quarters in continued consultations with the 000,000 documents were thus distributed. The proper officials of each Government depart­ newspapers of the state were supplied with ment responsible for them and were published matter for publication, and the league offered to provide speakers for large gatherings in in the form of bulletins from which the speak­ any part of the state. Walter S. Goodland of ers were required to select the material for Racine was a vice-president of the legion. their speeches during each campaign designat­ ed. I With the exception of the first two or three which were put on before the organization was formed in Racine, Racine Four Minute men put on the campaign for every bulletin furnish­ Copies of nearly all of the ed by the National organization in Washing­ bulletins Issued for the use of ton and the following table will serve to indi­ Pour Minute Men are included in cate just what the Racine Four Minute men tne War data collected in 1919 talked about in 1917 and 1918 until their dis­ charge in December 1918. by the Racine County Wqr History "Onward to Victory." Committee. They form one of the "Second Liberty Loan." raost interesting-(though minors- "Food Pledge." exhibits of that collection. "Maintaining Morals and Morale." "Carrying the Message." "War Savings Stamps."

* * ffroi'. "Racine County in the World War", by Salter L. Halght. if * 7"HF //YFlUEkZA l/F^AC/HE

One of the tragic incidents in connection vided. The house was filled with patients and" with the war was the epidemic of Spanish every possible agency was enlisted to insure influenza, or flu, as it was called. This dread suitable care of the victims. Doctors worked . disease had taken its toll of deaths in Europe day and night. Professional nurses were at intervals for many centuries, but never in scarce in civilian life, and in many cases pro­ modern times had it appeared in such malig­ vision had to be made to assist families where nant and fatal form as in the autumn of 1918. all the members were ill at the same time. Cases were reported during the summer The soldiers' canteen furnished soup to all from Austria, Spain, Germany and France. who asked it. Newspapers published instruc­ Whispers were heard of its ravages in Europe tions for preventing the spread of the dis- I during July and August, but the real extent ease and caring for those who were ill. of the scourge was not realized at first be­ Placards containing similar information were cause of the belief of many physicians that posted in public places. In infected houses its victims had succumbed to pneumonia, and hospitals, nurses, and visitors wore gauze grippe, quick consumption or other diseases. masks over their faces. People were warned It became epidemic in Spain before its exist­ not to sneeze or cough when others were near. ence was really acknowledged. The epidemic here died down for a time,, but there was a recurrence in December. Late in August, 1918, reports of numerous Schools were closed for nearly a month. Even deaths began to be published in seaboard church services were taboo. By the first of cities. By the middle of September the news­ the new year the disease was under control, papers were commenting upon its spread in but the long list of dead was sad evidence of America. On September 30, an Associated its dire power. In all it is estimated that Press dispatch told of seventy-five recent vic­ 500,000 persons died in the United States of tims, and health officers everywhere were the flu, and 227 of these were inhabitants of warned to be on the lookout for it. Within this city. Many others were broken in health three days it was announced in Washington and some of these became victims of other that a careful survey had shown nearly 14,000 diseases while in their weakened physical con­ cases in the army camps. Movements of dition. Two hundred died here from pneu­ troops and draft contingents made its control monia which resulted from, or at least fol­ impossible for a time, particularly as medical lowed, the flu. authorities were not certain of the exact steps to follow. Men going to camp were dying on trains. Morgues everywhere were full of flu victims. The civilian population was assailed by the plague. Hundreds were reported dead every day in the larger cities. On October 7 a general warning was issued to close all theaters, prohibit public meetings, close public libraries and limit all traveling to a minimum. Eight thousand soldiers and sail­ ors had died in American camps up to October 10. Hospitals were unable to care for all the patients, and the over-worked nurses and doc­ tors were giving way under the strain of al­ most constant labor without a chance to rest. Many of them contracted the disease. The average daily deaths in camp rose to 800, and every effort was made to find a way to check the pandemic before it should wipe out the whole population. Bodies of several Racine soldiers were returned home here for burial. In Racine the disease made terrible headway. The Red Cross society was granted permission to use the Stephen Bull mansion, Eleventh and Main streets, as an emergency hospital and volunteer nurses were called for and pro­

-#• Prom "Racine County in the World .Var", by Walter L. Halght. i

/ "»"»•"•'< »w**wWwi>Wi|iwu«wii'.»i'*»i«i**w^U^«mw r i ii^nDiimm

ITH the departure of the National came 1st Lieutenant, and F. C. Haumerson was Guard troops of the various states named as 2nd Lieutenant. W to their mobilization camps, the states The two companies were mustered into serv­ themselves were left without any military ice October 4, 1917, and eventually were as­ forces. The same, or greater necessity existed signed to the Seventh regiment, of which for them during war time as in days of peace. Horace M. Seaman of Milwaukee was colonel, The suppression of riots, enforcement of law and Henry C. Baker of Racine lieutenant-col­ when local authorities were unable to maintain onel. order, the training of citizens in the use of arms, the maintenance of a force at home The annual encampment of the regiment at which could be called upon by the government Camp Douglas, July 6-13, 1918 was attended in times of peril—all of these duties had been by practically the full membership. shouldered by state militia organizations since During the year drills were held weekly. the foundation of the government. The muster rolls showed 65 men in each com­ pany. On August 24, 1917, a meeting was held at the Commercial club rooms in Racine and it The state guard was held in service until was decided to raise two companies of militia steps could be taken to reorganize the national in Racine for home guard service during the guard regiments after the demobilization of war. Most of those accepted were men unfit­ the national army. Fortunately, there was no ted by age or physical condition for active serv­ need for any demonstration of the fighting ice with the combat forces, or exempt from ability of the citizen soldiery, but undoubtedly such service by reason of dependencies or their they would have rendered good account of employment in essential industries. Neverthe­ themselves had there been any cause for their less, they desired to be trained for military shouldering rifles, for serious work. duty, and stood ready to "do their bit" as far The non-commissioned officers of the two as possible. companies are as follows: The state guard was to be subject to the call Co. I.—First Sergeant, J. E. Wilson; Q. M. of the governor at any time for duty within Sergeant, C. B. Washburn; Sergeants P. F. the state, and probably could have been sum­ Peterson, A. W. Johnson, Ed. Rasnuissen, A. W. moned into federal service anywhere within Clutter. Corporals: William Myers, S. E. the boundaries of the nation to repel invasion Craig, D. C. Washburn, A. E. Wilkins. or suppress insurrection, if needed. Co. K.—First Sergeant, John Konnak; Q. M. On September 28, 1917, the two local com­ Sergeant, W. M. Rodgers; Sergeants, B. M. panies organized by the election of the follow­ Kerr, T. M. Kearney, Jr., Lee Archer; Corpor­ ing officers by ballot: als, Charles Nelson, A. D. Hermes, Peter Ver- Co. I.—Captain, Paul M. Matson; 1st Lieu­ heyen, E. Findley, Arthur Ehrlich, Elmer Dur- tenant, Wallace F. McGregor; 2nd Lieutenant, gin. Rudolph P. Peterson. The state guards did valuable service in help­ Co. K.—Captain, Richard Drake; 1st Lieu­ ing to train selected men who expected to be tenant, John T. Olson; 2nd Lieutenant, John H. called to the colors soon. Many of these Owens. drilled with the local companies and obtained When Captain Drake resigned to enter the an elementary knowledge of drill and tactics United States army, Lieutenant Olson was com­ which resulted in their rapid promotion after missioned Captain, 2nd Lieutenant Owens be­ they were inducted into federal service.

# Prom "Racine County in the World War", By Walter L. Haight. J I T^AC/A/F Cou/vTY'S BATTLE T/?E)/VT OftQANtZA\mrt$ / Racine County had three complete battle-front units in the big War, all of them being part of the Thirty Second Division of the American Expeditionary Forces. They were as follows;- Battery C, I2lst. Field Artillery; Battery F. I2Ist. Field Artillery, and Ambulance Company I27, Sanitary Train.

A complete roster of the men connected with these organ­ izations from begimnmg to end, contains the names of 738, as follows; — Battery C, 286 J » P, 289 Ambulance Co., 163 Total 738 TIVP THoa^AAtA) FF

f-

ATTERY C, Racine's first unit in the The battery received its first war training new Wisconsin national guard, was or­ during the latter part of August, 1916, when B ganized during the early summer of it was ordered to Camp Douglas for a ten day 1916, and was formally mustered into the state training period. A hundred and ten men made service on June 8, 1916, by Col. John G. Salz- the trip, leaving Racine on August 20, 1916, on man, assistant to the adjutant general of the a special train. The time was spent in foot state. drills, hikes, lectures on war subjects, and in other details of this kind. The officers endeav­ Its organization was part of the program of ored to make the drill as varied and interest­ preparedness, which was then beginning to ing as possible, so as to relieve the monotony. sweep the country. War with Mexico was looming on the horizon, and some of the more Captain George W. Rickeman (who later be­ far-sighted were urging the enlargement of came a major) was the commanding officer, the army in event the United States should be with Richard Drake and Richard Bryant as drawn into the European imbroglio. lieutenants. George Wallace was the first sergeant. Later George Wallace and Harry C. The Commercial Club rooms were the scene Sanders were appointed second lieutenants, of the mustering-in of Battery C. Colonel the former being assigned to Battery F. Salzman had charge, and was accompanied by School for the aspirants for non-commissioned Chief H. C. Baker of Racine, Capt. Philip officers' positions were held at the Commercial Westfahl (later colonel of the 121st F. A.) Club rooms after drill. Owing to' lack of and Lieut. Reed, the last two of whom were equipment, most of the drill consisted of the then officers in Battery A. There were 125 various foot maneuvers, although some pre­ Racine young men on the roster, and as their tence was made to instruct the men in the posi­ names were called, they stepped forward. All tions and duties to be assumed in firing a gun took the solemn pledge to uphold the constitu­ by using chairs to denote the cannons and tion of the United States and to fight for it if caissons. necessary.

On its return from Camp Douglas, the battery had nine months 0 continuous drill at lakeside Auditorium. In April, 1917, War was declared, and On July 2, 1917, Batteries C and F left Ra­ marched to reach the special train, that it cine for Camp Douglas on a special St. Paul was difficult for the two batteries to force railroad train. The last assembling place was their way through. State street bridge was Lakeside Auditorium, and the time designated so crowded that there was grave danger of was 6 o'clock in the morning. There were its collapsing. Whistles shrieked from every brief ceremonies after roll had been called, factory all along the route as the train pro­ the Red Cross presenting each man with a ceeded out of the city, and handkerchiefs comfort kit. waved a last farewell from every residence window. Arriving at Camp Douglas, the work of get­ TtAST 6FT/CBHS ting in shape was begun in earnest. | Battery C was officered at that time by: Captain Richard Bryant; 1st Lieut. Ludwig AT&tMf3)0

CAMP MCAKTHUR ' ••Kin . i -IT || HI i - ITI(-).-HT1 "-* """ "*™' The start for Camp McArthur, near Waco, At 11 o'clock Sunday night, Feb. 11, the Tex., which had been designated as the train­ train section containing Battery C arrived at ing grounds for the Wisconsin and Michigan Cresskill, N. Y., the station nearest Camp Mer­ national guard outfits, was made on Sept. 9. ritt. It was bitter cold and the hills were The regiment was divided into three different covered with ice, but trains were badly need­ sections, each of which left at a different time ed for the carrying of troops at that-time, and during the day. The train containing Batteries Battery C disembarked and marched to the C and D was composed of fifteen coaches and camp. It was after midnight when they three freight cars, the latter containing the crawled under the blankets in the wooden bar­ baggage of the men. Camp McArthur was racks, but reveille sounded at the usual early reached on Sept. 12, but owing to the fact that hour next morning. -it was late at night, the men slept aboard train Three weeks were spent at Camp Merritt, until morning. waiting for the ship which was to transport the artillery regiment and other units across the ocean. It was a pleasant three weeks, the At Camp McArthur the men became thor­ men being given a chance to see New York oughly efficient in foot drill, the manual of and the daily routine consisting of a two hour arms, guard duty and other details of this hike in the morning and a medical examina­ kind. The officers were given a chance to se­ lect permanent cannoneers and drivers by ob­ tion. , j— serving the aptitude shown by each individual at gun drill or equitation. The g:un drill was 'EMBAtJijATtCi/ mostly simulated, with timbers representing the pieces and caissons. Each battery had The battery was aroused at 4 o'clock on the about thirty horses, however, and the drivers morning of March 2, packed its equipment, and were given a chance to become proficient in was taken by train to Hoboken, N. J., where it horsemanship. boarded the converted liner Leviathan, former­ ly the Vaterland. It was one of the first out­ fits aboard the ship, and it was assigned quar­ ters . far up forward. On Sunday, March, 3, ,0 Its training period completed, the regiment the other troops embarked, and at 9:20 Mon­ began preparing to move in January, 1918. day morning, March 4, the transport steamed The horses were turned into the remount .sta­ for Liverpool, Eng. The men were required to tion on January 3, and on Feb. 5 it boarded stay below decks until the craft had passed out of the harbor, so that spies might not obtain trains for Camp Merritt. While stopping over information, as to the number of troops ab^a- 1. at Kansas City, Mo., for a few hours, Battery The ocean trip was uneventful. Owing to its C received its first news of the sinking of the speed, the Leviathan could outdistance subma­ Tuscania. rines, and it crossed the ocean with no convoy.

Crossing the Channel or Mar. 19, the batteryjreached Camp .Coetquidan, near Guer, France, and on April 29, it located at veauxhalles, Mr. Hilt gives a most interesting account of the experiences of the regiment at this location, which{proved to be permanent. _Af?mtSTf€£ MY $ci)Bye,FmN€i Armistice Day was appropriately celebrated. J During the nine months at Veauxhalles, the It was declared a holiday for the battery, and j battery turned out 388 aeroplane observers, the soldiers joined in with the French people and trained 200 aspirant artillery officers, be­ in appropriately observing it. The opportuni­ sides doing the routine work necessary for the ties for celebrating were slim, but the men care of its equipment and keeping itself in took advantage of every one of them. shape to answer a call to the front at a mo­ ment's notice. On Feb. 14, 1918, the battery took its fare­ well from Veauxhalles. The entire town turned out to wave a last goodbye as the procession wound its way through the main street. There was not a dry eye, as during the nine months there was not an inhabitant but knew every man in the outfit. R c i ££ (L. <* E_ P* r7/ *X C •

Following is a list of the members of Bat­ tery C, officers and enlisted men, from the time the battery was ordered to Camp Douglas on July 2, 1917; until its return in 1919. Men who were transferred from the organization before it sailed for France are designated with a §; those who came from other cities and were assigned to the battery after July 2, 1917, are designated by a f.

Lloyd T. Abrahamson Marshall Carlson N Ignatz Gabryzewskif Robert Heth Benny Aelliof Fred Catley fAlonzo F. Gaidos.§ Clarence C. Hill§ Matteo Aelliof Joseph I. Chour§ William J. Gaiser Frank J. Hilt- 'Charles H. Albright / Arthur J. Christianson§ Alvin J. Gascoigne George Hindlef James L. Anderson / Edward G. Christmanf William Geb§ Adolph M. Hoffman Elmer S. Anderson Harrison L. Clemons§ Otto J. Genich John F. Hoffman! Alfred E. Anderson Glenn P. CHckner Lyle L. George Stanley D. Howe Hans C Anderson Bryan Correll William F. Gersonde§ John I. Hoytf Joe An to ski § Benjamin Crandall§ John A. Geyer Madison R. Hughesf Harry E. Augustine \ James Craig§ Hilmar H. Giortz Josef Hwalisz •Carlton L. Austinf Earl L. Crouch§ Svend V. Gjellerup John H. Hubert George K. Barnes \ Harry C. Cunliffef Barney J. Gramsf Paul W. Intasf Elmer J. Bartels Oscar J. Curley Lieut. J. Grantg f Julius J. Jacksont Wesley M. Bassindale George Danek Norman Grossf Henry W. Jacobson -John C. Bayer Fred P. Danzer§ Roscoe P. Guilbert? Otto Jandl Washington Bezucha§ David DeBarge§ \ Frank C. J. Haase§ Charles Janechy Alvin A. Bohnsack§ Vincent Delvechio \ Arthur E. Hader Clarence Jensen •Clarence C. Bramow Dionisios Demitropolous * Carl E. Hanson Walter L. Jensen James F. Brehm Beauford H. Dicksg \ Hans C. Hanson Raleigh L. Jerstad Harry C. Breheim John Diffatte ' Harry E. Hanson George Johnsonf George Bringedahlf Charles H. Doolin ; Ephraim F. Hanson§ George Johnson Edward Brinkman William J, Dupuis§ ; Alvin E. Haumersen Nels M. Johnson Richard G. Bryant Emanuel G. Eberhardt • Charles J. Haumersen Holgia Johnsonf George D. Brokawf Harvey W. Ellisonf Roy A. Johnson§ Harold T. Brown Edward E. Evans Howard F. Hauptf Peter W. Johnsonf John Burdettef James L. Evans§ / Leonard J. Heimes Christ R. Johnson§ Edward R. Burgerf Michael Evansgf / James O. Hayesf Howard C. Johnson Arthur Buse Julius Feiges§ Emanuel Helfmanf Ellsworth O. Jones Edmund A. Byerly Stephen S. Filochowski Henry J. Hemm George R. Jonesf Guiseppi Capaldif / Russel A. Fischer ^/ Lawrence Hendricksonf Owen P. Jones •George W. Carey-V^ George F. Herbst John Jorgenson Jy Henry G. Fritges, Jr.f/ Harry J. Herzog "S^^^"

•• -•'.:••-::::••.: .... . ,

George E. Junco§ William Miller§f Edward Pyardf Eward W. Stilb Si Clarence Kaestner Edward C. Milstead Edward Pytlak Roy N. Stream Joseph F. Kaiser Demetrius Mischuk§ Edward H. Rapps § Evald P. Strand§ William E. Kaiser Peter E. Mogenson Arthur Rattle Ronald Stauss Clarence Kaltenbacb Robert E. Mokracikf Mason C. Roberts William J. Svoboda Robert A. Kammieng Edward R. Mross Alphonse J. Roberts § William T. Taylor f Anton Katlaryckg Hugh A. Munn Charley J. Rockief Soren Thiesen Moses Kevorkianf John J. Murphy William B. Rogahn Norman A. Thomas Earl L. Kinner Walter Mogenson§ Tripon Roman! Iren C. Thomas John Kolodziezykf Samuel Mormino§f Benjamin Rosef Charles M. Thomef Albert J. Housek Arthur Naleid§ Joseph Ruffalo§ Joseph M. Thome Paul Kristopeit Clarence Naugherf Tomothy J. Ryanf Walter B. Tomlinson August A. Kristopeit Frank Nelson Joe Sadoski Alvin T. Troestler Arthur J. Krueger Godfrey M. Nelson Charles J. Salakg George M. Trotterf M. Kubelik§ Leslie H. Nelson George Salak§ Gerhard A. Voss Ludwig T. Kuehl§ Sieger A. Nelsonf Harry J. Sanders§ Ernest E. Voss§ Charles E. Laffertyf Louis N. Nelson Ernest H. Sawyerf Harry W. Vossf Peter W. Lahr Victor P. Nelson Elmer J. Sbertolif F. Van Wie§ Walter E. Larson Ward C. Nield§ Paul Schlosser William R. Wadewitz Alexander H. G. Last Frank J. Nowakf Irving Schlevensky George E. Wagner Lyle W. Lewisg George H. Nullerf Fred W. Schwarzf John 0. Wartnerf Edward J. Linn Peter Oblsikey William Schroederf Andrew N. Wellsf Joseph Lisuzzof Vitto Oddof George Seater§ Carl A. Wendt§ Theodore D. Lorentzen§ Arthur F. Olson David R. Semmes Harry E. Wherry Constant Looseveltf Earl L. Olson Harold W. G. Shaw§ Verne Whitneyf John W. Luker Sidney H. Olson Lewis C. Shaw§ Oscar Wilkef Walter J, Maas Joseph H. 01iver§ John Sheehyf Walter G. Williams Charles C. Mackeyf Joseph Orzelf August W. Skow William W. Williamsf Jacob P. Madsen John B. Ourenf Clarence L. Smith Vernon J. Willetf Floyd Magnan Valdemar Ove§ Dewev D. Smith Boleslaw Wilczekf Mitchell J. Malouf Willis J. Parks§ Lyle F. Sniith§ Elmer Wilson Fred H. Mandrey Walter L. Pawlakf Frank L. Snowdonf William Wilson James S. Marshf Al L. Perkins Kostek Sobeilarski John Wisnieskif Jacob O. Mauer Olaf Peterson§ Paul W. Sommersf Edwin J. Wisef Fred T. Maxted Peter E. Peterson Christ C. Sondergard I McQueen S. Wightmanf Franklin X, McCormick§ Vigo Peterson Peter 0. Sorenson David L. Woulfef Lieut. C. McGrawgf Mark M. Piel Oscar Sorensonf Ernest E. Wrixton§ William McNicol Louis F. Pierce Oscar L. Sorenson Joe Yerkes Paul O. Meyer Zymund Piotrowski Martin Sorenson§ Prank Yilekg Peter J. Menden Tony Piazza Reuben R. St. Louisf George H. Miller Paul C. Poulson George M. Stiglbauerf % if 7 BATFEW Tf/ztsr. 7.ART. i A complete history of Battery F, I2lst. Field Artillery,is on record in "Racine County in the World War", - most of it in chapter 23. Only the high points of that record - the hare fact$* which are i$s more important, though less interesting features, will he included in this account, it being understood that much the larger part of the story are in the words of Mr. Halght, au­ thor of the "book atoove mentioned* 77/syF^/Z) /for TAIL A : — LAHflf A % h r QmWmW F. was the organization of which .•• was an officer,. tNJDtiry, and with which he was HHMMBSMC when on October 28, 19I8, only fourteen days before the end of the war, he was seriously wound- ed„ fjj-rNMffIKagjsgfeJFCh He was confined in hospitaia for 23jnonths, where he underwent several serious surgical operations. If he speaks of the record of his battery in terms of pride in its achievements, it is only his well-earned, right, for wnat they did on the battle fields of France was a test of courage, stam­ ina and fortitude that men are seldom called upon to endure - and they did not fail the test. . J] E PARTI I RE. A//0 RfTt/A/S The Battery went over-seas on the steamship "Leviathan," " // formerly the Hamburg-American liner Vaterland, embarking at Hew York, on March 3, I§18, disembarking at Liverpool six days later without seeing an enemy submarine, or-meeting any other mishap. Battery F and Battery 0, were mustered out of service at Camp Grant, Rockford, 111., on May 19, 1919, and arrived in Racine the next day, where they were received by the whole population, with extravagant demonstrations of pride and joy on their vic­ torious and safe return. h

*B/iri;T, /i/st. T.ART

>*p<^0 Battery P, 121st Field Artillery, 32nd! "~ The battery fired 3,468 shells during their division, belongs the distinction of be-j training period, and 10,876 against the enemy. ing the only combat unit recruited exclu- During its entire period of service it had a sively in Racine to see action in France. It record remarkable for its character. The bat­ was composed entirely of volunteers who en­ tery was composed of enthusiastic, patriotic listed after the outbreak of the war with Ger­ young fellows who were anxious to do their many. As a part of the Thirty-second division duty in every respect. There were few cases it participated in the great offensives desig­ of court martial, and these were for offenses nated as the Aisne-Marne, the Oise-Aisne and • which would be considered trivial by a civilian. the Meuse-Argonne, and also spent two months It accomplished every mission assigned to it, in defensive warfare in Alsace. It lost three never received an official rebuke and was men killed in battle, seven dead from disease praised several times for its efficient work in or accident, and thirty wounded. Ninety men battle and elsewhere in France. Its morale were seriously enough ill to require treatment was of the highest and there was practically at a field or base hospital at one time or an­ none of the internal dissensions which marked other. In addition to supporting the infantry many military organizations. of the Thirty-second division in three offen­ sives, Battery F also supported at various times the Third, Seventy-ninth, Twenty-eighth, Eighty-ninth, Ninetieth and Forty-second American division infantry units, and the First Moroccans of the French army.

It was in active offensive combat from Aug. 1 until Nov. 5, with a rest of only ten days late in September. Whenever the infantry of the Thirty-second division was withdrawn to ? % 1 act in support or reserve, the artillery re­ mained at the front, and assisted other divi­ sions by sending over showers of high explo­ sive and gas shells, conducting interdiction fire, harassing fire, and destructive fire and helping to form creeping or stationary bar­ rages. _^_^_

IMAELELE^ SdS-TEK- Despite numerous changes in personnel dur­ ing the war, a fairly complete roster of officers and men of Battery F has been preserved through the foresight of First Sergeant Max J. Zirbes. The names in it include casuals and replacements who may have been members for only a short time. In the following list on page 244 the ones who were wounded, gassed or shell- shocked are designated by a (*), and further details regarding the Racine men are in their individual records in another chapter. Those who were killed, died of wounds or died of disease are designated by a (d) before their names:

-% From "Racine County in the forM War", by waiter L. Halght. n 1

BATTERY F ROSTER Captains—James W. Gilson, Alvin A. Kuech- Second Lieutenants — Harry C Stearns,. enmeister, Louis J. Hofman. George H. Wallace, Ward R. Griffing, Oacar Frings, Fred G. Kendall, Robert E. Graewin, First Lieutenants—Hugo A. Rickeman, John Mulder, Irving K. Fearn, R. B. Warden,, *Walter L. Haight, Oscar Frings, Charles E. Ralph Beaudry, *Carlton I. Austin, Joseph S. Lafferty, *Richard T. Bennett, E. O. Blair, Nelson, W. E. Howell, W. D. H. Rodiquez, R. Joseph S. Nelson. A. Jacobson.

Enlisted Personnel

L. W. M. Amborn H. W. Fish Wm. R. Krueger John P. Ruetz Otto Anderson Otis Ford W. P. Kuehnemann George Rybacek C. R. Baggeson Oscar Frings W. H. Kannenberg Thos. Rakusek L. J. Bastian C. K. Fullerton A. J. Klandrud E. E. Sanville 0. P. Baumstark * R. J. Gallagher H. P. Knudson Oscar E. Scheel T. R. Beach Edward Gierhart * "Walter Kobierski * E. A. -Scholz S. M. Bensinger W. M. Grady Arthur Kindschy E. F. Schowalter Bmil Bidstrup John Guelmanson * H. J. Kreyche Joseph Schweitzer d Menzo J. Bixby Stefan Gurska Antoni Krusienski H. L. Seguine W. F. Boden d Nick Garski Arthur W. Kwapil H. 0. Silverness H. E. Brinkman R. J. Gatskiewicz Oliver O. Lange Harry L. Smith W. .T. Brunker * John Gilday C. E. Levers Louis E. Sobota. * E. B. Baldwin F. T. Granger Vincent Lewandowski * E. C. Sorenson Fred Bauman John Gulbrandson Frank Lomasky A. G. Spillum R. J. Baumstark Julius Gutawski * F. H. Layton Stephan Staszewskj Alois Bell G. Gioniomio Geo. Levinson Arthur E. Stindle Einer Bertleson * Christ Hansen H. E. Lorenzen T. G. Sullivan 1. E. Blish F. H. M. Hansen D. J. Manwaring John Sakowski Ralph Bragor * Nels P. Hansen W. C. Martin John Strugala Leonard Borchardt Peter Hanson Viggo Matson * H. P. Saugman H. K. Bruner * Leo F. Harter Herman Mattice P. V. Schoenning C. J. Busch A. H. Haumerson Arthur Miles Alfred Schommer * Joseph Chadek G. J. Hebert F. P. Mohrbacker Fred A. Schultz C. P. Christensen j. H. Heusdens E. J. O. Moritz W. H. Sedlar H. C. Christensen Charles Holmes * Otto Musiel * E. R. Septon Daniel Chubb Stanley Hood * J. E. McMillan Frank D. Smith K. J. Collier Jack Hubert * A. G. Markison Stanley J. Smith W. C. Curtiss Bartle Humble V. J. Maskiewicz J. O. Sonenson Walter Czarnecki Joe Hwalisz Peter Matson W. A. Sorenson 'nti d Guerino Casellini Emery Hanson Jack Ri. Melvin G. W. Springer d Enricho Chiurri Carl R. Henry E. J. Mischke C. 0. Steffenson H. M. Dale .... Holmes A. H. Morgan Jos. Strickfaden H. W. Dawson Hans P'. Hansen Albert F. Murray Jnlyan Szkudlarek P. De Nicola Harold Hanson d 0..L. Maroney Skzyp Clyde Dillman Victor Hanson * Hugh Nichols * Andrew Sorenson N. M. 0. Due Roy E-. Harter Einer Nelson A. O, Tandrup A. R. Christensen Wm. H. Hayman * Knute M. Nelson * Elmer E. Thery H. W. Christensen R. L. Hertfeldt Ray J. Nichols Cecil S. Thorpe Y. D. Ohristofferson J. H. Hoag Ed. Nelson H. P. Tommerup C. P. Olemmensen John T. Hood George A. Nelson H. B. Taylor E. L. Corrie Martin Horner Charles Nesetril Henry A. Thompson B. Czacharowski * Sexton Hultberg J. R. Norgard Joseph Tobako David Cilley H. F. Huss Chester Olson Joel Tomter * C. W. Colbert John Hyduke Paul R. Olson Joseph Ulicki Boleslaw Danis John Hoyt Clarence Olson * John Usik Louis Demant d Carl E. Hanson Frank Ri. Orton George VanDer Wal W. A. De Young Joe Janecky Peter Falleson C. A. Voelker * Stanley Dorka Anton Jensen Charles Pederson .... Vranich John M. Duffy Christ Jensen A. J. Peterson Peter Verbeten E. E. Eagle J. J. Jirush Axel Peterson A. Van Sickle * A. H. Ellefspn d Peter Jacobson George W. Peterson * L. W. Wawrzynkewicz A. M. Ellinger Harry Johnson Thorwald Peterson Adolph White Elmer Erb Frank1 V. Jones Einer Peterson J. A. Wilson Arthur England Stanley Jembrzycki Nick P'antelas d William Weiss * P. J. Ebben Arthur Jensen S Edgar Perkins Earl T. Wilson Henry Ellefson Marius.G. Jensen Arthur Peterson Joseph Webber Wm. Englund Arthur C. Jonnson * Carl A. Peterson A. L. WTilson Osear Evans MelvhrSTohnson Richard R. Peterson F'elix WTysocarski d Gilbert 0. Evans Edgar Johnson Alf N. Pederson * Vincent Wasiak Ray W." Jones John Fachko s C. J. Riasmussen Milton W. Youngs J. L. Farley James 'Kahn W. M. Roberts Larry J. Zachar J. C. Fladseth C. A. Keeshan C. R. Rowland Edward Zika Edward Frayer L. O. Klandrud Raymond Russell Max J. Zirbes A. J. Fritch P. N.'Knudson Harold Rush Frank .Zielinski C. Filla d Harold Kister Edward Roberts Alex Zilla * J. Tj. Farley Stephen Kikosiecki A. R. Roskilly * Edward Zlevor

¥fr From "Racine County in the World War", by Walter L. Halght. ^ V

AND S/a'f/Eim%

In addition to the men noted above as hav­ ing been wounded seriously enough to require treatment at a field hospital or base hospital, many others suffered slight injuries which were treated at the first aid stations without requiring absence from duty. About seventy- five men also were sent to base hospitals be­ cause of illness. The majority of the cases of illness were reported after the armistice. This is partly due to the fact that during action, soldiers seldom would ask to be relieved from duty as long as they felt able to stand up. Living in the open air during a comparatively warm season of the year may also have con­ tributed to the low sick record in the war. It is a fact, however, that there were numerous cases of dysentery in all combat organizations from July 1 to November. The army head­ quarters physicians ascribed this to the un­ sanitary conditions of the battlefields, the mil­ lions of flies and other insects, the poor water supply, eating of canned or preserved food al­ most exclusively and the fact that hardly a day passed when the tired, hungry men did not get wet through from the autumn rains. Colds were infrequent. Presence of poison gas caused a considerable proportion of men to have husky voices for weeks at a time. Very XL frequently a man would get quite badly burned by sitting or lying where a mustard gas shell had exploded and left some of the poisonous contents on the ground. There was no typhoid fever reported. Pneumonia was the most serious illness with which the American army in France had to contend, and many of the cases of pneumonia developed while crossing the ocean in crowded, dark and unheated trans­ ports. -J 77/e AAA^HLAM^C CcmPANy In the following excerpts from chapter 24- of Mr. Halght«s book, a brief history of the Racine Ambulance Company is put on record, with a few side-lights on its experiences at and near the battle front in France. All but the first two paragraphs were credited to "The Silver Bugle", the official publication of the Ambulance unit. There is an idea,quite too prevalent, that member­ ship in an ambulance out-fit, is one way to avoid danger in war. These few paragraphs will give the reader some idea of the dangerous and difficult nature of the duties which tne men of the Racine Ambulance Company were called upon to perform.

# \ MBULANCE Company 127, 107th Sani- "The people had fled at the approach of the A-\ tary Train, Thirty-second division, was Germans and the big bridge, spanning the completely organized by the end of May, Marne, was blown up. We had the whole town 1917, at Racine. It entrained for Camp Doug­ to ourselves and, after our inspection of the las, "Wis., July 29, and remained there with place, we enjoyed a good swim in the Marne. the rest of the Wisconsin National Guard, as All day long there was an endless column of a part of which it was called Ambulance Co. traffic, going to and from the front. Wounded No. 2, W. N. G. It entrained for Waco, Tex., were being transported back in ambulances, Sept. 28, and spent four months in intensive trucks, wagons, or anything that could be drill. During this period it became a motor­ drafted into service. All this hustle and ized organization, and was given its perma­ bustle, this tremendous business end of war, nent designation as a member of the division. and the sight of the many wounded, had a be­ Jan. 17, 1918, the company entrained for wildering effect on our imagination, for, it Camp Merritt, N. J., preparatory to going must be remembered, we were on the eve of overseas. On Feb. 7 it embarked on the Trans­ going into^attle for the first time ourselves. port Martha Washington and onFjb;__2fi_dis- "We were not given a long time to think embarked at Brest, France. After travelling things over, for our machines were called out half way across France by rail, the unit that evening to evacuate from Chateau-Thier­ reached its first station at Champlitte and the ry. At the same time our combat units went men were billeted in barns and houses and into the line. The next day, the 29th, three of began the customary procedure of getting ac­ our officers and thirty men went up to establish quainted with French words and inhabitants, a dressing station. The rest of the men were and cleaning up the village streets and door- still working on the machines. This trip was yards in accordance with the sanitary regula­ one never to be forgotten. We went up in tions. trucks over roads filled with traffic, passed through Chateau-Thierry, and reached LaChar- "We arrived at Azy about midnight, July 27; mel about 11 P. M. We were astounded at the tired, wet, and hungry. It was too late to find sights on the way up;—every town was in billets, so each man had to shift for himself. ruins, roads were filled with shell holes, trees Any space, that was large enough for a man to were cut or blown down, dead horses were stretch out in, was a bed that night. We were too tired to be particular. The following morn­ everywhere, along the roads and in the fields. ing we were up at 5 A. M. We established our­ Salvage of all description was strewn about, selves in a barn and set up the kitchen. After including guns, blood-stained clothes, gre­ breakfast, we spent our time exploring the nades, shells, broken wagons, Boche and Ameri­ town. can helmets, and every conceivable article tha. is used in modern warfare. In the valleys the ^ From "Racine County in the World War", i by Walter L. Halght, I'D

pnch from dead men and horses was unbear­ "It was growing dark by the time we landed able. In the haste of the great drive no one and the work of establishing our station was had time to bury these unfortunates. made more difficult. Already in the town— "We were in La Charmel about fifteen min­ which, by the way, like all others in that area, utes when our artillery opened a terrific bar­ was pretty well battered up—was the regimen­ rage. The big and little guns were all around tal aid station of the 126th infantry. They the town and the roar was simply deafening. were occupying about the best building in the Naturally every one was excited, as the Boche place; it had at least a roof over it. We took returned the fire. We had a number of gas the next best to it—a large, old stone structure alarms to make our first night more uncom­ which undoubtedly had been a French peasant fortable. We felt sorry for the men in the home and barn combined. The roof was about woods and valleys, who were operating our gone and in many places the walls were shat­ guns, for that was where most of the shells tered. But we found three fairly good rooms were falling. But just then we received or­ on the ground floor. One we used for the ders that we would have to spend the night dressing room; one, for the office and soup in those woods, and establish a dressing sta­ kitchen; and the other, for a place in which to tion in the morning. Well, what a feeling! house the patients. In the old barn we set up This was to be our first time under intensive our company kitchen. There was evidence of shell fire. We said nothing. There was no German occupation everywhere, as Fritz had time to talk. The Boche shelled all night and moved out only two days before. Luckily he we had one gas alarm after another. left us a few old stoves, so things were made "The next morning the shells began falling- fairly comfortable. closer and we were very much relieved when "All work had to be done by candle or lantern we received orders to proceed to La Fosse light, after all doors and windows were well Farm, about 2% kilometers up toward the blanketed to prevent observation by aeroplanes. front. We were ordered to march in sets of In about one-half hour, we were all set and twos, about fifty yards apart, so that we ready to receive patients. Things were very wouldn't 'all be killed at once!' How consid­ quiet that night on the line, so the regimental erate! WThen we emerged from the woods, we station was able to care for all casualties. Of beheld a sight we shall never forget. Stretched course our cars were put to work at once, out on the field, on both sides of the road all evacuating those patients that did come in. the way to La Fosse Farm, was one line of "After the night detail was appointed, the guns after another, all firing at once. Hun­ rest of us started to find a place to sleep. dreds of them. The noise and vibration was Scattered about in the old building were many terrific! bunks that the Germans had used; these were "We arrived at the Farm without mishap and immediately taken. Others preferred the so- found only one building that was not in ruins. called dug-outs, which were only galvanized So here, July 30, 1918, the anniversary of out­ iron tunnel affairs about 5 feet in circumfer­ going to Camp Douglas, we set up the first ence. These were very safe unless something dressing station of the 32nd Division in action. struck them. This Farm was the center of a mass of artil­ "Our work here, as in other stations, consist­ lery, and many German shells, meant for our ed of re-dressing the wounds; applying splints; artillery, fell uncomfortably close to our sta­ administering the anti-tetanic serum; and mak­ tion. ing the patient comfortable with hot blankets, hot drinks, and morphine. From here they were transported back in our cars to the field £R TJHE hospital. * "When the first of the cars to be sent out "These were dangerous days for ambulances reached Ivory, they were greeted by a 'young' and their drivers, as the roads were being con­ barrage' from a German battery, and, instead stantly shelled. Soon they were being driven of being able to look about for a site for a sta­ forward beyond our dressing station to an aid tion, all had to take shelter until the firing had station just behind the line. More than once ceased. The Hun was showing no partiality the boys had narrow escapes from being blown that night, so from here he shifted his fire over off the map. to the plank road where two more machines "Day after day we went through the same were being held up by two balky mules. These- routine. One could not keep from feeling more cars were evacuated in a hurry, and the men or less tired and blue, for ours was not the ran, looking for a place of safety. Some most cheerful work. But on the third or fourth crawled into 'fox holes' in an adjoining field, day, things brightened up a lot. The reason while others felt perfectly safe under an ammu­ was, that mail came, and we are safe in saying nition cart by the road side. After banging that never before nor since were letters from away for about fifteen minutes, Fritz stopped; home more welcome than they were at this and these cars, along with the rest of the time. They certainly helped a great deal. train, reached their destination without further disturbance. r # Fr0m "Racine County i^e^orld^ar^^^ n

"November 11th, the day that was to mean of town between lines of cheering people and so much in our lives, came like any other day. were dismissed in the court of honor on Third We awoke after a sleep, uninterrupted by street. It was a happy and fitting conclusion Boche bombers, and set about performing our of two years of service during the greatest of various duties. This was supposed to be the all wars. 'great day,' the day for which we had risked The personnel of the Ambulance company all. Our imaginations were dead, and our underwent numerous changes during its serv­ hopes and inclinations to believe in rumors ice. A dozen men were transferred from its were exhausted. In a great story or play this ranks shortly after its arrival at Camp Doug­ would have been a dramatic scene with every­ las, owing to an order altering the size of one realizing the full significance of the occa­ various medical units. A large proportion of sion. But this was not a play; it was real— the members, however, remained on its rolls to too real. The absence of enthusiasm and cheer­ the time of mustering out. Sergeant James ing was uncanny, for we had long expected P. Hawley was lost when the Transport Tus- that when the war came to an end the greatest cania was torpedoed off the coast of Ireland celebration would be at the front. But the early in 1918. Private "Jack" Clancy, a lov­ shock was too great. So many things had hap­ able lad not yet out of his 'teens, died at a pened in so short a time that we were be­ hospital near Chaumont, France, Sept. 23, wildered. Men scarcely spoke. All went 1918, of pneumonia, after he had undergone about their duties like men dumfounded by two months of service at the front. The com­ some supernatural event. By noon we knew pany lost no men killed in action. Paul Hecht that it was all over but the same silence hung and Andy Lang succumbed to illness shortly over everyone, for men found their physical after reaching France. powers too inadequate to express and mani­ fest the wonderful emotions which they felt in their hearts and souls. Thus was this mem­ orable day spent, each man living to himself, with vivid thoughts of home and the future occupying his mind to the exclusion of all else. 2

/icitLE AGAIN # The ambulance company landed at Newport News May 20, and after four pleasant days at Camp Morrison, the boys entrained on a regular American train with seats and berths and windows for Camp Grant, 111., to be mus­ tered out. This ceremony was completed on May 29, and then thirty-five automobiles pro­ vided by Racine Commercial club members brought the boys back to their home town. It was a beautiful day, and the ride was most enjoyable. At its conclusion, Ambulance com­ pany 127 formed ranks for the last time on Washington avenue, and under command of Major Johnston, marched down to the center

• ., ..'..: • - ...... •• . . . • . ijf rrora -Racine Oount* **$£&**££& - \V JSA$FL&JLFAM&O'iJN'cr dcMEA uy

Following is the muster roll of the unit just before it left Racine for Camp Douglas in July, 1917:

•'• :* - • Captain—William W. Johnston. 1st Lieut.—William J. Hanley. 1st Lieut.—William F. Salbreiter.

SERGEANTS Doonan, Frank P. Junkham, Oscar J, Petersen, J. Arthur Stofrel, Arthur F. J. Durstling, William A. Kaestner, Clarence Peterson, Peter Reis, William Dowding, James A. Kasten, Homer Piazza, Tony Barnes, Geo. K. Dyer, William E. Kinsler, John W. Pierce, Louis P. Schulte, Robert M. Ellingsen, Adolph Klippel, Connie B. Pitsch, Louis J. Elingsen, Sigwa-U Knoedler, Harold W. Plummer, William N. CORPORALS El sen, Albert J. Kopecky, Paul Poplowski, Stanley E. Hawley, James P. Engman, Edward C Koprowski, Paul P. Frailes, Otto A. Nelson, Emil Evers, Henry A., Jr. - Kulbacky, Peter Quella, Aloy B. Zohm, Richard H. Evers, John R. Kumisco, Konstant Rice, Joe H. Falck, Victor Kuypers, Geo. E. Rockei, Charley J. COOKS Fr'idle. James C. LaCrosse, Arthur H, Rowley, Burton Reis, F*rank Gavahan, Lawrence Lange, Andy M. Schmidt, Richard F. Mrotek, Gust F. George, Harry Larsen, Chris. Scholey, Fred A. Marck, Joseph A. Gfroerer, Herbert H. Liegler, Fred Dewey Schnetz, Roy J. Godske, Carlyle E. Llada, Raimundo Schuit, Nick PRIVATES 1st CLASS Gothe, Walter Lui, Arthur Shevel, Lawrence J. Fuller, Russell A. Graves, Jay Harold Marsch, Peter Slammon, John J. Guilbert, Gordon M. Greene, Guy M. May, William Smollen, Martin T. La'nge, Carroll E. Greenman, Sterling W. McElroy, Donald Snyder, Henry D. Van Bree, Harold R. Hall, Willard C, Jr. McNabb, Walter Stagwillo, Ray Williams, Glenn Hammiller, John McPherson, H. Alexander Stankus, Gus. PRIVATES Hansen, Hans C. MencfeldowsVi, Edward A. Stewart, Lonie C. Anderson, Frank E. Hansen, Leo Metten, Louis M. Sugden, Charles B. Archambault, Adelbe-rt A. Harris, Thomas R. Meyer, Edwin D. Tarr, Willis W. Baldwin, Harold 0. Hart, Eugene C. Michel, John Thelen, Louis H. Bax, Lambert Heidenreich, Anthony P. Mitchell, Dean Thompson, Bruno Behrens, Bernard C. Helgeson, Harry C. Moe, Arthur Urban, Alvin P. Bowman, Herbert J. Hill, Ben L. Mullen, Lawrence M. Voss, Aloy H. I Brown, Herbert E. Hill, Edward L. Murphy, Edward C. Walley, William C. Christensen, Arthur C. Hush, William H. Murphy, Jerome E. Weber, Leo M. Christensen, Andrew M. Hone. Felix, Jr. Murphy, Raymond F. White, Wallace Christensen, Herman Hecht, Paul Musil, William Wittey, Albert J. Clanev, John F. P. Jacobsen, John Nelson, Chester A. Zarzecki, Joseph Collotta, Frank Jacobsen, Nels E. Nelson, Christ K. Zirbes, Allie M. Connolly, Robert James, Hiram Nelson, Louis P. Larsen, Neils A. Coutu, H. J. Walter James, John, Jr. Nelson, Louis S. Westrich, Frank L. Crook, Lester L. Jensen, Albert T. Niebler, Edwin M. Follansbee, Earl D. r>aceno, Jack Jensen, Martin- Novaicky, Gabriel Simpson, Edward G. Deschler., Howard Jensen, Thorwalcl M. Oberg, George Krebs, Lucas T. Jorgensen, John Olsen, Axel Weber, Edward E. DeVroy, Anthony J. v DeVroy, Rueben J. Johnson, Einer S. Peil, Joseph W. Loehr, Edward G. J t.

.. •"•-

From "Hacine County in tHe World War8, by Walter L. Halght. i a tt M * Ton QcnANE) jHEtH COCHNTW I "In the following pages appear the names of those men from Racine County who gave their lives In the Great Conflict. Diligent search of all records falls to reveal otners. There may have heen, but up to this time trie facts have not heen obtainable here. The pages bear the names of the men, the date of their deaths, the place where death occurred, and,.,where possible, the butial place. This Honor Roll does not contain the names of men who served in the war and died, after leaving service. All those names ap­ pearing are of men who died while in tne service of their country. March I, 1920. The Author. $/EE tN FHE SiRVtCE James Albin Died Jan. 22, 1919 Camp McCleilan, Ala. Clarence A. Anderson Died Oct. 22, 1916 Buried at G-ondrecourt, France. Emanuel Anderson, Died sept. 15, 19IS Killed in action, France. Nels Jorgen Anderson, Died Oct. 18, I9IS Jefferson Barracks, Mo. Edward C. Benne,tt Died Oct. 21, 1918 Died of wounds; France. Carl Berg, Died July 31, 1919, Bellevue Hospital, New York Men20 J. Bixby, Died Mar. 7, I9IS Hoboken, N.J. George 0. Boness, Died, about Aug. I, 1918 Killed In action; France Jacob J, Boschert, Died Oct. 8, 1918 Base Hospital, 65, France. Herbert Christensen, Died about Oct. 20, 19I8 Killed in act ion,France. Fritz 0. Christenson, Killed in action JBuried.. in France. William Christopherson, Killed sept. 29, 1918 Aeroplane accident, England. John F. Clancy, Jr., Died Sept. 23, 1918 Red Cross Hospital, Edmund R. Collins, France. Died Mar. 24, 1919. Frank Culotta, Died of wounds; in Russia. Died'Dec. I9IS, Vincent E. Curcio, uof wounds, France. Died Feb. 14-, 1919 U. 8. Hospital, Stanley R. Dibble, Died Feb. 14, 1919 Portsmouth, Va. Henry F. W. Donne, Died Dec, 6, 1918, Jackson Barracks. Clayton B. Dreler, i Killed in action. Racine, Wis. Died in 1910. K^From "Racine County in tne World War", by waiter L. Halght. %

>. t Trueworthy Durgin, Died Oct. I, 1918 Great Lakes Naval Station, Frank J. Entrop, , Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Died sept. 30, 1918 Alfred B. Essman, Mass. Died July 31, 1918, Gilbert 0. Evans, Killed In action, France. Died Mar. 25, 1918 Lester P. Evans, £Le- Havre, France Died Oct. 14, 1918 Floyd Fink, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Died Nov. 4, 1918 Milton Freede, Killed in action, France. Died Jan. 28, 1919, Peter Frlnt, Langres, France. Died Oct. 4, 1918 Nicholas Garski, Killed in action, France. Died Oct. 3, 1918 Victor Cecenice, Killedain action, France. Died Aug. 2, 1918, Edward P. Goetz, Drowned at gea Died Oct. 5, I9IS Killed in Action; France William H. Graham, No data available Anton Grelmer, No data available Herman Gursky, Died Jan. 26, 1919, Buried at Racine, Wis. Carl Edmund Hanson, Died Nov. 29, 1917 Waco, Tex. John Harrlan, Died Nov. 20, 1918 .Died of wounds,France. Leslie Hawkins, • Died May 13, 1918 Camp Grant James P. Hawley, Died Feb. I, 19IS S.S.Tuscanla Disaster Corry 0. Hermansen, Died Oct. 23, 1918 Died in France Christian Einer Hjorth, Died Aug. 6, 1918, Accident, Racine, Wis. Harold Haugland, Died. sept. 26,1918 Drowned at Sea. Paul Hecht, • Died Feby. 28, 1918, Brest, France. Martin Holmes\ Died Oct. 13, 1918, jangres, France Lyman B. Horton-, Lied Sept. 12, 1918, Union Grove, Wis. Stanley Arthur Huguenln, Died Apr. 3, 1918 Aeroplane accident, Fred Humble, England. Died April 9, 1917 Olaf Jacobsen, < Killed In Action, France -s^ Died April 7, 1918, St.Paul, Minn. 3

• '-. Peter E. Jacobson, Died, in Jan. 1919, in France Carl A. Jensen, . ;- Died Nov. 10, 191s ®f wounds; France Nels Jensen, Died April 27, 191a Thorwald Jensen, Died Dec. 10, 1918 Taliaferro Field, Texas. Charles J. Johns'on, //-.-—Died Feb»y.3,1919, Accident; France rJ John C. Johnson, Died Dec. I, 1918, in France Harold T. Kister, Died. Aug. 30, 1918, in Action; France. Fred A. Klema, Died Mar. 25, 1918, in Act ion; France Adolph Korenski, Died of wounds, in France. Louis P. Kropp, Died Sept. 16, 1918, S.S.Buena Ventura Disaster. John Kudlacek, Died Oct. 19, 1918, in Action; France. Andy M. Lange, Died May 2, 19I8 in France John Langenfeld, Died Oct.,15, 1918, Camp Taylor, Ky. Walter Lemmerheit, .. " ' 4«i Died in October, I9IS, Great Lakes Naval Station. George Lewis, Died Oct. 6, 1918, Camp Grant, 111. Otto Lutsch, No data available. Lester F. Mclennan, in Action; France. fo\ Pled Oct. 16, 1918, VV Ralph Marble, U.S.HOsp. Ship, Mercy. Died Oct. 13, 1918, Richard 0. Mauer, of Wounds; France. Died Oct. 18, 1918 Jerome G. Melschke, In France. Died Aug. 27, 1918, ' Frederick C. Meyer, Camp Taylor, Ky. Died Oct. 16, 1918, Oswald C. Meyer, Camp Taylor, Ky. Died Oct. 31, 1918, George A. Miller, Accident; France Died Jan. II, 1918, Robert 8. Mitchell, Camp Meade, Md. Died Oct., 1918 Charle s Mo rri s s ey, Kansas City, Mo. Died Oct. 7, 1918,' Arthur N, Nelson, Accident; Camp Mills. Died Mar. 22, 1919, Newman, Clarence H., Northampton, England. Died Nov. 12, 1918, Viggo J. Nielson, Racine, Wis. Died Oct. 3, 1918, Hans A. Nielson, In Action; France. Died Nov. 8, 1918, (l) /ttJvrtZ^ Albe rt DleW o/ Johactn. son15, 19I8 Park Field, Memphis, Tenn. Wm. James McLennan, ^jbiAvdt' Died May 13, 1917 In Action; France. n c5 H H

Joseph F. Nikl, Died Dec. I, 1918 Cognac, France Francis Noble, Died Oct. 7, 1918 Kansas City, Mo. Michael Joseph Oberst, Died Sept 29,,I9I8 Killed in Action, France. Walter Obry, Died Oct. 16, 1918 Camp Taylor, Ky. George T. O'Laughlin, Died June 30, I918 Aeroplane Accident,France. Axel Ferdinand 01sen, Died Nov. 12, 1918, from wounds, France. Arthur Arnold Pahl, Died Oct. 8, 1918 New York City. Walter H. Parsons, Died April 15, 1918 In Action; France Irvine D. Peck, Died Oct. 29, 1917 Great Lakes Naval Station, James A. Perkins, Died Nov. 5, 1918 At Thiaucourt, France. August Peterson, Died Oct. 17, 1918 From"Wounds; France. Harry B. Peterson, Died Oct. 7, 1918 In Action; France. Phillip Peterson, al Died Jan. 10, 1919 Coblenz, Germany. Victor Protowski, Died in 1918, In Ac t i on; Franc e I. Louis Reinholtz, Died in 1918, In Action; France. George Rindflelsch, Died Oct. 28, I918 Camp McClellan, Ala. Joseph Rizzo, Died Apr. 15, 1918 In Action; France, John Rosplock, Died Oct. 5, 1918 In Action; France. William J. Rowland, Died Jan. 26, 1919 Camp McClellan, Ala. Antonin J. Ruzlcka, Died Oct. 10, 1918 Camp Taylor, Ky, James J. Ryan, Died Nov. 5, 1918 Wounds; France. EdFard M. Sannes, Died. Oct. 26, 19I8. In Action, France. Frank Sawickis, Died April 29, 1919 In Action; France. Erwin R. Smith, Died Oct. 16, 1918 Madison BarracKs, N.Y., New York. Charles Smith, Died Oct. II, 1918 In France. Charles Schuetta, Died May 29, 19I8 In Action; France.

: s

Henry Shebeck, Lied Nov. 22, I9IS Base Hospital, Camp Upton. Andrew Simonsen, Died. Oct. 8, I9IS Kansas City, Mo. Joseph Slovacheck, Died Oct. 12, 1918 In Action; France. Kenneth E. Smith, Died Sept. 30, 1918 Liverpool, England. Percival H. Solberg, Died Dec. 13, 1917 Wounds; France. Einer 0. Sorenson, Died June 19, 1919 In France. Hans Sorrlng, Died NOV. 5, 1918 In Action; France. Gus Stankius, Died July 5, 1918 In Action; France. Fred J. Steibel, Died Dec. 3, I9IS Great Lakes Naval Station. Jacob J. Streff, Died Sept. 27, I918 Camp Logan. Frank W. 3wanson, Died Oct. 9, 191s In Action; France. James A. Thompson, Died Oct. 12, I9ia In Action; France. Frank F, Tuttle, Died Jan. 27, 1919 Base Hospital; Gi ronde, France. Frank G. Wahlen, Died Oct. 18, 1918 Liverpool, England, Bernhard Wentker, Died Sept. 29, 1918 In Action, France. William "Weiss, Died. August 21, 1918 In Action; France Ross A. Wilcox, Died August 7, 1918 In Action; France. Elmer W'insall, Died Oct. 9, 1918 Lambezeilec, France. Alex Zache, Died Dec. 4, 1918 Navy Hospital, Phila. Pa. Peter Sukowski, Died Oct. 16, I9IS In Action; France. Otto ZWlebel, Died Oct. 29, 1918 Camp Hancock, Ga,

The following names added since 1920 Louis P. Kroplllske, John J. Kutiske Sorring Nelson Charles L. Schmidt u I 6

^ ^ 777 £ CA SUALT/TS gy j;m/ ^/r^

Battle Division Deaths. Wounded. Second 4,478 17,752 First 4,411 17,201 Third 3,177 12,940 Thirty-second 2,915 10,477 *" Twenty-eighth 2,551 11,429 Forty-second 2,644 11,275 Twenty-sixth : __„ 2,135 11,325 Fourth 2,611 9,893 Seventy-seventh 1,992 8,505 Twenty-seventh 1,789 7,201 Thirtieth .__ 1,629 7,325 Fifth 1,976 6,864 Eighty-second 1,298 6,248 Eighty-ninth ; 1,433 5,858 Thirty-fifth 1,067 6,216 Ninetieth 1,392 5,885 Thirty-third 989 6,266 Seventy-eighth 1,384 5,861 Seventy-ninth 1,419 5,331 Eightieth 1,132 5,000 Ninety-first 1,414 4,364 Thirty-seventh 977 4,266 Twenty-ninth 951 4,268 Ninety-third 584 2,582 Thirty-sixth 600 1,928 Seventh __._ 302 1,516 Ninety-second 176 1,466 Eighty-first 251 973 Sixth 93 453 Eighty-fifth 142 395 o Eighty-third 112 319 13 Forty-first 154 263 Fortieth 79 81 Eighty-eighth 29 89 o Eightieth 6 29 Eighty-seventh 2 30

17+ The totals are as follows; «< Americans killed in battle 37,568 Died of wounds 12,942 J2D c+ HP Total deaths i~ ^fa 50,510 c+ffi Wounded in battle 193,663 O H P. as Two out of every three American soldiers who reached France took part in battle. The •1 number who reached France was 2,084,000, and of these 1,390,000 saw service at the front. Of the forty-two divisions that reached France twenty-nine took part in active combat service. Seven of them were regular army di­ visions, eleven were organized from the nation­ al guard and eleven made up of national army troops. American divisions were in battle 200 days and engaged in thirteen major operations. h < r * ' 4 X s Shortly after the end of the war, a "number of societies of veterans were organized, among which the following are represent­ ed - in the beginning af 1932 - by organizations in Racine County^— The American Legion;- Racine Post, No. 76, Racine. Menzo J. Bixby Post, Union Grove. „ __—_—— Waterford. - ——__—_—„. Burlington, (9 Disabled American Veterans of the World War CO Racine Veterans, 32nd. Division. 0) Veterans of Foreign Wars.

The American Legion is now thoroughly organized in tne country, with forty thousand Posts, and one million and £wo hundred thousand members; Among the men who have served as Na­ tional Commanders are the following; Milton J. Foreman, John G. Emery, Han ford McNider, Alvin Owsley, John Qulnn, James A Drain, Edward E, Spafford, Paul V. McNutt, 0. L. Bodenhametf, and

Ralph T. 0» Neil. ^present commander - I93I-2.)

Racine Post, NO. 76, was organized In the fall of 1919, its first officers being; f. L. Gittlngs, Commander; Harry J. Herzog, Vice Commander; H. J. Sanders, Adjutant; W. L. Height, Historian; Phillip Clancy, Master at Arms, and Rev. W. j. Bott, Chaplain. The post has now - in the beginning of 1932 - ?00 active members. - X A-^YA*~ft~* ' (1) A small local unit of a small national organization, (2) A social organization which meets about twice a year, membership being limited to men who served in the 32nd. Divis­ ion. It has three hundred members. {3) A national organization formed after the Spanish-American War, which accepts veterans of any war who nave served in U.S. forces outside of its territorial limits. v Its commanding officers have been;-W. L. Glttings, Vilas Whaley, Walter L. Height, Max J. Zirbes,Jack Melvin, Lawrence W. smith, Clayton Westover, Fred Helm, Edward Millstead, L. A, McDowell, Milton. J. Youngs. *Ttft A/neaiCAH LEGIQM The American Legion is a huge national or­ justice, freedom and democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion to mutual ganization of former soldiers, sailors, marines helpfulness. and army nurses who were in service during ARTICLE I.—Name the World War. It was first organized in SECTION 1.—The name of this organization shall be THE AMERICAN LEGION. France by members of the A. E. F., on March 15, 1919, who arranged at the same time to ARTICLE II.—Nature. SECTION 1.—TEE AMERICAN LEGION is a civilian or­ have a similar meeting held in the United ganization ; membership therein does not affect or increase liability for military or police service. Rank States for action by the men who did not go does not exist in the Legion ; no member shall be ad­ overseas. Representatives of the A. E. F. held dressed by his military or naval title in any conven­ their second meeting in Paris April 7, 1919, tion or meeting of the Legion. SECTION 2.—THE AMERICAN LEGION shall be abso­ and the home contingent gathered in St. Louis lutely non-political and shall not be used for the dis­ semination of partisan principles nor for the promo­ on May 8. A constitution was adopted which tion of the candidacy of any person seeking public placed all veterans on an equal footing, re­ office or preferment. No candidate for or incumbent of a salaried elective public office shall hold any office gardless of rank and regardless of whether in THE AMERICAN LEGION or in any department or they saw service overseas or not. All branch­ post thereof. SECTION 3.—Each member shall perform his full es of the service were to be represented, but duty as a citizen according to his own conscience and membership was to be limited to those actually understanding. in the military or naval service during the ARTICLE III.—Organisation SECTION 1.—THE AMERICAN LEGION shall be organ­ World War. This constitution was later rati­ ized in departments and these in turn in posts. There fied with but few changes. Following the ap­ shall be one department in each state, in the District of Columbia, and in each territory of the United proval of the organization at St. Louis, a mem­ States. The National Executive Committee may es­ bership campaign was launched and approxi­ tablish additional departments in territorial posses­ sions of the United States and in foreign countries. mately 950,000 members were obtained by Nov. 11, 1919, when the first formal convention of ARTICLE IV.—Eligibility the Legion was held at Minneapolis. SECTION 1.—Any person shall be eligible for mem­ bership in THE AMERICAN LEGION who was regularly enlisted, drafted, inducted or commissioned, and who During the fall, posts were organized at served on active duty in the Army, Navy or Marine Corps of the United States at some time during the Burlington, Waterford and Racine, and early period between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, "Ny both dates inclusive, or who, being a citizen of the in December the Menzo J. Bixby post was United States, at the time of his entry therein, served formed at Union Grove. Racine post No. 76 on active dutv in the naval, military or air forces of any of the governments associated with the United . : j elected as its first officers W. L. Gittings, States during the great war ; Provided, that no person shall be entitled to membership (a) who, being in «#•$•?'' commander; Harry J. Herzog, vice-command­ the Armv, Navy or Marine Corps of the United States er; H. J. Sanders, adjutant; W. L. Haight, during said period, refused on conscientious, political, or other grounds to sntriect himself to military disci­ historian; Phillip Clancy, master at arms, and pline or unqualified service, or (b) who, being in such .service, was senarated therefrom under circumstances the Rev. W. J. Bott, chaplain. A campaign amounting to dishonorable discharge and has not sub­ sequently been officially restored to an honorable for members during the last half of November status. resulted in the enrollment of about 750 as SECTION 2.—There shall be no form or class of mem- members here, but the number is constantly bershiu except an active membership as herein above increasing. While it still is early to guess provided. ARTICLE V whether this organization will be universally SECTION 1,—The legislative body of the Legion shall accepted as the mouthpiece of the World War be the National Convention to be held annually at a time and place to be fixed by the preceding National veterans, it has already received some such Convention. recognition from Congress and the press of SECTION 2.—In the National Convention each de­ partment shall be entitled to five delegates and one the country and it is likely that it will soon additional delegate for each thousand members whose current dues have been received by the National catch up the torch to be dropped by the rapid­ Treasurer thirty days prior to the meeting of said ly depleting ranks of the G. A. R. and be convention, and to one alternate for each delegate. The delegates shall be chosen at department conven­ viewed as the society best qualified to serve tions to be held not less than two weeks before the as a rallying point for Americanism in times National Convention. SECTION 3.—Each delegate shall be entitled to one of national peril. The constitution of the vote. The vote of anv delegate absent and not repre­ American Legion, adopted Nov. 11, 1919, is as sented bv an alternate shall be cast by the majority of the delegates present from his department. Alter­ follows: nates shall have all the privileges of delegates except that of voting. PREAMBLE SECTION 4.—A quorum shall exist at a National For God and Country, we associate ourselves to­ Convention when sixty ner cent of the departments gether for the following purposes : are represented as provided above. To uphold and defend the Constitution of the Unit­ ARTICLE VI.—National Officers ed States of America ; to maintain law and order ; to roster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent Ameri­ SECTION 1.—The National Convention shall elect a canism ; to preserve the memories and incidents of National Commander and five National Vice-Command­ our association in the great war ; to inculcate a sense ers. No two Vice-Commanders shall be chosen from of individual obligation to the community, state and the same department, and no more than three from nation ; to combat the autocracv of both the classes those who served in the Army. These officers shall and the masses ; to make right the master of might; be members of the National Convention of the Na­ to promote peace and good will on earth; to safe­ tional Executive Committee, and the Chairman and guard and transmit to posterity the principles of Vice-Chairmen respectively of both bodies. A Vice-

Ufa From "Racine County in the World War", by Walter L. Halght. i

Commander, shall, on request of the National Com­ government and administration of such department mander, act as chairman of either of said bodies. during such suspension or upon such revocation. SECTION 2.—The National Convention shall also ARTICLE XII.—change of Residence elect a National Chaplain. SECTION 1.—Any member in good standing in a SECTION 3.—:Such officers shall serve until the ad­ post removing from his department shall be entitled journment of the succeeding National Convention and, to a certificate from his post stating his membership thereafter, until their successors are chosen. Vacan­ and the duration thereof. cies in these offices occurring between national con­ ventions shall be filled by the National Executive Com­ ARTICLE XIII.—Auxiliaries mittee. SECTION 1.—THE AMERICAN LEGION recognizes an SECTION 4.—The National Commander shall appoint auxiliary organization to be known as the "Women's a National Adjutant. The Executive Committee shall Auxiliary of The American Legion." appoint a National Treasurer and such officials and SECTION 2.—Membership in the auxiliary shall be standing committees as may be necessary and shall limited to the mothers, wives, daughters and sisters authorize or approve all expenditures All appointed of the members of THE AMERICAN LEGION, and to the officers shall hold office at the pleasure of the ap­ mothers, wives, daughters and sisters of all men and pointing power, and all persons having the custody of women who were in the military or naval service of funds shall give adequate bonds. the United States between April 6, 1917, and Novem­ ber 11, 1918, and died in line of duty or after honor­ able discharge and prior to November 11, 1920. ARTICLE VII.—National Executive Committee SECTION 1.—Between National Conventions, the ad­ SECTION j3.—The auxiliary shall be governed in each ministrative power shall be invested in the National department of THE AMERICAN LEGION1 by such rules Executive Committee which shall be composed of the and regulations as may be prescribed by the National National Commander and Vice-Commanders in office, Executive Committee and thereafter approved by such and of one representative and one alternate from each department of THE AMERICAN LEGION. department to be elected as such department shall de­ termine ; provided that in 1919 the delegates to the ARTICLE XIV.—Ratification. National Convention shall elect the Executive Commit­ SECTION 1.—All acts performed and charters here­ teeman and alternate from their respective depart­ tofore granted by the temporary organization of THE ments. AMERICAN LEGION are hereby ratified and confirmed. SECTION 2.—The Executive Committee shall meet ARTICLE XV.—Amendments at the place of the National Convention within twenty- SECTION 1.—This Constitution may be amended at four hours after the final adjournment, of the National any National Convention by the vote of two-thirds of Convention, and thereafter at the call of the National the total authorized representation thereat, provided Commander. The National Commander shall call a that the proposed amendment shall have been read at meeting upon the written request of fifteen or more such convention at least twenty-four hours before the members of said Executive Committee. vote thereon. SECTION 3.—Seven members shall constitute a quorum of the Executive Committee. NATIONAL INCORPORATION This Constitution is adopted conformable to the ARTICLE VIII.—Department Organisation Act of the Congress of the United States of America SECTION 1.—Departments shall be chartered by the of date September 18, 1919. National Executive Committee and shall be composed of the posts within their respective areas. Each de­ partment charter shall be signed by the National At the Minneapolis convention, the Legion Commander and National Adjutant. delegates refused to be drawn into any politi­ SECTION 2.—Each department shall have a depart­ cal battles and its most severe critics agreed ment commander, a department, adjutant, a depart­ ment executive committee and such other officers as that the organization was about the most demo­ the department shall determine. cratic and independent of any that had ever ARTICLE IX convened in America. Two of the typical fea­ SECTION 1.—Those who desire to form a post shall tures of the convention were the refusal of make application for a charter to the commander of the department in which they reside. The charter delegates to permit the mention of any mem­ shall be issued by the National Commander and Na­ tional Adjutant upon receipt of the application prop­ ber's former army rank even in casual de­ erly executed by the charter members of the projected post, but only when such application is approved by bates on the floor, and the passing of a reso­ the commander of the department, or by the Depart­ lution declining to answer the question of the ment Executive Committee. Post charters shall be countersigned by the commander and the adjutant of National Congress as to the soldiers' wishes the department. regarding bonus legislation. The Legion held SECTION 2.—The minimum membership of a post . shall be determined by the Executive Committee of that it was not organized for selfish purposes, the department in whose area it lies. and while it admitted the debt of the nation SECTION 3.—Each department may prescribe the constitution of its posts. Post charters may be re­ to the former service men it had no sugges­ voked by the Department Executive Committee with tion to make regarding the payment of that the approval of the National Executive Committee. SECTION 4.—No post shall be named after any living debt. It did insist, however, upon the passing person. of legislation taking care of men disabled in ARTICLE X.—Finance war. SECTION 1.—The revenue of THE AMERICAN LEGION shall be derived from annual membership dues and from such other sources* as may be approved by the In January 1920, the Spanish-American War National Executive Committee. veterans presented Racine Post No. 76 with a SECTION 2.—The amount of such annual dues shall be determined by each National Convention for the stand of colors, the first made for any post in ensuing year. the country. SECTION 3.—The annual dues shall be collected by each post and transmitted through the department to the national treasurer.

ARTICLE XI.—Discipline SECTION 1.—The National Executive Committee, after notice and a hearing, may suspend or revoke the charter of a department which violates this Constitu­ tion or which fails adequately to discipline any of its posts for any such violation, and may provide for the I 4~

* OTHER QRCAMZATICKS

Another organization which grew out of which bars former commissioned officers from the World War was a society known as the membership. American War Mothers, and a chapter was Military Order of Foreign Wars of the organized in Racine. It had a membership United States, with a membership limited to of 700 in 1919. The first officers were: Presi­ those who saw foreign service, in any war. dent, Mrs. Arthur Ehrlich; vice-president, Mrs. Veterans of Foreign Wars, with membership Joseph Prostrednick; secretary, Mrs. Thomas similar to the one mentioned above. F. Powers; treasurer, Mrs. P. I. Hess; chair­ United Veterans of the Republic, welcoming man of programs, Mrs. J. F. Sugden. The first veterans of any war in which the United States was engaged. meeting was held in September, 1918. In De­ cember a bazaar was held at which $600 was Rank and File Veterans' Association, organ­ raised as a relief fund for returning service ized to take an active part in politics, and barring former officers from membership. men. Mrs. B. A. Oliver was chosen presi­ dent in 1919. Later the name was changed All of these societies were formed with to "The Service Star Legion." different ideals in view than those expressed by the American Legion and probably none Besides the American Legion and the Army of them will replace it in popularity. The and Navy Union, there were organized in 1919 greatest danger confronting the American a dozen or more veterans' societies. Of these, Legion is the possibility of some error in pol­ eight seemed to be showing some growth at icy on the part of the million or more members the end of the year, although none of them before the organization is firmly established. were represented in Racine at that time. These If this can be avoided all indications are that eight are: it will prove for the next fifty years to be American Officers of the Great War, with the most influential society in the United membership restricted to commissioned offi­ States. cers. World War Veterans, which was organized in the Northwest and which has as its main ob­ jective the obtaining of suitable bonuses and n other favorable legislation. The. Private Soldiers' and Sailors' Legion,

•# From ".Racine County in the World War", b by Walter L. Height •I I f ^—SJ^ME Fttcrs A Nil TtqaR£&, We are presenting herewith some facts and figures con­ cerning the organization and activities of the American Ex­ peditionary Force that should be interesting as evidence of the speed wit! which it was built up, and the important part it p tooK in bririg'v*the war to a successful finish, Some important casualty figures also are ,included. / BUM/} (#4 , THA tNtMCANO iRAAtspoAT/Mc ANt Anms/ __> jfp The following table shows the rapidity with More than 500,000 came in through the regu­ which American troops were moved to Eng­ lar army. Almost 400,000 more, or nearly 10 land and France/during the World War: per cent, entered through the National Guard. 1918 More than three-quarters of all came in 1917 through the selective service or National army May 1,543 Jan 48,055 enlistments. Of every 100 men ten were Na­ June 15,091 Feb. 49,239 tional guardsmen, thirteen were regulars and July 12,876 March 85,710 seventy-seven belonged to the national army, Aug. 19,403 April 120,072 or would have if the services had not been Sept 33,588 May 247,714 consolidated and the distinctions wiped out on Oct 40,027 June 280,434 Aug. 7, 1918. _ Nov. 23,722 July 311,359 About 200,000 commissioned officers were re­ Dec 48,815 Aug. 286,375 Sept 259,670 quired for the army. Of this number, less Oct 184,063 than 9,000 were in the federal service at the Nov. 12,124 beginning of the war. Of these, 5,791 were regulars and 3,199 were officers of the national The war upset completely all the previous es­ guard in the federal service. timates as to the length of time it requires army hostilities to train soldiers in large num­ bers. While most military text books and critics had maintained that an efficient soldier required two years of intensive training, in this About 4,000,000 men served in the army of war the average American soldier who went to the United States during the war (April 6, France received six months of training in the 1917, to Nov. 11, 1918). The total of men serv­ United States before he sailed and but two- ing in the armed forces of-the country, includ­ more months of training in France before he ing the army and navy, the marine corps, and went into the battle line. This fact is deduced the other services, amounted to 4,800,000. It from a study of data on the training of the was almost true that among each 100 Ameri­ 1,400,000 men who actually fought in France. can citizens five took up arms in defense of One month in a quiet sector before entering the,, country. battle was also a part of the average experi­ ence of America's fighting men.

2000,000 /?— /SW 17 — lb — isoopoo vV \ /¥ — \ 13 — ti­ , ll— 1000,000 9 X 7 6 S 00000 t— 3 — 2.— 100, OOO

cci >- SO ^2; or

5§ O ^ • 5« s: 2 1 =5 -a <

GROWTH AND DEPARTURE OF THE A. E. F. IN FRANCE FROM MAY, 1917, UNTIL AUG. 31, 1919

2te From "Racine County in the World War", by Walter L. Halght. 4 EAC(NE 6?U/T7)f fr(?M£tr IN THC WAR i< Racine County sent muny young women to the war zone in France, and to Red Cross and other service in the home-land. I do not know that there were any casualties among them that got into any official or other reports, but many of them in the hos­ pitals back of the front lines in France came safely through so»e «*•%, terrifying experiences, the very memory of some of which must even yet seem as unreal as a night-mare.Only tnose in robust physical and mental nealth could have survived the tests to which many of tnem were subjected. The names and records of all Racine County women in United States service in the Great War may be found in tne alphabetical roster in W, L. Halgut's "Racine County in tne World f«h»»

MARQARITT. ROWLAND The writer has been privileged to read a number of letters from the "front", written by Margaret B« Rowland, daughter of John D. Rowland, both natives of Racine. Her grand-father, David Rowland, lately deceased, was a veteran of the Civil War. Parts of some of Miss Rowland's letters -rere evidently phrased to suiet family and friends the fears af nerft4re**d^-««4^sffii£^ ir Racine, - making light of some appalling' experiences through which she came safely. A MtltTARY WEDBtAtC •mi IMIII ii ii miWiimyi *m**niiu*v^,m*^™>^mmm>^-mevmmmmimjmw*mmmwm*u\ n »u»ii—•—aaW8»MW«IWM—iimm vtim While in France Miss Rowland became engaged to marry Captain Bradley Deleiiunty, of tne 306th. Infantry, 71st. Division, Before l&oJt the young folks left for home, their friends proposea^they have a regular military redding, at Regimental headquarters,near Paris, which was arranges for, ana some hign Division officers - friends of tne groom^ and the Regimental band were in attendance, with a file of infantrymen to form a bower of bayonets, and complete hhe V

I am credibly informed that the marriage of Captain Dele- official hanty, and NUrse's Aide, Miss Rowland, was the onlyAmilitary wedding in the history of the A. E. F, (American Expeditionary Forces ) in France. A complete set of moving pictures of the cere­ monies was taken by tne United states Signal Service Corps, the official original films being on deposit, with otherArecords of the A.E.F., In Washington, D. 0. military cast of the ceremony^ Mr. and Mrs. Delehanty are now living at Locust Valley, Long Island, Mew York. They have two chil­ i dren; Margaret Patricia, aged 12, and John, aged 10. Capt. Dele­ hanty is an architect, with offices in New York. , . . Al * * — ' ' SH J/ACATf6h/ On the way to France Miss Rowland spent some days in London, and several of her most interesting letters are dated from that city. The unlighted streets - for fear of German combs from the airr requiring the use of. flash-lights to get about; Change of Guard at St. James Palace; and visits to many of the best-known of the historic show-places, were trie high lights ofu.those letters brief After the Armistice was signed, sue was given aKvacation, which was spent at Nice, on the Riviera, from which place also she s .... mailed some interesting letters. — tiM SERVtCE fcECeHD A condensed statement of Miss Rowland's ?M&AMit%\ record is as follows; MARGARET E. ROWLAND, I300 College Ave., Racine. Red Cross Nurse's Aide. Apr. 7> 1918 - Mar. 25, 1919 Over-seas April 17, 1918 Married in France, Apr. 5, 1919* To Cupt. Bradley Delehanty.

The following is a verbatim copy of a letter written by Miss Rowland, from a hospital in France to her brother Dave, in Ra­ cine, who died in 1926. so. aer when one o; July 22, 1918, ve3 ^acks, so I Deadest lil' Davie «* •- ^nd woi •Twas his little birthday yesterday. Yes was, I certainly thought of you a lot and w ould have written but I was so tired that I fell on my bed in a daze. Your letters are g reat. You are a peach to write them Davie dear. They certainly mean m ore than I can ever tell you. For your birthday present I give you the choice of the rings and I also have a Boche button - a real one. I cut it off a Dutch** man's coat myself yesterday, all for you* Well I have just lived thru one of the m ost eventful weeks of my career. Hell, fire and flood. I will start where I left off in my last letter, where we saw the flickering lights of this v last big drive - I hope the last the Germans will ever make « on the hori*« zon and heard the roaring of the guns. That was last Sunday night. Monday was rather an uneventful day, altho everyone was working to prepare for the train loads of blessies that were announced* I was working along the road when suddenly I heard a shout and it was the chief surgeon of the 4th blessies, the department I work in who asked me if I would assist in the operating room with him. I was tickled to death because that work iss marvelously interesting. You see all of these wounds when they come in, and oh gee Dave, they are awful. They are huge gouges just filled with livid bright green matter and are the vilest smelling things. The men are jso brave, not only the Frenchmen but the Americans too. We have had quite a few American boys. They have not had bad wounds, just some shrapnel in their legs and arms. The French are so enthusiastic about than because _ everyone in our department came out of ether roaring with laughter- sat ~ right up and started to jump off the table. I am wandering. Tuesday morn­ ing at two o'clock the train came in with four hundred poor wounded things. We all got up and flew to our places, I, in the operating room, and there we worked until 12 o'clock that day. We started again at 4 o'clock and worked until 8 that night. We fell into bed awfully tired expecting to get some sleep. I did go to sleep when suddenly I sat up in bed with the queerest of sensations. It was horrible. I knew the world was crashing over my head, Everything was shaking like a leaf and the most horrible roar rung in our ears, Then out of all the chaos I heard "brrr - brrr « brrr" of a German plane and I knew we were being bom bed, It is an awfully queer sensation. You know you are in danger end yet you really are not afraid. You become a perfect fatalist. You put your trust in Him and let come what will. Three bombs dropped within a half a block of us. One right on the railroad bridge, "Well" thought I, after this died down, "Now for a peach of a sleep until morning." Not at all, I heard ray name shouted outside my door to dress immediately and go to the operate ing room - another train had come in. Well, we worked again without any food until 12 o'clock that noon - cutting great hunks of shrapnel out, sawing out pieces of fractured bone, amputating, sewing up ghastly looking face wounds and trying to fix up some absolutely fatal cases as comforta** bly as possible so the poor fellows could die in peace. One man had what looked like a superficial wound in the head. Dr. Deremeaux operated and cut around it and I wish you could have seen the sight. There was a hole in the man's skull and his brains were actually running out, and he still lives, but he cannot get well. Finally they organized the hours for operating so that two departments were busy all of the time. This was the -plan. We worked from 4 A.M. until 12 noon, rested until 8 at night when we--started.-and worked until 4 A.M. rested until noon and worked from noon until 8 P.M., rested until 4 A.M., etc. This gave us 16 houW^Wrx~imu- 8 hours rest out of 24. Well, on Wednesday n ight our "equip'1 (as they call the departments) started at 8 P.M. to work until 4 A.M. We worked steadily, wounded lying on the floor on stretchers and two tables busy. •Suddenly the wind began to blow. It was terrible. It thundered and ""*li-«htninged and blew and rained. The lights all went out and I held a kerosene lantern while the doctor operated. It was a gruesome night* We were all oh, so tired and I expected to go to my little room and bed and slip into the arms of Morpheus when one of the American nurses (there are four of us) came running into the operating room with my coat and the sad tale that the roof had blown off our barrack and everything, our beds, clothes, everything was drenched, I groaned, and got all settled to

/ t Q sleep in the radiograph room on a stretcher when one of^tHfe^uouvor^^s there was an empty room in the officers barracks, so I slept there untiaml 9 o'clock. We went on duty again at 12 at noon and worked until 8 P.M. after which I staggered back to the officers barracks and slept until 4 A.M., when I went on duty again, We really worked awfully hard - one right after another until 12 o'clock. Came back after lunch and worked until 3:30. I slept from 4 until 5:30, had supper and then some of the French doctors, Miss Hamilton and I went to the cinema which they have here in the big refectoire. It seemed so queer to see things of almost a different world, where everything was peaceful and natural after this queer, distorted life we are leading. At nine o'clock we went back again and worked - not so hard this time, We had to stop for a few hours while the Boche flew over us and dropped a few bombs, God is with us because their bombs dropped on their own men, on a prison camp of Boche a few kilometers from here. They killed about 110 and wounded a good many,. The French are really awfully good to them and take care of the poor fe*£&<*Ham," MSiH and I were lying out on the grass when suddenly "Si" sat up and said "Great horrors, look at that." We looked, and I never shall forget the Bight. The whole hospital was a mass of flames, A terrific wind was blowing, The barracks are made of wood, There was no hope, I flew into my clothes and started out. We found people, nurses, Anemites, soldiers, blessies, a most horrible parade carrying beds, clothing, bed clothes. I started by carrying bed clothes. Then I saw nurses carrying wounded in sheets and not being strong enough they bumped them at every step. Oh, the poor things suffered like everything so I helped carry them for a while, We saved every one. Not one was burned at~all* IFe realized tnat~ we could not carry them without stretchers so two other nurses and I ran into the hospital grounds to find stretchers. We found two and hurried back and I went back for more when I saw Miss Heath and some of the American wounded throwing water on one of the barracks trying to save it. It was smoking. We organized a chain and Italians, French, Anermites and Americans saved that barrack, We threw sand bags too. It was all the most terrible sight. The wind was blowing a gale and the flames were jusf roaring, I ran across the road and was almost killed by a falling electric light wire - lively and ready for business. I started back to the nurses1 barracks and met ray doctor going up to see our wounded who had been taken to the other hospital up the road. We found them all lying on mattresses on the floor shouting for blankets, drinks of water, etc., and some of the "grand blessies" suffering all the tortures of the devil. I worked there until about 3 A.M. came home and fell into bed. We all got up early in the morning to view the remains. Twelve barracks, the operating rooms, all of the instruments, radiograph rooms etc. are gone. The fire started in the Radiograph room. The wires were crossed, Yesterday we were busy locating our blessies and getting them back into other wards. We took some pictures of the debris. I shall send them to you. Oh, I shall never forget it. The whole week - one thing right after another. The doctors have been sent to other hospitals and an operating room in auto­ mobile has been sent here with its own doctors so for the present we have nothing to do. Everyone is being evacuated. Yesterday a train with 3000 American troops stopped for a few minutes and I talked to some of the officers. They say that their men are wonderful and just full ofpep. They are awfully funny. They shout all the time, The French don't jnow what to make of them. They travel in regular cattle cars, and when they stop at stations the officers say it is bedlam . They all make noises I^VP animals- volumes of "baas" and "moos" come from every car, Aren't

«*: 3&&r rss"^ MLSJ-V. .«*,«.««* »»^ happening. Lots of love^avie dear. .'--,-.* ---! --•-.- • ° P?*,^3^CTTS 30 I B" '•; ' ' ^. 'XT

I Twis h I were there to give you a big hug and a kiss. My love to everyone. I miss you all - Popsy, Grimmy, Davie and Jicks. Your Muggs. My steamer blanket went up in flames. Break the news gently to Aunt Jess. I got a peach of a letter from her. Loads of love to the whole family.

91 ^ / 7H£ LOCAL BOARDS The Local Boards were discharged on April 31, 1919* A week or two later Mr. Walter S. Goodland asked me to write the story of the operations of the Local Boards in Racine for his paper, the Times-Call, which I agreed to do, and it appeared in the issue of May 17, 1919. Tne following is a verbatim reproduction of that newspaper article. J7sN£Mo6T HAITIp MAN" A few days after his appolntmant as chairman of the Regis­ tration Board in May, 1917* the writer met a.well known manu­ facturer of Racine at the Post Office corner, who without break­ ing his 3tride as he proceeded up Main Street, greeted him with an expressime wave of the hand and the following reassuring pre­ diction; "Gene, in three weeks you will be the most hated man in Racine". If his idea was to throw a scare into me he did not succeed, for my mind was made up to stay with that job if it was the last thing 1 • •««jpf. did. Whatever his notion then, he has since given full proof of hli patriotism to tne credit of him> self and his home community. A FEEl/Nq OE J/AtCCATA/NTY . At tnat time,however, there was a general feeling of uncer­ tainty, bordering on apprehension, concerning the attitude of . the people toward the Selective Service Law when its

See tne next page y

administration should be begun, and the pre­ law, through mutual sympathy and under­ diction seemed safely within the probabilities. standing. Attention is called here to the para­ It may now be stated truthfully that not graph in the final report of the Provost Marshal "three weeks" after that day, nor at any time General to the Secretary of War in which this since, has any member of Local Board Number phase of the work of the local boards is dis­ One been made aware that he had incurred cussed. the hatred of any person whose approval would Gen. Crowder says:—"It will be seen that the have been worth having. responsibility of the' Local Boards was stag­ On the contrary, it may be recorded as a gering. Men hitherto safe from the turmoil fact concerning Racine county, that although of life were being withdrawn from sheltered the United States Government, for the first homes, to be thrown into the maw of a military time in more than a half century, was under­ machine. The course of lives was being radic­ taking the experiment of drafting men for war, ally and violently turned. Most of the selec- and for war in a foreign country, the response tives were severing family ties. All were called of our people in the emergency was so nearly for the supreme sacrifice of their lives. Any unanimous in approval, that what little opposi­ other than a democratic government would tion was felt, was, for prudential reasons, al­ have scouted the idea of intrusting to civilians, most entirely self-suppressed, and the local in most cases untrained in administrative boards had the enthusiastic, effective co-opera­ capacities, such an enormous and complex task. tion of nearly all of the factory, fraternal and The tremendous menace of the German mili­ church organizations, as well as the encourage­ tary machine was never more obvious than at ment and support of influential individuals the time America took up arms. Many wise when and where they were needed. men of our own government doubted the feasi­ bility of creating an army entirely through civilian agencies. It is an irrefutable proof of SERfQUS 8u&Af£S£ the high capacity of our people for self-govern­ The work of the local boards was serious ment, and an everlasting vindication of true business. Not since the Civil War, if ever in democracy, that a system so intimately affect­ this country, has such power been given civilian ing the lives of our people should have been bodies as was theirs to exercise in their discre­ entrusted to untrained representatives of the tion, under the regulations, in the raising of local community and that it should have been the new National Army. There were 4,648 of sp well executed." these boards, including those in the territories, with a total membership of 14,416. That there should have been some misuse of that power FPmv TltTNTitAUTyFme^EEN' was to be expected under the circumstances; that such misuse was in fact a negligible quan­ The success of the local boards was, in our tity and did not at all seriously affect the gen­ opinion, due chiefly to the fact that the law erally efficient administration of the law, is which they were called upon to administer, was the testimony of Provost Marshal General perfectly adapted for the purpose for which Crowder, author and administrator in chief of it was devised. It was reasonable, just and the Selective Service system. In closing his fair, and where honestly administered left no report on the work of the local boards he said: room for criticism. As the war progressed "But it is idle to attempt to put into words and the system developed, difficulties were en­ here the full story of what the local boards countered, in the meeting of which it was a achieved. Every military man must recognize frequent cause of surprise and satisfaction to what they did for the Nation's army; and ev­ the local boards to discover that almost every ery civilian must recognize what they did for eventuality had apparently been foreseen and the Nation's Liberty and welfare. And every provided for in the law and the regulations. American is proud of them. Whatever of Another thing that contributed largely to credit is accorded to other agencies of the the efficient working of the Selective Service selective service law, the local boards must be System was the policy of the Provost Marshal deemed the cornerstone of the system." General and his aids in disclosing to the local boards only one step at a time in its develop­ ment with the result that for many weeks af­ ter their organization there was not at any time any great amount of work in view ahead. With the power placed in" their hands there The regulations came along in a series, one set was laid on the local "boards also a burden of for each developing phase, and each a little very great responsibility, the sobering effect more serious in its demand on our resources of which, in connection with the fact that not of time and talent, until it seemed that we had only were the board members acquainted, more been extended to the limit, and still they came, or less intimately with the people with whom and the apparently impossible had to be done, they had to deal, but the people knew the board members who dealt with them, operated generally to secure a just administration of the s

and was done. It is our conviction that if the is entitled to public acknowledgment; without whole scheme of the Selective Service System this co-operation the work of the board would had been a matter of public knowledge at the have been much more arduous and difficult. beginning of the war, the final report of its The Racine Registration Board had charge operation would have been a different and less of the registration in the city on June 5, 1917, satisfying story. of all men of the ages of 21 to 30 inclusive, of whom there were 6,461 who reported, (includ­ ACoMPUTe SaAAmE __ ing late registrants). The regular polling booths were used, and the work was accomp­ In this connection we are reminded of a scene lished without cost to the government, by the in the board room on the day that the "mobi­ voluntary assistance of 114 registrars, under lization regulations" came, that we will not the supervision of the board. soon forget. The new rules contained the first The mayor and city council very generously intimation that had been given them that the provided the funds necessary to employ clerks local boards would have charge of the actual to copy the registration cards, and to publish drafting and mobilizing of the soldiers. From complete lists of the names and addresses of the manner in which they were received it was the registrants in the Journal-News and the evident that no hint of that responsibility be­ Times-Call, the total appropriation being ing put upon them had previously entered the $450.50. mind of any member our board. The registration in the county was accomp­ As John B. Simmons read the document lished under the supervision of the County aloud, and the serious nature of its contents Registration Board, composed of the sheriff, began to appear, the faces of the men made an Peter Breckenfeld, executive officer, and the interesting study in expression which we will county clerk, Joseph Patrick, clerk, with not attempt to interpret now. The surprise headquarters in the office of the latter in the was so complete, and the prospect appeared so courthouse. There were registered in this serious, that there was nothing else to do but jurisdiction, on June 5, 1917, 1,930 men of the to have a good laugh at the situation in which ages of 21 to 30 inclusive. we found ourselves, and then to settle down - to get an understanding of the instructions, and work out the program outlined therein, which we proceeded at once to do. The work of the registration boards was finished in June, and they were superseded early m July, by three local boards in Racine county which were designated as follows-— The administration of the selective service Local Boards for Division Number One and f law in>*fiacTne\began with the appointment by Number Two for Racine City, and Local Board tha^Governor of two registration boards, one J> for Racine County, Burlington, Wis. Jor the city of Racine, and one for the county outside the city. The members of the city Local Board for Division Number One Ra­ board took the oath of office and organized for cine had jurisdiction overthe following wards- First, second, fourth,JeVenth, eighth, ninth business on May 28, 1917, about six weeks af­ and fifteenth. *> ter the declaration of a state of war between the Imperial Government of Germany and the Local Board for Division Number two had jurisdiction over the third, sixth tenth United States. The board was composed of eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth three members: wards. E. W. Leach, Chairman. E. R. Burgess. The jurisdiction of Local Board for Racine County included the entire county outside the F. W. Pope, Jr. City of Racine. -> Charles A. Ryba, city clerk, was elected to Local Board for Division Number One, City act as secretary of the board. of Racine was organized June 30, 1917, as At this meeting Mayor T. W. Thiesen, ten­ follows: dered to the board for the transaction of its /~~^J- Smith> Chairman; E. W. Leach, Secre­ business, the use of his offices in the city hall, tary^ F. H. Schulz, J. C. Hamata, E. R. Bur­ which offer was promptly accepted and these gess, J. B. Simmons, F. W. Pope, Jr. rooms were the headquarters of the registra­ Dr. Pope, however, did not qualify on ac­ tion board, and of Local Board for Division count of his enlistment at this juncture in the Number One, during the entire period of the Medical Department of :the army, and R. C war, from May 28, 1917 to March 31, 1919, Thackeray was appointed physician member when the work of the local boards was>officially of the board on July 6, 1917. ended. There was appointed for each local board a The uniform courtesy of the city officials in government appeal agent whose chief duty it granting us also at all times the free use of offices, committee rooms and the council cham­ ber, frequently at inconvenience to themselves, s,4*v4 V***U&M. /MeWxv;; /y

was to safe-guard the interests of the govern March 28, 1918; J. H. Wards from April 1, 1918 ment in the classification of the registrants. to June 15, 1918; and Florence Strassen from When in his judgment an exemption was im June 15, 1918 to March 31, 1919 when the work properly granted, or secured, it was his duty of the board was ended. J. H. Wards, entered to appeal the case to the district board in an the military service of the United States on effort to hold the man for service. John H. the day his service as Chief Clerk ended. Liegler was government appeal agent for local Although the registrations under the juris­ board number one. diction of this board were only about three fifths Each local and district board was authorized as many as those of either of the city boards, to~^p~peitvt a chief clerk, wliose duties were its work was much more difficult because of those whicfT^sould naturally devolve upon such the natural disadvantages under which it la­ an officer. Mrss Muriel Fischer was chief bored, which made it difficult to get in touch clerk of Local Bo&rd Number One, and it is a quickly with its registrants, for the reason notable fact in connection with her service that that they were widely scattered over the coun­ from July 31, 1917,When it began, until April ty on farms and in small communities. 1, 1919, when it ended, she was not absent from The headquarters of the County board were duty for one hour, except to attend the funeral located in the offices of Mr. Rohr, its chair­ of an uncle during ^*e afternoon. man, who contributed their use to the govern­ ment during the whole course of the war with­ out compensation. They are located on the second floor of the Bank of Burlington Build­ Local Board for Division Number Two, ing, on the third floor of which are also located City of Racine, was_orgaiiized, June 30, 1917 as the rooms of the Burlington Business Men's follows: club which the board was permitted to make W. W^gforms, Chairman^ W. S. McCaughey, gratuitous use of for the physical examina­ Secretary; Geo. Porter, Ward Gittings, I. 0. tion of registrants. jVl{«fn, C. H. Krogh, Wm. C. Hanson. Dr.- Hanson served as a member of the board SI until Nov. 1, 1917, when he entered the Medical

The board of instruction connected with Local Board for Racine County was as follows:

William E. Smieding, Jr., Racine; E. John Wehmhoff, Burlington; F. L. Witter, Burling- t0n A$£MS£aT ^HATlTUjjK, As the members of the local boards review the labors of the twenty-two months of war service, there is one feeling that dominates, and that compensates for all the weariness and the worry, and that is a sense of gratitude that we have had the privilege of helping in a small but more or less vital and effective way to win the great war. Nothing else matters much in comparison. All else will pass. That will re­ main.

%

•• - ZJATTXAfArMZNTS /N RAC/NE J Under the first Regulations, tne Draft Boards and Ixaminers were kept busy for months determining the phys­ ical fitness - or unfitness - of ail the men registered, and apprising the claims for exemption of all those who filed such claims; and there were but three entrain- ments of men for service during the year 1917. with the coming of the second Regulations, nowever, and the fil­ ing of Questionnaires by every registrant, the business of selecting men for service was speeded up, and begin- OT= ning with tne month of March, 19X8, the entrainment^men became increasingly frequent, culminating in July, when 74-0 men were inducted into service by the two Local Boards in Racine alone. The following list contains tne number of Racine men inducted; the dates of entrainment, and the camps to which they were sent during the War*

Sept. 6, 1917 II Camp Custer Sept. 26, 1917 117 II Ii NOV. 19, 1917 112 H II Mar. 30, 1918 107 H It Apr. 27, 1918' 110 II II May I, 1918 24 Columbus Barracks May 27, 1918 217 Camp Grant ' June 28, 1918 39 Fott Riley July 6, I918 117 Columbus Barracks July 16, 1918 114 n 11 July 24, 1918 27 Greenleaf July 25, 19I8 20 Valparaiso July 26, 1918 447 Camp Taylor July 29, 191s 15 Syracuse, N.Y. August 2, 1918 125 Camp Taylor • 4-, 1918 M 12 I Camp Custer ( Negroes ) 6, 1918 39 Jefferson Barracks ,, "6, 1918 35 Syracuse, N. Y. } 13 Shelby * • 14, 1918 4 Iowa City " 15, 1918 13 Wisconsin University " 1918 u 15, 5 Indianapolis • 15, 1918 4 Beloit, Wis, • 13, 1918 10 Peoria, III. " 27, 1918 22 Camp Sherman " 30, 1918 20 Camp Dodge sept. 1, 1918 7, Indianapolis M 3* 1918 51 Camp Grant " 3, I918 46 Greenleaf Oct. 2, 1918 18 Jefferson Barracks Oct. 15, • 16, Wisconsin University Oct. 15, , • 6 Beloit College 109 Camp Shelby Oct. 21, » 36 Jackson Barracks Oct. 2 5, " 259 Camp Logan (l) AugNOV. II13,, 191» 8 46 Kansas City (/MSiRT A8cv£) # \ 7VL£L OE MEMORANDA \ l$CAl B6ARQ No, f The Local Boards in the World War were under the direct or­ ders of the Governor of Wisconsin, who transmitted the commands of the War Department, from tne office of Provost Marshal Gen­ eral, Enoch H. Crowder. These orders came in the form of mem­ oranda, mimeographed on regular sized letter paper, uniform In. size, convenient for filing for reference, and numbered.lt was , quite necessary that they should be kept in form for ready ref­ erence, for when the work began to speed up, almost every order received called attention to one or more previous memoranda, us­ ually by number. £J0\/.P/rUtPP P&?Mf?S lJ£T£#T/AAf Except for a comparatively few special orders, originating in the Governor's office, and of local interest only, the memor­ : I anda received by the local Boards of Wisconsin were identical, and no one of them of any special importance in the Matlonal records. When the Secretary of Local Board Number One was ap­ pointed chairman of tne Racine County War History Committee, he asked Gov. Philipp for permission to retain our file of Memoran­ da for inclusion in the County collection of historical War data, and he O.K'd, the request. - SHIPPED FO iV/tstt/AtGTcA/ Alter all of the records of the Boards had been shipped to Washington, however, the Adjutant Gen'l. of the Army sent a series of form letters to the chairmen of the various Local Boards, each succeeding letter more strongly insistent than its fore-runner, that ail the records be sent to Washington, and none retained. We began to think that he meant us, and finally shipped the file, though under protest. /»

« ffi4

"liwhmmf/ ' The following are the members of the Legal Advisory Ten R&tiHB Ccuivry Board appointed by the Governor;- PETER J. MYERS, Chairman FULTON THOMPSON and GIQRGE W. WALLER. The volunteer associate members were as follows;-

*' &mtme—O. E. Ahrens, M. Armen, H. N. Bacon, Rev. J. M. Bach, John C. Barry, Thorwald Beck, Arthur N. Bell, A. J. Berg, Charles O. Beach, Guy A. Benson, C. O. Bergener, E. B. Belden, J. F. Bickel, M. C. Bidwell, A. E. Black, George S. Bliss, Helen L. Blythe, George H. Bolton, John Breese, J. H. Brannum, R. E. Browne, Dr. C. F. Browne, George L. Buck, E. E. Cahoon, Rev. J. W. Carter, Charles V. Carter, George N. Case, W. H. Carpenter, Martin Christianson, Jens A. Christensen, Nels Chris­ tensen, W. S. Coley, H. G. Cowles, S. E. Craig, George G. Dana, William C. Davis, Joseph Domanik, Frank F. Dunse, H. F. Edmands, M. S. Edmonds, W. M. Edmonds, Arthur Ehr- lich, George N. Ellefson, S. L. Emmett, John O. Erlands, Malcolm E. Erskine, John B. Ettel- dorf, E. L. Evans, Thomas A. Fagan, David H. Flett, Jerome J. Foley, Fred H. Foster, Leslie M. Fowler, Russell Frank, E. F. Freeman, H. C. Freeman, H. G. Fyhrie, W. C. Gausch, John A. Gemmill, C. C. Gittings, Elmer E. Gittins, E. H. Glantz, H. Goldsworthy, Frank S. Gordon, Arthur Haas, R. G. Harvey, H. V. Harvey, E. B. Hand, Edward J. Hate, Frank L. Haven, Max W. Heck, T. S. Hegard, E. J. Herrington, Fred J. Hermes, Geo. H. Herzog, H. E. Hinkle, John C. Hood, W. F. Hood, Josiah Hocking, Knud Holland, H. G. Hulett, Chas. 0. Jandl, A. R. Janecky, Arthur R. Janes, Sophus Jeppesen, Arthur N. Jerstad, 0. W. Johnson, P. E. Johnson, A. Cary Judd, Thomas M. KearT ney, Thomas M. Kearney, Jr., Henry S. Keefe, George H. Kehl, Roswell P. Kelley, A. W. Koerner, H. M. Koelbel, Martin P. Koke, E. J. Kraft, Isadore Krasnow, Charles Krenzke, Prof. Lannerd, A. R. Laube, E. R. Lehman, H. D. Mann,, W. F. MacGregor, Leo C. Maut- ner, W. F. McCaughey, Walton H. Miller, Frank G. Miller, Louis Mogenson, F. A. Morey, P. W. Morrissey, H. J. Mueller, A. J. Nack, Rev. J. M. Naughtin, J. C. NeCollins, Harry F. Nehoda, F. P. Nelson, Sophus Nelson, N. C. Nelson, C. R. Nevin, Rev. C. S. Nickerson, B. F. Nield, jfiharles O'Connor, J. B. Overson, John W. Owen," Walter C. Palmer, Edward J. Parker, Joseph J. Patrick, L. A. Pease, P. Walter Pet-

£K From "Racine County in the World War", By Walter L. Haight. «

erson, Al. Pfister, T. J. Pryce, William H. Pugh, Lewis J. Quinn, Walter H. Reed, E. F. Reitmeier, Edward N. Rice, J. A. Ritt, J. V. Rohan, C. S. Roherty, John D. Rowland, L. H. Rowlands, John E. Schelling, Simon H. Sauter, William Smieding, Robert J. Statz, J. W. Spence, A. M. Schneider, W. F. Schimming, Arthur Simonson, Rev. V. Slavinas, John Preston Smith, L. W. Smith, Walter S. Smalen- ski, Viggo Sorenson, T. W. Stewart, F. B. Swingle, W. D. Thompson, Jack Verfuth, Dr. P. T. Van Ornum, Harry C. Voss, Mortimer Walker, Warren H. Walker, D. C. Washburn, Vilas H. Whaley, J. E. Wilson, W. J. William­ son, A. B. Wilty, John A. Wood, Julius J. Wosilait, Edward L. Wratten. Burlington—Joseph T. Groff, John T. Git- tings, H. W. Halbach, T. Parker Hilborne, R, H. Fitch, Mattie E. Karcher, Fred W. Kemp­ er, G. F. Meredith, Herbert A. Moussa, Henry Plucker, William Sanders, F. H. Schwaller, George E. Stickney, George W. Waller, How­ ard A. Wood, E. J. Wehmhoff, K. A. Stimpson, Louis H. Zimmerman. Waterford—Charles E. Apple, Fred Cooper, Max T. Huber, Richard K. Manaton, Raymond McCrory, A. J. Smith. '.',. "' | Union Grove—John T. Asby, Henry Barnes, Anthony N. Erz, W. E. Stone.

* THEMEDicALPiWtscR'i Bmm

The Medical Advisory Board was created in each community to examine physically those registrants whose claims for exemption had been appealed by the registrant, a government appeal agent or the local board. The boards were made up of specialists in various branches of medicine and surgery, and to them were re­ ferred doubtful cases of registrants who had, or claimed to have, obscure physical defects. The members served without compensation at considerable sacrifice to themselves. Natural­ ly, their work was of incalculable value to the draft boards. The Racine county Medical Ad­ visory Board consisted of Dr. J. S. Keech, W. P. Collins, W. S. Haven, EmfFlit,. Tompach, L. E. Fazen, G. W. Nott, T. J. McCrory, J. G. Meachem, P .T. Van Ornum and F. C. Christen­ sen. t,

* From "Racine County in the World War", by Walter L. Halght, / r * THE AMoeaizAiT/w CA/V\PS

HE mobilization camp for the National Guard of the states of Wisconsin and ER OF filluCS T Michigan was Camp MacArthur, just Following is a typical schedule of calls for outside the city of Waco, Texas. The National one day in a training camp: army cantonments to which, the majority of A. M. Racine selectmen were sent were Camp Grant, 5:45 First call. Rockford, 111.; Camp Custer, Battle Creek, 5:55 Reveille. Mich.; Camp Zachary Taylor, Louisville, Ky.; Camp McClellan, Anniston, Ala., and Columbus 6:00 .Assembly for roll call and setting-up Barracks, Columbus, Ohio. Men were sent to exercises. 6:30 the camps near their homes when practicable, Mess. 7:00 but when replacements were needed elsewhere Police and sick calls. they were forwarded direct or transferred from 7:30 Drill. cantonments which had an oversupply. 11:30 Recall from drill. 12:00 Mess. P. M. 1:00 Drill. 4:30 Recall from drill. The local boards always appointed one of 5:00 Guard mount the selectmen as captain of the contingent 5:30 Retreat and parade. leaving home, and other men were named as 6:00 Mess. non-commissioned officers, these appointments 7:30 Officers' School. being for the period of the journey only. The 9:30 Call to quarters. train schedules were provided by the govern­ 10:00 Taps. ment. Upon arrival at a cantonment, the con­ tingent was met by camp officers who guided them to their section. The men undressed and were put through a rigid medical examination. On Saturday afternoon in most camps there They passed thirty or forty doctors in turn, were athletic events in which all men were re­ each one examining but one organ or function. quired to take part. Sunday morning was Each physician would examine two or three given over to inspection of equipment and men a minute. Following this, clerks would clothing, and church. On Sunday afternoons xty examine the men as to their occupation in civil and evening the men were free from duty ex­ life, preference as to branch of service, quali­ cepting for their turns as guard, kitchen police fications as to military work, education, mental or other fatigue work. Non-commissioned of­ ability, etc. By the time the examination was ficers generally attended school two or three concluded each recruit was pretty thoroughly evenings a week. Details of such matters vari­ classified. ed in the different camps, however. Camp barracks were two-story frame build­ ings, capable of housing from 200 to 300 men each. There was one large room upstairs and one large room and a small office room down­ Uniforms and full equipment was then fur­ stairs. The men slept oniots. The buildings nished and he was assigned to a barracks, and were well heated. The camps were laid out a company or detachment. On about the sec­ to hold from 25,000 to 30,000 men and were ond or third day in camp his regular schedule constructed in sections, each section having its of military training began. The company of­ own mess halls, drill grounds, officers quarters, ficers in the National army were generally etc. graduates of the Reserve Officers Training In the southern camps, tents were used by camps. Non-commissioned officers were ap­ I the soldiers for sleeping quarters, but the pointed as rapidly as possible, and if they prov­ severity of northern winters made this out of ed inefficient there was no hesitancy in reduc­ the question at such camps as Grant or Custer. ing them to the ranks and naming their suc­ In all camps, however, there were frame mess cessors. halls with screened doors and windows. Gar­ bage incinerators were provided, and great at­ tention was paid to sanitation.

•tfFroia "Racine County in the World War i By Walter L. Haight, c~ %r

ness of whole new divisions, the war was end­ /f£ALTH CuARBS ed. The 85th division, formed at Camp Custer, is Had it not been for the terrible epidemic of a good example. It was organized and train­ Spanish influenza which swept through Europe ed. Then a large number of its men were and America in 1918, the death rate from di­ sent to other divisions as replacements. New sease in the war would have been kept to a men were sent to the 85th and there was more very low figure. Thousands died in almost training. The division went to Europe, and every large city and military cantonment as a one whole regiment of infantry was sidetrack­ result of this dread disease. ed and sent to Russia, while the rest of the Every recruit in the military and naval serv­ division went to France. There on the eve of ice was vaccinated against smallpox and inno- going into the lines, a call for army replace­ culated against typhoid fever. As a result ments depleted almost every unit in the divi­ there was almost an entire absence of these sion again to the point where they could hard­ diseases, which usually take such heavy toll of ly be termed organizations at all. lives from armies in war time. CAMP Bakes ^MV 6ft6AMz/\T/tdf/ The rules at the training camps were quite It was the original intention to raise a com­ severe. The strictest observance of the mili­ plete combat division of approximately 27,000 tary forms and courtesies was insisted upon. men in each cantonment. In most cases the During drill hours, only ten minutes rest was plans went awry, as constant requisitions were permitted out of every sixty, and usually no- made on the cantonments for replacements to smoking was allowed on the drill field at all. be sent to divisions already in the field. For Passes to leave the camp area were seldom giv­ that reason the National Army organizations en, general permission to do so being granted were frequently broken up and scattered just only for the hours between evening mess and as they were becoming well trained. taps, without a pass. The government requir­ ed the closing of saloons in the vicinity of all This usually happened after the company and cantonments, and the selling of liquor to men higher officers had worked diligently to create in uniform was prohibited all through the a fine spirit of pride in the organizations. The country. Immorality of all kind was severely war department's disregard for the morale of frowned upon and limited in every possible units was one of the greatest causes for com­ way. Weekly inspections of all men in service plaint and dissatisfaction on the part of men was one of the many methods adopted to in­ and officers. It was only after most heart sure the maintenace of a high standard of phy­ rending protests on the part of divisional and sical health among the troops. regimental commanders in France that Gen­ eral Headquarters would lend any assistance to soldiers desiring to return to their old com­ mands after having been separated from them THe"V"tht_CAtAV for a time, due to Hlness, wounds or other The army Y. M. C. A. had "huts" at every causes. At no t'lie was it easy for them to do camp, where men were encouraged to gather so. This was the first time in American his­ for entertainment, and to write letters home. tory that the war department failed to make Stationery was furnished free. "Sings" were an effort to foster pride in regiments and divi­ held frequently, when thousands of men would sions, and its policy in this respect was un­ attempt en masse to raise the very roof with questionably a serious error, although it may the power of their more or less harmonious have been a means for saving some expense. choral efforts, under the direction of song lead­ ers. Moving pictures were exhibited at camps, Some of the National Army necessarily had and there was a general policy of attempting to become replacement outfits, under the sys­ to keep the new soldiers in a cheerful and con­ tem which abolished voluntary enlistments for tented frame of mind during their periods of the Regular Army, and National Guard. Be­ recreation. The Knights of Columbus did ex­ fore a good plan was perfected to provide these cellent social service work through their field replacements without destroying the effective­ secretaries, and the Y. W. C. A. established "hostess houses" where relatives of soldiers, could rest while on visits to the cantonments. Books were donated by citizens all over the country and most camps, hospitals and ships had quite large libraries for the use of the men,| especially toward the end of the war. Form 1001—P. M. G. O. QUESTIONNAIRE Serial No. Name ol Registrant: Telephone No..

(Christian name.) (Surname.) Order No. Address. (Street and number or R. F. D.) (Stamp of Local Board.) City County State . NOTICE TO REGISTRANT You are required by law to return this Questionnaire filled out in accordance with instructions contained herein within seven days from date of this notice. Failure to do so is a misdemeanor punishable by fine or imprisonment for one year and may result in the loss of valuable rights and in immediate induction into military service.

(Date). Member of Local Board. CLAIM FOR EXEMPTION OK DEFERRED CLASSIFICATION- NOTE TO CLAIMANTS.—This form is to be used for claiming exemption or deferred classification by or in respect of any registrant and for stating the grounds of claim. Place a cross (x) in Column A opposite the division that states the ground of claim. Boards are required to consider only grounds thus indicated 6y the claimant in Column -A. . : I

3 years in The undersigned wishes to suggest to Mr. D. B. Callender, and any others interested, that when preparations are being made for the printing of "The Early History of Racine County", sion of the there will he considered the desirability, and the propriety,, pr arsenal. of reproducing the sixteen pages of the Questionnaire used fey the Draft Boards in the World War, by the use of zinc necessary y plates , or otherwise, full-page size in booic. cal expert

The capacity of tne people of the United States for jry indus- united offensive warfare, once they are fully aroused to the necessity for it, is the greatest national exhibit of the World War, The Questionnaire, which was the Key unit of the nt on his Selective Service System, which cRrATTA &&e greatest army merchant ever produced in so brief a time in tne history of the world, contains tne answer to many of the questions that will be head of asued in the effort to learn how it was done. * head of

tod States

conditions that will enable her to support herself decently Student who on May 18, 1917. was preparing for ministry in and without su tiering or hardship. recognized school. 9 Persons in military or naval service of United States. Necessary skilled farm laborer in necessary agricultural en­ terprise. M Alien enemy. •s Resident alien (riot an enemy) who claims exemption. Necessary skilled industrial laborer in necessary industrial enterprise. a Person totally and permanently physically or mentally unfit for military service. CLASS III. B Person morally unfit to be a soldier of the United States. I Licensed pilot actually employed in the pursuit of his Man with dependent children (not Ms own), nut toward vocation. whom ho stands in relation of parent. Man with dependent aged or infirm parents. Member of well-recognized religious sect or organization, organized 0 Man with dependent, helpless brothers or sisters. and existing on May 18, 1917 whoso then existing creed or principles forbid its members to participate in war in any form, and whose s County or municipal officer. religious convictions are against war or participation therein.

REGISTRANT OR OTHER INTERESTED PERSON MUST ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION. Q. Do you claim exemption or deferred classification in respect of the registrant named above? If so, state the divisions of each class and each class in which you claim that he should be classified. A. ______; in Division ' of Class , and Division ——„_ of Class , and Division of Class (Date.) . (Yes or no.) (Address.) (Sign here.) WAIVER OF CLAIM FOR EXEMPTION OR DEFERRED CLASSIFICATION. (To be signed by registrant or other interested person whenever a waiver is used.) I hereby waive all claim of exemption or deferred classification of the registrant named above. (Date of signing.) (Sign here.) — — 17255°—17 Form 1001—P. M. G. O. QUESTIONNAIRE Serial No.

• Order No. (Christian name.) (Surname.) (Street and number or R. F. D.) (Stamp of Local Board.) City County - - - State NOTICE TO REGISTRANT You are required by law to return this Questionnaire filled out in accordance with Instructions contained herein within seven days from date of this notice. Failure to do so is a misdemeanor punishable by fine or imprisonment for one year and may result in the loss of valuable rights and in immediate induction into military service.

(Date). Member of Local Board. CLAIM FOR EXEMPTION OR DEFERRED CLASSIFICATION NOTE TO CLAIMANTS.—This form is to be used for claiming exemption or deferred classification by or in respect of any registrant and for stating the grounds of claim. Place a cross (x) in Column A opposite the division that states the ground of claim. Boards are required to consider only grounds thus indicated by the claimant in Column A. 1 .ao Column A. CLASS I. Column A. s CLASS III—Continued.

A Single man without dependent relatives. s7, Highly trained fireman or policeman, at least 3 years in & Married man, with or without children, or father of mother, service of municipality. •" less children, who has habitually failed to support his family. F Necessary customhouse clerk. 0 Married man dependent on wife for support. a Necessary employee of United States in transmission of the mails. D Married man, with or without children, or father of mother­ less children; man not usefully engaged, family supported H Necessary artificer or workman in U. S. armory or arsenal. by income independent of his labor. I Necessary employee in service of United States. 1 Unskilled farm laborer. I F Unskilled industrial laborer. agricultural enterprise. F Registrant by or in respect of whom no deferred classification K Necessary highly specialized technical or mechanical export is claimed or made. of necessary industrial enterprise. Registrant who fails to submit Qnestionnaire and in respect X, Necessary assistant or associate manager of necessary indus­ ~ of whom no deferred classiiication is claimed or made. trial enterprise. All registrants not included in any other division in this CLASS IV. schedule. A Man whose wife or children are mainly dependent on his CLASS II. labor for support. S Mariner actually employed in sea service of citizen or merchant A Married man with children or father of motherless children, in the United States. where such wife or children or such motherless children are not mainly dependent upon his labor for support for 0 Necessary sole managing, controlling, or directing head of the reason that there are other reasonably certain sources necessary agricultural enterprise. of adequate support (excluding earnings or possible earn­ ings from the labor of the wife), available, and that the D Necessary solo managing, controlling, or directing head of removal of the registrant will not deprive such dependents necessary industrial enterprise. of support. CLASS V. B Married man, without children, whose wife, although the registrant is engaged in a useful occupation, is not mainly A Officers—legislative, executive, or judicial of the United States dependent upon his labor for support, for the reason that or of State, Territory, or District of Columbia. the wife is skilled in some special class of work which she is physically able to perform and in which she is employed, B Regular or duly ordained minister of religion. or m wmich there is an immediate opening for her under conditions that will enable her to support herself decently C Student who on May 18, 1917, was preparing for ministry in and without suffering or hardship. recognized school. 3J Persons in military or naval service of United States. S Necessary skilled farm laborer in necessary agricultural en­ terprise. X Alien enemy. I Resident alien (riot an enemy) who claims exemption. D Necessary skilled industrial laborer in necessary industrial enterprise. a Person totally and permanently physically or mentally unfit CLASS III. for military service. H Person morally unfit to be a soldier of the United States. I Licensed pilot actually employed in the pursuit of his A Man with dependent children (not his own), but toward vocation. whom ho stands in relation of parent. B Man with dependent aged or infirm parents. Member of well-recognized religious sect or organization, organized C Man with dependent helpless brothers or sisters. and existing on May 18, 1917 whose then existing creed or principles forbid its members to participate in war in any form, and whose County or municipal officer.

REGISTRANT OR OTHER INTERESTED PERSON MUST ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION. _ Q. Do you claim exemption or deferred classification in respect of the registrant named above? If so, state the divisions of each class and each class in which you claim that he should be classified. A. ; in Division of Class , and Division S.L-J. of Class , and Division of Class . (Date.) . (Yes or no.) (Address.) (Sign here.) WAIVER OF CLAIM FOR EXEMPTION OR DEFERRED CLASSIFICATION. (To be signed by registrant or other interested person whenever a waiver is used.) I hereby waive all claim of exemption or deferred classification of the registrant named above. (Date of signing.) (Sign here.) - 17255°—17 (e) Failure by any registrant to perform any duty prescribed by the Selective Service Law or by these Rules and Regulations, at or within the time required, is a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for one year, and may result in loss of valuable rights and immediate induction of such registrant into military service. (/) Failure of the registrant or any other person concerned to claim and exercise any right or privilege on the day or within the timo authorized by; these Rules and Regulations shall be considered a waiver of such right or privilege, and shall foreclose such person from thereafter claiming the same, subject only to the privilege granted by these Rules and Regulations to apply for an extension of time. (g) All registrants and other persons are required and strictly enjoined to examine from time to time said notice, Form. 1002, so IMPORTANT NOTICE TO REGISTRANTS AND OTHER INTERESTED PERSONS. posted by the Local Board, and the Classification List (Form 1000) upon which said dates are to be entered, in order to be informed of the time for the performance of any duty or the exercise of any right or privilege; and it i3 the duty of every registrant concerning whom any notice is posted, but who for some reason has net received the Questionnaire or notice, as the case may be, to apply to his Local Board for a copy thereof. Failure to receive notice or Questionnaire will not excuse the registrant from performing CAREFULLY READ, OR HAVE READ TO YOU, EVERYTHING ON THIS AND THE any duty within the time limit, nor shall it be in itself ground for extension of time. FOLLOWING PAGE BEFORE PROCEEDING FURTHER. FAILURE TO RETURN QUESTIONNAIRE. GENERAL RULES GOVERNING THE ANSWERING AND FILING OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE. Sec. 129. Registrants who fail to return Questionnaires to be placed in Class I. Every registrant shall, immediately upon notice, proceed as follows: Any registrant, except an alien enemy, who fails to return the Questionnaire on the date required shall bo deemed to have waived He shall first carefully read the regulations and instructions printed on this and the next page of the Questionnaire, and also the all claim for deferred classification, shall stand classified in Glass I; and be so recorded by the Local Board subject, however, to the particular rules and instruction.0- p-inted in the Questionnaire with each series of questions. rights and privileges of other persons to apply to the Local Board for deferred classification of the registrant, and to the right of the He shall take up each series of Questions, beginning with Series I, and answer all questions which ho is required to answer, and registrant or any other person to apply for an extension of time, a3 provided in section 99. sign 1 is name where required by the instructions. He shall make rui mark upon page I, nor answer nor sign the question and waiver on page 1, until he has answered the twelve OATHS. series of questions, hut after having done so, and before he executes his affidavit at the end, he skill answer the question at the bottom Section 10. By whom oaths may be administered. of page I, and sign his name thereto. If he wishes to w.uve such claim for exemption or deferred classification, he shall sign the waiver at the bottom of page I Any oath required by these Rules and Regulations (except oaths to persons called before Local or District Boards to give oral testi­ He shall then, upon the first page of the Questionnaire, place a cross mark (X) in the space opposite the description of his status mony) may bo administered— in relation to even person, matter, thing, and circumstance which constitutes the ground or basis for exemption or discharge. The (1) By any Federal or State officer authorized by law to administer oaths generally; registrant is not limited to making one cross mark (X) indicating his status as to exemption or deferred classification, but. miv make a (2) By any member of any Local or District Board having jurisdiction of the registrant; sufficient number of marks to indicate his status in relation to every ground for exemption or deferred classification which exists in his (3) By any Government Appeal Agent in regard to any case ponding before any Local or District Board with which he is connected; case. (4) By any person designated to act in the capacity of legal aid or advisor to registrants; and Re shall then swear or affirm to the truth of his answers by executing the "Registrant's Affidavit" at the end (page IS). (5) By any postmaster within the same local jurisdiction a3 the registrant. The Questionnaire contains' twelve series of questions. Any member of any local or district board may administer oaths to any persons called before such board for oral examination in Every registrant must answer all the "GENERAL QUESTIONS" under Series 1, and questions as to his "physical fitness" under regard to facts and matters relating to a case pending before it. Series II, and so many more of the questions under Series IJ as. under the specific instructions relating to Series II. may be applicable When the oath or oaths are administered by any of the persons named in classes 2, 3, 4, and 5 hereof there shall be no fea or charge to his case He must then answer the first question of each of the other series, from Series III to Series XII. inclusive [lis answer to for the same. the first question of each of said series shall be either "Yes" or " No." as the fact may be His answer to the (irsi question ID each of AID AND ADVICE TO REGISTRANTS. Series III to XII, inclusive, will determine (as indicated by the specific instructions as to each separate series of questions) whether or uoi he ries-d answer any or all of die remaining questions of said serie3. Section 45. Legal Advisory Boards. Supporting affidavits of other persons must bo secured by every registrant who claims exemption or deferred classification in the There have been provided in the various counties, cities, and other localities throughout the United States Legal Advisory Boards, following classes of cases Divinity students iSeries V); persons having dependent relatives (Series X"). persons necessarily engaged composed of disinterested lawyers and laymen, to be presentat all times during which Local Boards are open for tho transaction of business in essential industrial enterprises (Series XI); and persons engaged in essential agricultural enterprises ("Series XIJ i. Upon failure to either at the headquarters of Local Boarda or at some other convenient place or places, for the purpose of advising registrants of the true secure such supporting affidavits, his claim will not be considered either by the Local Board or the District Board meaning and intent of the Selective Service Law and of these regulations, and of assisting registrants to make full and truthful answers The Questionnaire, answered and sworn to in strict accordance with those rules and regulation, musi be filel with the Local to the Questionnaire and to aid generally in tho j ust administration of said Law and Regulations. Board on or before the seventh day (excluding Sundays and legal holidays) after the dite uooa the first page of the Questman lire The term -'deferred cl»ss" includes the second, third, fourth, and fifth classes of the fiveelisses into which registrants sh ill be pi ice 1. All registrants placed in Class V have been exempted or discharge 1. and all registrants place! in Chsses II, HI, and IV hive been CHANGE OP STATUS. temporarily discharged, all classifications being conditioned upon the continuing existence of the status of the registrant which is the basis of his classification. Section 118. Registrants to report change of status. Every registrant shall, within five days after the happening thereof, report to his Local Board any fact which might change or affect Section 70. Reasons for and eiToct of classification. * * * his classification Failure to report change of status as herein required, or mailing a false report thereof, is a misdemeanor punishable by one year's Imprisonment. * * * * * * * » * The group of registrants within the jurisdiction of each Local Board is taken as the unit to be classified. Withm each class the order REVOCATION. of liability i.- determined by the drawing, which has hitherto assigned to every man an order of availability foJ military service relative Section i. Rovoeation of exemption and discharge. to all men not permanently or temporarily exempted or discharged. The effect of classification in Class I m to render every man so classified presently liable to military service in the order determined by the national drawing The effei-i of classification in ("lass II All exemptions and discharges made prior to the date of these Rules and Regulations, and all certificates in evidence thereof, are is to grant a temporary discharge from draft, effective until (Uass I in the jurisdiction of the same Local Board is exhausted The effect hereby revoked, and all such certificates heretofore issued shall have no further validity. of classification in 'has* III is to gram a temporary discharge from draft, effective until Classes I and II in the jurisdiction of the same In any case of deferred classification made under these Rules and Regulations the Secretary of War may order such deferred classi­ lecal board are exhausted; and, similarly, ( la.ss IV becomes liable only when Classes I, II. and III are exhausted The effeel or fication, and any_certificate issued in evidence thereof, to be revoked and rescinded, and the registrant to be transferred to any less classification in Class- V 1- to grain exemption or discharge from draft". The term "deferred classification" as used in these deferred class designated by the Secretary; except only as to such Registrants as have been placed in Glass Von account of legal exemp­ regulations is equivalent to the term "temporary discharge." tion.

NOTICE TO REGISTRANTS. NOTE.—THE INITIALS S. S. B. (SELECTIVE SERVICE REGULATIONS) REFEB TO THE PRESIDENTIAL RULES AND REGULATIONS. »uwa Section 7. Notice to registrants and to all interested persons and effect of such notice. ten The process at examination and selection mi registrants, under these rules and regulations, shall begin by the posting of notice in the offices of the Local Boards on Form 1002. and by mailing a Questionnaire i Form 1001 i to every registrant included within such posted notice, as provided m Section 91' hereof; and notice ol every subsequent action taken by either the Loral <>r Distnei Board in respect of each registrant shall be given by entering a minute or date of such action on the Classification List i Form 1000' in the office of the Local Board, and in addition to such entries, by mailing to the registrant (and in some cases to othet claimants! a notice of such action. (61 Whenever a duty is to be performed or a period of time begins to run within which any duty i» ro be performed by any such registranl. or within which any righi or privilege may be claimed or exercised by or in respect of any such registrant, a notice of the day upon which such duty is to be performed, or such time begins to run, shall be mailed to the registrant, and the date of such mailing of notice shall be entered opposite the name of such registrant on the Classification List (.Form 1000), which is always open to inspec­ tion by the public at the office of the Local Boird. (c) In addition to the mailing of such notice to registrants, notice of the disposition of claims of other persons m respect of regis­ trants shall be mailed to such other persons. (d) Either the mailing or the entry of such date in the Classification list shall constitute the giving of notice to the registrant and to ail concerned, and shall charge the registranl and all concerned with notice of the day upon which such duty is to be performed or the beginning of the running of the time within which such duty must be performed or such right or privilege may be claimed, regardless of whether or not a mailed notice or Questionnaire is actually re­ ceived by the registrant or other person. (2) Q. 10. In the columns below draw one line under those occupations at which you have worked; draw TWO LINES under those at which you are expert. After each underlined occupation write also tho number QUESTIONS. of years (i. e., 2, 9, 5) of experience you have had in that occupation.

Years. Years. SERIES I. GENERAL QUESTIONS. INSTRUCTIONS.—Every registrant must answer ALL the following questions, and sign his name at the bottom. Accountant Factory worker.. —— 57. Printer Artist, dramatic and otherwise.. Farmer 58. Quarryman Q. 1. State (a) vour full name and your present age, occupation, and residence; and (£>) the name, address, Auto and gas engine man Farrier 59. Itailroad man and lclatLmsaip of your notireit roktive. (o) Factory Fire fighter («) Construction (6) Garage Forest ranger (5) Operation A. 1. (a) (c) Ignition system Foundry man (c) Maintenance (Name of registrant.) (Age.) (Occupation.) (Post office address.) id) Marino engines (a) Core maker and moldor. ((f) Eepair m Auto and motor truck driver— ((<) Furnace man GO. Railway motorman (Name of relative.) (Address of relative.) (Eelatiooiiiip.). Eater G rocer~ CI. Eigger Q. 2. If you are emploj-ed, give your employer's name and address? A. 2. . Band instrument Guard (a) Bridge Barter Gunsmith (6) Building Blacksmith Harness maker (c) Ship (a) Helper Horseman.. (32. Salesman Q. 3. Give below all the occupations at which you have worked during the last 1Q years, including your occupa­ (&) Forger Horseshoer 63. Sawmill man tion on May 18, 1917, and since that date, and the length of time you have served in each occupation: Boatman .___. Laborer 64. Seafaring man 65. Sheet-metal worker A. 3. Boiler maker Lawyer (Occupation.) (Months.) (Years.) Bookkeeper Lineman (a) Copper _ Butcher (a) Telegraph (f)> Iron Canvas worker (&) Telephone (c) Tin (Occupation.) (Months.) (Years.) Carpenter . Locksmith 66. Shipbuilder (a) Bridge Longshoreman 67. Shoemaker (Occupation.) (Months.) (Years.) (6) Cabinetmaker Lumberman 68. Stableman (c) House Machinist 69. Stoam engineer (Occupation.) (Months.) (Years;.) ((f) Ship (a) Drill press (a) Motive Chemical industry worker (6) General mechanic (6) Stationary. Q. 4. How many hours per week have you worked in the occupation or occupations above named during Clerical worker ; (c) Grinding machine 70. Stenographer Concrete worker <(f) Lathe — 71. Stockkeeper the period sinco May IS, 1917? A. 4. Contractor (c) Miller and planer 72. Structural iron and stoel worker. 73. Student Q. 5. In what occupation do you. consider yourself most proficient ? A. 5. Cook (/) Tool maker Dentist Mason.. 74. Surveyor Q. 6. Would you bo willing to take free evening school instructions, fitting you for service in some occupation Detective Merchant 75. Tailor Draftsman Millwright 76. Tcachor in the Army before you. are called to camp ? A. 6.. - (o) Architectural Miner 77. Teamster (To be "yes" or "no.") (6) Mechanical (a) Digging and loading 78. Telegrapher 79. Telephone operator Q. 7. Mention any previous military experience you have had, giving organization, rank, and length of service. (r) Topographical (6) Drill- Druggist (c) Explosives 80. Telephone repairman A. 7...... „ Electrician (

State any other languages you speak Q. 11. If you are .an. expert in any.occupation.not.mentioned in these columns, write it here. (4) 7 Q. 12. Have you ever been convicted of a crime? A. 12. . __...-.: , SERIES IV. MINISTERS OF RELIGION. (To be "yes" or "no.") INSTRUCTIONS.—Every registrant must answer the first question. If ho answers "no" he need not answer the Q. 13. If your preceding answer is "yes," state (a) the name of the crime; (6) the approximate date of con­ remaining questions, or sign his name. If he answers "yes" he must answer ALL the questions, and must sign his name. viction; (c) the name of the court? A. 13. (a) (6) : r~:~ (c) ----- Q. 1. Are you a regular or a duly ordained minister of religion; and if so, of what sect or organization? Q. 14. Are you now confined in prison or reformatory, either (a) serving sentence or (b) awaiting trial? A. 1. . . (To bo "yes" or "no." and if "yes"add name olsect.) A. 14. (a) ..__.—__--—-— (b) If your answer is "no" do not answer any other questions and do not sign your name. Q. 15. Arc you on bail under any criminal process? If so, state full details. A. 15. Q. 2. State (a) the manner by which, Q>) the date when, and (c) the place where you became such minister.

A. 2. (a) (6) (C) (Signature of registrant.) Q. 3. State place and nature of your religious labors: (a) On June J5, 1917; (b) Now. IMPORTANT NOTE.—If the registrant is an inmate of an institution mentioned in question 14 and is unable to answer tho foregoing questions, the executive head of the institution is requested to communicate the information immediately A. 3. (a) (b) . . to the Local Board. Q. 4. Do you follow any additional occupation? If so, what? A. 4. NOTE.—See Sec. 79, S. S. B. SERIES II. PHYSICAL FITNESS. . (Signature ol registrant.) INSTRUCTIONS.-Every registrant must answer the first two questions. If he answers the second question "Yes." he need not answer the remaining questions. If he answers tho second question "No," he must answer ALL the questions. He must sign his name at the end of this series of questions. SERIES Y. DIVINITY STUDENTS. Q. 1. State your height and weight stripped. A. 1. Height, -. ; Weight, ... (Inches.) (Pounds.) INSTRUCTIONS.—Every registrant must answer the first question. If he answers "no," he need not answer the remaining questions or sign his name. If he answers "yes," he must answer 4LL tho remaining questions, and sign Q. 2. Are you in sound health mentally and physically? A. 2. his name and must also secure the supporting affidavit of the president or other executive head of the school. If such (To be "yes" or "no.") officer be not available, the executive nearest in rank may make the affidavit, but must embody in it the facts concerning Q. 3. Draw a line under any of the words below that describes any ailment or physical deficiency you may have. the nonavailability of the superior. Q. 1. Were you on May 18, 1917, a student preparing for the ministry? A. 1. (To be "yes" or "no.") 4. Loss of limb. A. 3. 1. Blind. 7. Insane. If your answer is "no" do not answer any other questions and do not sign your name. 5. Epileptic. 2. Deaf. 8. Withered or deformed limb. Q. 2. State the name and location of such school. A. 2. 3. Dumb. 6. Paralytic. 9. Q. 3. Give names and locations of all divinity schools you have attended with dates of attendance. A. 3 . Q. 4. State in detail the names and addresses of the physicians by whom and the institutions in which you are being treated or have been treated within the last twelve months, with the dates of the treatments. Q. 4. Is any school mentioned by you wholly or partially a correspondence school? A. 4. (To be "yes" or "no.") A. 4. Q. 5. Have you ceased to be a student of divinity, and if so, what is your occupation? A. 5. . . ..

Q. 5. Are you an inmate of an asylum, hospital, or other institution on account of any physical, mental, or NOTE.—See Sec. 79 S. S. R. nervous disease, disorder, or injury? A. 5. (Signature o( registrant.) (To be "yes" or "no.") Q. 6. If you answer "yes," state (a) the nature of the ailment, and (b) name and location of institution. SUPPORTING AFFIDAVIT.

A. G. (a) Q>) STATE OF ,

(Signature or registrant.) County of. , ss: IMPORT AST NOTE.—Tf the registrant is an inmate of an institution mentioned in question 6 and is unable to answer the Sortvoing questions, the executive head of tho institution is requested to communicate the information immediately I, .'. , do solemnly swear that I was on the 18th day of to the Local Board. (Iviamo of affiant.) May, 1917, . of the school mentioned in the answer to (Designation of affiant's office in school.) SERIES III. LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND JUDICIAL OFFICERS. : - the foregoing question No. 2, and that I know of my own personal knowledge that the answers to the foregoing INSTRUCTIONS.—Every registrant must answer the first question. If he answers "no," he need not answer (ho questions Nos. 1 and 2 are true, and that so much of answer 4 as relates to the school mentioned in answer 2 remaining questions or sign his name. If he answers "yes," he must answer ALL the questions, and sign his name. is true. I further state that» _ who was „ G 1 Are you a Federal or State legislative, executive, or judicial officer. A. 1. (Unavailable superior officer.) (Designation, of superior officer.) ^' J (To be "yes" or "no.") of said school on May 18, 1917, is now If your answer is "no" do not answer any other questions and do not sign your name. (State reason why superior officer is not available if tliat be the tact.) Q. 2. State exact designation of your office? A. 2. Q. 3. State (a) when you entered upon said duties, and (b) when you will cease to occupy said office. (Signature ot supporting affiant.) A. 3. (a) (&) Subscribed and sworn to before me this day of . ..—, 191 NOTE.—See Sec. 79, S. S. R. (Signature of registrant.) (Signature of officer.) (Designation of office.) 10 11

Q. 5. Which of such dependents live with you, and how long has each lived with yout Q. 22. State in money value all property owned by or held in trust for any person named as dependent. A. 5. A. 22. Principal, $ Income, $ .-. (Name of dependent.) Principal, $ Income, I Q. 6. If any persons named ID your answers do not live with you, state which of thom have lived with you (Name of dependent.) at any time during the past 12 months and for how lung a period. r ' Principal, $ Income, $. (Name of dependent.) A. 6 . . . . ; „„_ Q. 23. State earnings of each named dependent during preceding 12 months. A. 23. Name of dependent. Period employed. Earnings. Q. 7. If any such dependent is a stepchild, an adopted child, or a foster child, state as to each when such relationship to you began. A. 7. ... ; ...... Q. 24. State amount of contributions to each dependent during said 12 months by person other than you, naming such dependents, contributors, and amounts. Q. 8. As to each dependent, state when you began to contribute to his or her support. A. 24.

Q. 9. State both (a) the approximate total, and (o) the average monthly amount of your support of your Q- 25. State amount per month you consider necessary for support of all your dependents. A. 25. % "... wife and children during the last 12 months. A. 9. (a) $ (5) $ __ ,. 20. lias your wife been employed during any portion of the past 12 months? If so, state period of employ­ Q. ment with dates, nature of her work, and amount of her earnings. Q. 10. How much have you contributed to the support of each other dependent during said 12 months 1 A. 26. A. 10. . . . . —------. . , ,,_ , _-__-_- . Q- 27. Has your wife ever been employed % If so, in what calling % A. 27. Q. 11. As to each dependent, state whether such person is wholly dependent on your labor for support! Q. 28. Is your wife trained or skilled in any calling ? If so, in what ? A. 28 A. 11. . -i . „ .. :.. -, , __ „,_ Q- 29. State the condition of health of your wife. A. 29. "- Q. 12, Has any dependent, (other than your wife or child) a brother, father, mother, uncle, aunt, husband, 30. Do jrou or your wife live with her parents? (Answer fully.) wife, or child i If so, give name, ago, address, and occupation of each. Q- A. 30 Q. 31. If you have stated that you contribute to the support of any person except your wife and children state whether you live with sum person or persons, and how much you pay for your board or sub­ Q. 13. What was your total income from all sources during the last 12 months, whether (a) in cash, or (5) sistence to thom or others. (Answer fully.) In other thing of value t A. 13. (a) Cash $ (h) Other thing of value $ _ _ A. 31. Q. 14, How much of this was the fruit of your labor, mental or physical! A. 14. $.. . NOTE. See Sections 71

A 15. Character of property; Real estate—Principal, $ ____™.„__i ; Income, S —_ — «—___ STATE OF , Personal property—Principal, $ , ; Income, $ ,._„ .. County of , ss: We, the undersigned, do solemnly swear, each for himself and herself individually, that we have road or Q. 16. Do you own the house you live in! A. 16. _ Q. 17. Does any of your family or had read to us the foregoing questions and answers under the heading "Dependency," by ... (Yes or no.) dependents own it! A. 17. —.. Q. 18. Does any of your dependents own the house 1_S:_S—... , registrant; that we understand the same; that we are the (Yes or no.) persons named in said answers; and that the statements contained therein as to the name, age, residence, he or she lives ml A. 18 Q. 19. Do you rent your house! If so, state the relationship, and dependency of each, of us toward said registrant, and the statements of his contributions (Yes or no.) . s . , • to the support of each of us, and the statements of the financial and material condition of each of us, and of monthly rent a,nd name and address of landlord. A. 19. _„ . . ..„ ... , _„_„ the income of each of us from all sources, are true.

(Signature of affiant.) Q. .20. Have you paid any taxes during the last year! If so, state separately the amount paid on real estate; on personal property; and income tax, and name the officer to whom paid. 5, (Signature of affiant.) i. 20. Real estate, $ Paid to __.__._._ . (Signature of affiant.) (Official designation.) Subscribed and sworn to before me this day of , 1917. Personal property, $. Paid to (Official designation.) Income tax, $ Paid to . . (Signature of officer.) (Official designation.) Q. 21. If there is any encumbrance on any property you own, state its nature and amount. (Designation of officer.) A. 21. . . „_„ 12 13 SERIES XI. INDUSTRIAL OCCUPATION. SERIES XII. AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATION. INSTRUCTIONS.—Every registrant mnst answer the first question. If he answers " yes," be must answer all fhit remaining questions, except as stated in the interlined instructions, and must sign his name at t he end If The registranl INSTRUCTIONS'.—-Every registrant must answer tho first question. If he answers "yes," ho must answer ALL claims deferred classification on account, of engagement in industry, he must secure the two supporting affidavits annexe*! the remaining questions, except as stated in the interlined instructions, and must sign his name. If the registrant at the end of Series XII, of two persons, in conformity with the following rules: claims deferred classification on tho ground of engagement in agriculture, he must secure the two affidavits at the end 1. If the registrant is an employee, affidavit No. 1 must be made by his immediate superior, and affidavit Ro. & hj tht of this scries of questions, of two persons, in.conformity with the following rules: executive head of the enterprise. If the registrant's immediate superior is also executive head of *.b« enterprise, arffidsrit 1. If the registrant is an employee, affidavit No. 1 must be made by his employer and affidavit No. 2 by a near tffo. I shall be made by such executive, and affidavit No. 2 need not be executed, neighbor. 2. tf the registrant is in business for himself, the two affidavits must be made according to tne following rules: t») If 2. If tho registrant is the sole managing, controlling, and directing head of the agricultural entorprise, the two sup­ he is a copartner, affidavit No. I must be made by a copartner and affidavit No. 2 by » near neighbor, (hi Xt he Is to busi­ porting affidavits must be made according to the following rules: (a) If such head of the agricultural enterprise is the ness as an Individual, both affidavits must be made by two near neighbors. owner of the land, both affidavits shall be mado by near neighbors, (b) If such head of the agricultural enterprise ALL AFFIDAVITS AND OTHEK PROOF in support of claims for deferred classification on tnuustrtai grounds WUST leases the land, affidavit No. 1 must bo made by the owner of the land, or the latter's agent, and affidavit No. 2 by a near BE FILED WITH THE LOCAL BOARD, except such proof as the District Board may directly require; and all affidavits and neighbor. ALL AFFIDAVITS AND OTHEK PKOOF in support of claims for deferred classification on agricultural grounds Othe*r written proof most be legibly written or typewritten on one side only of white paper of the trppraxtuxats «t*» of ttat* MUST BE FILED WITH THE LOCAL BOAltD, except such proof as the District Board may directly require; and all Sheet. additional affidavits and other written proof must be legibly written or typewritten on one side only of white paper of Q. 1. Are you engaged in an industrial enterprise necessary (I) to the maintenance of the military estab­ the approximate sizo of this sheet. lishment, or (2) to the effective operation of the military forces, or {&) to the maintenance of the National interests during the emergency ? A. 1. Q. 1. Are you engaged in an agricultural enterprise ? A. 1 (To be "yes" or "no") (To be "yes" or "no.") If your answer ts "no" do not answer any other questions and do not sign your name. If your answer is "no" do not answer any other questions and do not sign your name. Q.. 2. Are you an employee, or in business for yourself? A. 2. ... Q. 2. Are you an employee, or the owning and managing head of the enterprise ? A. 2. _ Q. 3. Do you claim deferred classification on the ground that you are engaged in such enterprise! Q. 3. Do you claim deferred classification on the ground that you are engaged in such enterprise ? A. 3 (Yes or no.) A. 3. Q. 4. State the nature of the enterprise. A. 4. (To lie "yes" or "no.") Q. 5. State the name under which the enterprise is conducted, and its exact location (post-office address). Q. 4. State the kind of farm. A. 4 A. 5. . : .—— . Q- 5. Are you engaged in all branches of work on the farm ? A. 5. Q. 6. What is produced by said enterprise? A. 6. ~ . ("Yes" or "no.") 6. If 3'ou answer "no" state what branch of work you are engaged in. A. 6. Q. 7. Do you give all your working time to said enterprise? A. 7. (Yes or no.) 7. State in general terms (not as to c uantity) (o) What is produced by the entire agricultural enterprise and (b) What is produced by that branch of tho farm in which you work. Q. 8. If not, what do you do ? A. 8 Q. 9. What trade name is applied to your job (for instance, "laborer," "skilled laborer," "foreman/' A. 7. (a)...... _ (b) -.-„....:....„.„.„...... „.... "manager," etc.J? A. 9. , ~ . Q. 8. Name post office of the farm. A. 8. _— -. Q. 10. State generally what duties you perform. A. 10. Q. 9. Do you give all your working timo to the farm? A. 9. (Yes or no.) Q. 11. How long have you been engaged in the work you are now doing? A. 11. Q. 10 If not, what other work do you do? A. 10. L - Q. 12, State your education, training, and experience for the work you are now doing. A. 12. — Q. 11 What is the name of your job on the farm (for instance, "overseer," "manager," "foreman," "la­ borer," etc.) ? A. 11. Q. 13. State the reasons why you can not be easily replaced by another person. A. 13. Q. 12 What do you do on the farm? A. 12. . , „. Q. 13 State (a) how long you have been working at farming, and (b) how long you have worked on the farm where you are now working. Tlie following questions are to be answered only by a registrant who is an employee A. 13. (a) Q 14. How many persons are employed m the plant where you work ? A. 14. (&) Q. 14. State the nature and extent of your education and training as a farmer. A. 14. Q. 15. How many persons are employed m the same kind of work in your plant ? A. 15. Q. 1.5. How many persons are engaged both as owners and workers on the same farm with yourself ? The following questions are to be answered only by a registrant who is in business for himself. A. 15. 16. % 16. What are your earnings per day, per week, or per month? A. 16. . , Q. State the following facts concerning the particular farm on which you work; (a) the number of acrea of the land; (b) the number of acres under cultivation at the present time; (c) the kinds of crops Q. 17. State whether you are in business as an individua! or a copartner. A. 17. . raised in the last year or now being raised; (d) what use is made of the land not cultivated ? Q- 18 How much capital have you invested in said enterprise? A. 18. A. 16. (a) - ... (b) (c) id) How long have you been engaged in said enterprise? A. 19. _. . Q. 19. Q. 17. State tho number and land of live stock on the land. 20 Is said enterprise a solvent, prosperous, and going concern ? A. 20. _ Q. ; A. 17. Q. 21. What were your net earnings from said business during the past twelve months! A. 21. $. Q- 18. State (a) how many persons live on the land and (b) how many of them actually work on the farm. Q. 22 How many persons are m your employ ? A. 22. A. 18. (a) .... . (b) Q. 23 If you have any person related to you by blood, marriage, or contract, who is in any way assisting 19. or can assist in the management of the enterprise, give his name and address, and state why he can Q. State in terms of money value, how much the products of said farm exceed the amount consumed by not take your place during your absence. A. 23. ___ all persons working on it, and their families. A. 19. $ Q. 20. State the approximate cost of production, including labor, fertilizers, etc. A. 20. $ Q- 21. State why you can not be easily replaced by another person. (Signature ol registrant.) For supporting affidavits see end of Scries XII, pages 14 and 15 of this Questionnaire. A. 21. See also Sections 80, 81, and 86 to 89, inclusive, S. S. R. 14 15

Q. 22. State fully the actual condition which would result from your removal. SUPPORTING AFFIDAVIT No. 2.

A. 22 STATE OF > Q. 23. If you have any person related to you by blood, marriage, or contract who is in any way assisting, or can assist you, state why ho can not take your place. County of -., ss: A. 23 I, ... ., do solemnly swear—affirm—that I reside The following questions are to be answered only by a registrant who is an employee: (Name of affiant.) (l£rase one or the other.) (State distance.) Q. 24. By whom are you employed ? A. 24. from , the registrant herein named; that my occupation is. (Name of registrant.) Q. 25. What are your earnings, in money value, as an employee on said farm, whether in money or produce, that I have read the foregoing questions Nos. to ., inclusive; that I occupy the following position or both, per day, per week, or per month, as the case may be? A. 25. $ in the enterprises mentioned in said answers, namely, — : The following questions to be answered only by a registrant who is head and owner of a farm. ansBrt"b,ere.ettherarriant's position in: said enterprise, or the word "none." as.lhe ease may bo.) Q. 26. Are you the sole managing head and owner of the farm ? A. 26. ("Yes" or "no.") that 1 occupy the following relationship toward said registrant in said enterprise, namely, .. (Hero state in what Q. 27. Do you own the land ? A. 27. ; that I know of my own knowledge that the ("Yes" or "no.") rospect affiant is registrant's superior, or the word "none." as tho case may .be j Q. 28. What is its value? A. 28. $ answers to questions Nos. are ;true; and that my relation- Q. 29. How long .have you owned it? A. 29. $ : (Insert here question numbers in figures.) Q. 30. State value of personal property owned and used by you on the farm. A. 30. $ Q. 31. If you lease the land (a) upon what terms; (6) name and address of owner, and (c) when present ship by blood or marriage to said registrant is lease expires. (Insert here either relationship, or "none," as the case may be,) A. 31. (a) . (b) (c) Q. 32. State (a) how many persons are in your employ and (b) the total you have paid during the past year (Signature of affiant.) to all of said employees, whether in money or in produce. Subscribed and sworn to before me this . day of , 1917. A. 32. (a) (b)

(Signature of officer.) (Designation of. officer.) Note.—See Sections 80 to 85, inclusive, S. S. R. (Signature of registrant.) NOTE.—See Sections 10 and 95, S. S. R.

AFFIDAVITS TO BE USED IN SUPPORT OF EITHER INDUSTRIAL OR AGRICULTURAL CLAIMS. REGISTRANT'S AFFIDAVIT. SUPPORTING AFFIDAVIT No. 1. IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS.—1. If the registranl can not read, the questions and his answers mnst be read to htm hj the officer who administers the oath, and if the registrant can not write, his cross-mark signatures must all be STATE OF witnessed bj the same officer. County of , ss: 2 None of the printed matter of the affidavit may be added to, erased, or stricken out, except the word "swear" or "affirm" an the case rnaj be. I, , do solemnly swear—affirm—that I reside ;__, OATH. (Name of affiant.) (Erase one or the other.) (State distance.) from , the registrant herein named; that my occupation is ; STATE OF ,—,—, ., (Name of registrant.) that I have read tho foregoing questions Nos. to .__ , inclusive; that I occupy the following position County of , ss: in the enterprise mentioned in said answers, namely, : (Insert here either affiant's position in said enterprise or the word "none," as the case may bo.) I. ., do solemnly swear—affirm—-that T am the (krase one or the other.* that I occupy tho following relationship toward said registrant in said enterprise, namely, (Here stato in what respect affiant is registrant's superior, or the word "none," as the ease may be.) registrant named and described in the foregoing questions and answers; that I have signed my name to my answws, and thai I know the contents of mj said answers, and that all and singular the utatemetith of fact that I know of my own knowledge that the answers to questions Nos in ruy aaid answers to said questions, respectively, are true, and that my beliefs and opinions therein stated (Insert here question numbers in figures.) are niy true beliefs and opinions. are true; that I am reliably and fully informed and believe that the answers to questions Nos (Insert here question numbers in figures.) (Signature of registrant.) are true; and that my relationship by blood or marriage to said registrant is (Insert hero either relationship or "nono," as the case may bo.) Subscribed and sworn to before me this , day of —, 1917.

(Signature of affiant.) (Signature of officer.) (Designation of officer.) Subscribed and sworn to before me this da}- of , 1917. NOTE.—See Sections 10 and 95, S. S. R.

(Signature of officer.) (Designation of officer.) 1 .„.„,....„...... „....„..„.._16 . \ \ Tho Local Board classifies the registrant as shown on the Cover Sheet hereof because it finds that > \

(Date.) (Member.)

3. RECOMMENDATION BY LOCAL TO DISTRICT BOARD ON INDUSTRIAL OR AGRICULTURAL CLAIM.

(Date.) (Member.)

8. CLAIM OF APPEAL TO DISTRICT BOARD. I hereby claim appeal from classification by the Local Board in Class _ in Division . .... and Class in Division and Class in Division . and „__ __ .

(Date.) {Signature of claimant.)

4. MINUTE OF ACTION BY DISTRICT BOARD ON {V jL^^n^ Dtofatof'tfoard.

The District Board | , * .» [the registrant as shown on the Cover Sheet hereof because it finds that

(Date.) (Member.)

5. MINUTE OF REASONS OF gJJJ'J} BOARD I OB [J; f^J^on,, time.

The application of the registrant to have the time for filing claim and proof extended is | !LfI11,eJ| f for the reason that . . . ___ ,-"' •',. ,-,,...

(Date.) {Member.)

8. CLAIM OF APPEAL TO PRESIDENT, 1 hereby claim appeal to the President from classification by the District Board in Class ... In Division and Class in Division Certificates and recommendations required by section one hundred eleven, S. S. ft., are attached.

(Date.) (Signature of claimant.)

WASHINGTON : GOVERXMENT FRIXTIXG OFFICE : 1917 i k/ A LdtAL BOARD CCMPOSITE In a letter under sate of November 12, 1917, _. H. OroWder, Provost Marshal General, submitted to each of tne Local Boards a series of fifty six questions, under fourteen different top­ ics, on as many sheets of paper, in the answers to which he hoped to get a composite of the experience of the Boards at the end of the first four months of tneir operation. The letter of the Provost* Marsnal General was as follows;-

- November 12, 191f.

To the Chairman a$ the Local Board:

Enclosed is a sheaf of blank pages, ready': for receiving your answers to the questions printed at the head, of the pages.

We seek the benefit of your experience in the operation of the Selective Servioe System. There are very many things which cannot be revealed by fig­ ures alone: but a few words from each Bo&r-l will give a clear light on the situation.

The experience of the Boards on these matters has varied in different parts of the country, It is essential that the report now to be prepared in this office should reflect nations! conditions, and should not be based merely on special local conditions which may have come already to our atten­ tion. Hence the necessity for all Boards, nation-wids, to contribute their experience. The whole mass of experience oan then be compared and summarized.

How did the Selective Service System work in your area? We expect from you a prompt and concise report, on the lines shown in the enolosed questions.

The Nation expects to know, and that knowledge must be obtained from you.

E. H. CROWDBR

Provost Marshal General, %~ fy& 7H£ DlRtCTlOfifS A second sheet contained the "Directions'1, in ten lines of print,- •fc_«*s««__E_B a fine example of concise language. It was ur­ gent business, evidently, for the answers were ordered mailed "not later than four days after receipt of this". Local Board for Division Mimber One, with which the writer was affiliated, con­ vened and considered. the questions on the evening of the day they were received, when the secretary was requested to formu­ late the answers for final action,at a called meeting two days later, at which time the board adopted the report with one cnange of wording in one answer. Three days after their receipt tne questions and answers were on tne way to Washington.

/Y/A/^ry PEP, CENT PmrecT ~mmmmmmmmm ^ ^ During the whole course of the war, tne Provost Marshal Gen* eral Kept himself informed as to the trend of events, and the suc­ cess - or lacK of it, achieved by the selective 3ervice system in all of its branches, and was ready to make such changes and adjust­ ments as the situation demanded. In the judgment of the writer, tne plan as originally adopted was ninety percent perfect, the most important change made having been the adoption of the Ques­ tionnaire about four months after the beginning of its operation.

DIRECTIONS. The following questions are to be answered. Place the answers on the same sheet as the questions, numbering them to correspond. Make the answers concise, and do not use any extra sheets if possible. Fill in at the top of each page the Local Board number and the names of the State, county, and city or town; on arrival here, the sheets will be sorted according to Topics, and so each sheet must show which Board it came from. In forwarding them, send a brief signed letter stating the inclosures. The Chairman or the Secretary (by his direction) should prepare the answers; but if the Board members differ in opinion, such difference may be briefly stated. Typewrite the answers, if possible. Mail the answers to the Provost Marshal General direct, not later than four days after receipt of this.

On the following pages may be found the questions, and answers as submitted by Local Board for Division Number One, Racine. Copies of tne responses of the two other Local Boards of the county would also have been printed here had they been available. <_f-

TOPIC 1. LOCAL BOARD STAFF.

that recommendations to you teaks as to­ il.. Composition of Local Boards? 3. Organization of paid clerical staff? 3. Securing of volunteer assistance? 4. Quarters?

1. The Local Board should be composed of 5 men of dissimilar interests arid training, who in combination represent judicial temperament, business ability, and professional experience; each of the.-:: intensely patriotic, and each worthy of the confidence of the community* 2. There should be one person in charge, constantly employed, with as many clerks as needed - one at least. 3. Volunteer assistance is valuable chiefly as an emergency arrange-ent, for limited periods of time. 4. FrKstbp.y in a public building, «ith access to a fire-proof vault. H i

TOPIC 11. PHYSICAL EXAIOTATlOIsS.

1. To what extent was falsification attempted? 2. What forms did it mostly employ? 3. In what ways can it best be detected? 4. ^hat strictness was feasible in the limited time allowed? 5. To what extent did you use additional medical service? 6. In what respects did the physical requirements of the^ Regulations seem to be too exacting or otherwise? 7. How do you explain your percentage of rejections by medical Officers at cantonments?

1. To quite an appreciable extent. (Pretense of inability to 3. (a) A few on eyesight and hearing.(read charts. (Pretense of deafness. {(/}] (b) Some had certificates from doctors, sosne of ~,

TOPIC 111. EXEMPTION AID DISCHARGE Iff GEffERAt,. l.lhat was the general attitude of the comsiunity and the Board, respectively, as to filing such claims? 3.To what extent were the claims, on the whole, exaggerated or unfounded? 3.1s any improvement feasible in the modd of inquiring into the truth of claims? 4,."'&& the appeal to the District Board useful, or otherwise? 5.How far did you issue temporary or conditional exemptions or discharges? Did they work well? 6.Should the class of draftable persons be enlarged by adding any other grounds of exemption or discharge than now provided by law? 7,Should the class of draftable persons in future drafts be enlarged or diminished, as to the ages to be included?

1. Board and coosmnlty unfavorable toward claims of aliens, particularly. Favorable toward claims of men with dependent families,(wives and children)j claims of men with dependent widowed mothers came to be looked upon with suspicion by the Board, and were frequently denied after investigation. 2. One-fourth were exaggerated. i One-tenth were unfounded. 3. When in doubt in a case, our Board invited those ohlefly concerned to a conference, or inquisition, which was invariably informing; supporting affidavits were admittedly inaccurate, and often altogether untrue. We reooiamend the conference idea. 4. Generally speaking, unsatisfactory, until we began trans­ mitting extended minutes of additional evidence,with the other papers, to the District Board. 5. We issued but one temporary discharge. We proceeded on the assumption that all discharges were, in effect, temporary, at the discretion of the Board, through its "recall" provision. 6. So suggestion. 7. Enlarged. 19 yesra to 35 years. \o ?*

TOPIC IV. SUHDRT EXEMPTIONS. 1. Officers of the United States and the States; 2.. Ministers of religion; 3. Students of Divinity; 4, Persons in military or naval service. What recosssandations do you make as to any of these?

1. Should be exempted on application only. 2. Should not be exempted. Board divided on this recommendation; 4 favor and 3 oppose.

3. Should not be exempted. 4N I \A) 4. Should be exempted. XZ»^ <\ $#

TOPIC V. ALIEIIS. Under Regulations, Sec. 18 e (subjects of Germany), what recommendations, do you make here? Under Regulations Sec. 18 f (other aliens). 1. las provision made for duly informing aliens of their right to exemption? 2. Were any appreciable numbar of aliens certified through ignorance on their part? 3. What proportl n of men sent to cantonments could not speak the English language? 4., Were any appreciable number of aliens ready and de- . sirous to serve? 5. As between neutral aliens, allied aliens,and aliens allied with the enemy, are there differences of attitude?

(Sec.18 e) We recommend that German aliens be compelled to swear allegiance to the U.S., or on their refusal, that they be interned. (Sec. 1.8 f) Other aliens should be compelled to do their VJp - manifest duty, which is to help fight this war,- by any legal means available. It is as much their war as ours, in most cases, and they are pernicious, international slackers who seek to evade this duty. 1. Ho* except on inquiry, by the aliens themselves, or their friends. 3. Yes. 3. Ten -pet cent. 4. Yes - notably. 1 Armenians. 2 Italians. 5. «e have observed none. s K

TOPIC VI. DISCHARGE FOR DEPENDENCY.

1. Should marriage be substituted as the ground? Marriage and children? 2. Did your Board discharge virtually all married men? 3. What definition of dependency did your Board apply? 4. In general, how should this ground be dealt with?

1. (l) No; that would provide too convenient an escape for slackers. (2) Ho; dependency should remain the ground, subject to exceptions in exceptional cases. 3. Yes; except those who married since the declaration of war by the United States. In these cases, we assumed that such a . _t- marriage was evidence that the parties thereto were either ( ft A trying to evade service (by the husband), or else were ready ^^ to accept the fortune of war in the event of conscription; and in either case there was no valid claim of discharge. 3. Without formulating a definition, we expected claimants to establish the fact that the registrant was the chief reliance, (in some cases), the entire reliance (in most cases),of the dependent, for support. The former applied especially to aged and inflr.a parents; the latter to wives and children. 4. See answer to Question 1. \

TOPIC Vll. SUNDRY DISCHARGES.

1. County and municipal officers. 3. Customhouse clerks. 3. Mail employees. 4. Arsenal, etc., employees. 5. Other United States civil service employees. 6. Pilots. 7. Mariners. What recommendations do you make as to any of these?

1.)

_, 3.) Discharge should be restricted to those whose places could be filled without difficulty. 4" 5, 6. They should be drafted, if needed, and then placed where they will be «08t useful. 7. Same as 8. 1°

TOPIC Vlll. RELIGIOUS OBJECTORS; MORALLY UNFIT. 1. Religious objeotors. ) 3. Conscientious objectors.) What recommendations do you make as to these? 3. Morally deficient. What recommendations do you make here? 4. Sow did you deal with persons already under arrest or on bail on charges of crime? And what was the approximate number of such persons?

1. Should be conscripted and used in non-combatant service, 2. Same as No.l. 3. Some distinction should be made between professional criminals, and others who have been convicted of crime. 4. We have had no case of the kind, so far.

& w V

TOPIC IX. FILLIIIG THE QUOTA. 1. In what respects did the quota system' work unsatisfactorily (otherwise than as to aliens)? 3. How did the relations between Local Board and District Board operate in this respect (prompt certification of quota,etc.)? 3. Can tae bookkeeping for local quota be Improved? 4. Hos can the Government best reach registrants who fail to appear for physical examination and are reported missing on flam 146A.?

1. Too little information was acquired by means of the affidavits as formulated. 2. Ho serious difficulty. 3. No suggestion. 4. If s. Department of Justice operator would spend some days periodically, in co-operation with Local Boards in the small towns, it would help some. TOPIC X. RELATIONE WITH OTHER' BODIES.

Hurt i_M_M-ta4__t-k--- do you .sake a® to ttw l_p_ro?e*eat of en oh in-: ry for r*la_i n« wlth- 1. Dins; riot Boards (forwarding papers, apraals,notlng Sanson* for _rul lag, a to.} ? 3« Other Loonl Boards (uniformity in the warn city, transfers* «to*)t 3. The State Adjutant General (oo_rro_q^at_d*_o*, blsnk fo2»-, instructions, sto«}T

1. District Boards should meet in conference with their Local Boards for an exchange of views. We have tried it; the result is satisfying on both sides. 2. Local Boards should also exchange views in conference. 3. Hot much to be desired above what we have had. i i> \ 94

TOPIC XI. MOBILIZATION. l.fhat recommendations do you make as to method of mobilization of men into cantonments? 2. Eov ehou: . -.a be dealt with who report tardily on receiving the pink card 1840? 3. Should transfers to another mobilisation cantonment be allowed ass soon as R _ : resolved his green card 1043, If he la then absent from his Local Board area of origin? 4. Should the Local Board have authority to send men to mobilization cantonments immediately on receipt of the green card 1S4S, if the iaen have left their employment and are willing to be Immediately mobilized?

1. No suggestion. 3. With strictness, tempered by consideration for extenuating circumstances. • 3. Yes, that arrangement would permit the transfer to be accomplished with due deliberation, instead of undue haste, as under the present rule. 4. Some such arrangement would prove very satisfactory in many cases. 164-3 is a peremptory notice, and should not be mailed long in advance of entrainment* • qwj

TOPIC Xll. FISCAL ARRANGEMENTS, What roc un^-endat ions do you make as to* 1. Securis. .. diority for eraensos? 2. Beadaring accounts ef expense? '5. Specific 'items of expense?

1. lone. 2. Hone. 3. None. r J

// v< \

TOPIC Xlll. SUNDRY -REGULATIONS. What r i sndations do you make as to sundry matters not oevered by t_« foregoing topics?

1. None.

• '} I / I i A P£R$ChtAk LETTS* TaCM THB (jWeRMK During t_e fall of 1918 the Local Board members were be­ ing driven to near the limit of their strength, resource and time to meet the demands then being made upon them by the War Department, through the Governor's office. There were signs that a crisis in the War zone was approaching, and everything possible was being done to assure victory for the Allies*

On September 25, 1918, only fifty four days before the signing of the Armistice, Gov. I« L. Philipp addressed a personal letter to each member of every Local Board in the state, the last of a series of personal communications of similar import received from him during the course of the War. As a side-light on tne wort of the Wisconsin Draft Administra-

//V $JFffff{Ai} I/Y PART/CUkAh, tionA and. of the Local Boards, it is believed the letter will Hi ST* Alt be of' interest. It is as follows: A %• EMANUEL L. PHILIPP If GOVERNOR EXECUTIVE CHAMBER MADISON, WIS.

DRAFT ADMINISTRATION

September 25, 1918.

Dear Sir: In a very real sense the next draft will determine the length of the war. If you accept the burden that is now placed upon you cheerfully and with utmost devotion to the national cause your work will result definitely in bringing about sooner the triumphant conclusion to the war that we all so much desire. You have been selected to assist in the military duty of recruiting the reserves for the armies now in France. No more important duty has been assigned to civilians. No more important duty has been as­ signed to soldiers except the planning and fighting of the battles. We trust that, you will not assume duties in connection with the Liberty Loan, the drives for funds for the welfare associations, or any other duties however intimately connected they may be with the war program. You have been selected for the particular duty outlined above. It will require all the time you can give to it during the next three months Other duties must be assigned to other public spirited citizens. Please, therefore, refuse any calls upon your time that will, in any way, interfere with the primary duty placed upon you by the nation.

It is realized that because of service on Local and District Boards, your earnings may be seriously reduced. You are making your great contribution to the nation on the Draft Board. In most cases, I am sure, Liberty Loan Committees and other committees will not expect from you the amount of contribution that you would ordinarily give if your time was entirely taken up with your private affairs. We depre­ cate very much, indeed, the practice of taking compensation for service in the Draft Administration in order to turn it over to the various drives. It really does not help the nation to take money from its of­ ficial pocketbook, raised by taxation^ to transfer it to its unofficial pocketbook or to loan it to the government in the form of Liberty Loans. The service you render on the Local Board is of more importance to the nation at this time than any of these things. We are stressing it at this time in order that you may know exactly the attitude of the Draft Administration. •-y Very Sincerely yours • I I I __(*0\/£RN

At this writing the response appears more like a small col­ lection of scraps of information, than a complete report of the Board's operations. At that time, however, trie Local Boards were very busy finishing up their work, and getting the very large col­ lection of records in the offices ready for snipment to the Adju­ tant General, at Washington, D. 0. Any reader wanting more detailed information, may find it on other pages of this chapter*

The other Local Boards in tne county received the same re­ quests for information, and for reports, as did Board Number One, but no reply was received to written requests Of., the : wrlter,aat the time, for copies of their responses, which he would have been. include glad to i__x_x__„_ in this chapter. It may be assumed with near certainty that responses were made to the official requests, though it is likely that no copies were retained. LOCAL BOARD FOR DIVISION NO. 1 *T_ OF RACIME,-STATE OF WISCONSIN; CITY HALL, iUCINE, WIS.

E. L. Phllipp, Governor, Madi son, W A a c ens I n. THE REGISTR ?OAr a. .r Sir;- The Administration of the Selective Service Law in Raoiae b with appointment of a Registration -a, the' members of which took the oath of office and organized far business on May 38, 191?. The board was •aed of three members, I. W« Leach, Chairman, E. P. Burgess, and Frank w, Pope, Jr. The City Clark, Cbas. A, Ryba, sua elected to act aa Secretary of the board. At this meeting Hayox T. W, Thief-en, tendered the use of his offloaf in the City Hall to the board, which offer was gratefully accepted. In this connection it should be stated that wa are still using those offices and that the Mayor, City Clerk and all other city officials have bean most generous in [ Ltting the use of various other rooms in the City Hall for physical examinations, volunteer workers, oommitsas meeting's, etc., oftentimes at the expense of very considerable inconvenience to the City Council •. rarious departments.^ or which they are entitled to acknowledgment and thanks.

The Registration Boars: bad charge of fc_€ registration on June 5, 191?, of all men in the City between the -ages of 31 and 30 inclusive, to the number of 8545, and was superseded in June by two LOGS! Boards which have continued and concluded the work.

TfF LOCAL BQA^D. Local Board for Division Number One, City of Hasina was organised June '30, 191?, as follows ;- Hir; J. ;''...»ts, vfiairEian, B, •/• Lsaoh, Secretary, F. H. Schula, J. C. 8a«ata, i« P. Burgess, J. B. Simmons, F. W, T>ope, Jr. Dr. pope, however, did not qualify on account of his enlistment at this juncture in the Medical Department of t_ . Army, an I R, C. Th - ' ited physician member of the board on July.6, 191?*

(Next page) /

(•••) LOCAL BOAPD FOR DIVISION NO. 1, CITY OF RACISE, STATE OF WISCONSIN; OITY ___L, RACINE, WIS.

The statistical reports of this board being already in your office, a Tery brief otatement of some fasts in connection with our work which a well be made part of the record, is all that may be necessary In this informal narrative report. 1B?hen the administration of the Selective Service Law was begun there was quite general apprehension of confusion, disorder and opposition to a greater or 1©SB degree; the event has demonstrated that those fears were not justified. All classes of citizens in F tain* have given the hoards enthusiastic, "effective co-operation; if there was any thought of opposition it did not material! a*?. There have been some cases of ''ring among registrants.in physical examination, and a few flagrant but olumsy attemtps to deceive-the board by perjury, but these were a very small - almost negligible - fraction of the whole number. we wish to testify to the faot that the very gfs _ pjority of the registrants otloally the whole body of Ihaa -alaid all of the fasts fairly b-afore the board and, like the loyal Amerloans that they are, accepted /H decision as the fortune of war, even at the cost, sometimes, of very grsas financial and other sacrifice. PHYSICAL ?XV:::'ATI0!T5 . Our board _at been fortunate in its staff of examiners under the leadership of R. C. Thackeray, physician bar. Twenty-two hundred and-eight men have been axaalnad by them, but the work was <*o systematized that the great amount -of time and labor involved « • •' SO*- to a minimum. It 4m has nevertheless, been an exaotlng and laborious service which they have pario_i*»d as a patriotic contribution toward the winning of the war, aad we submit that it would be a grateful recognition of their faithful work if tons token of appreciation might be given thera by the government which they have served*, T h e1r name s ar

VOLTPTT^P Af.r If T AECE .

This board has availed itoelf freely of some very generous and competent volunteer assistance, without which its record for efficiency, such as it is, would have suffered. We wish here to aaha acknowledgment to all who have given us this timely help, and we may say, without being invidious, that the contribution of Principal W„ F. Hood, of the "dnslow School, and the principals and teachers who worked with him in making out extensive reporto, J ' copying dooumente, etc., is entitled to special recognition.. •%% is a fact worthy of note that since August 1917, there has not been a day or scarcely an hour during the business hours, when $ome member of the board has not been on duty in its offices, the Secretary himself having been abdent but one day inx that time. The Chief Clerk, Hiss Muriel L. Fischer, has been with us continuously for the past fourteen months and during her service has been absent from the office but one-half day, on which occasion she attended the funeral of an uncle. The board has been aerved by eleven other clerks, at variou.8 times, with an aveaage of less than two, continuously, Including the Chief Clerk. The work of the board has been accomplished without Sunday sessions, and with the exception of three or four occasions., ahdn men were to be entrained on Monday mornings and the law made Sunday roll calls necessary, the office has been closed on the first day of the week. As we review the labors of the past nineteen months there is one feeling that dominates and that compensates for all the weariness and the worry, and that is-a sense of gratitude that we have had the privilege of helping In a small but more or less vital and effective way to win the great war. Nothing else matters much in comparison; all else will pass: that remains. Very respectfully,

Raolas, Wisconsin, December 31» 1918. Co-,.-*—,. beoretary. EWIiJaf t I V

$ 7#E P/iovosTMARSHAL (TEA/£A?ALJ General Enoch H. Crowder, Provost Marshal General of the United States in the World War, was one of the men in that na­ tional emergency who came as near being 100 f> competent and ef­ ficient in the work he was given to do, as is given to men in any department of world work to attain to. The following lat­ ter from him, addressed to trie members of all of the Local and District Boards, seventeen days after the signing of the ar­ mistice, is itself an exhibit of much historic interest, con­ taining, as it does, his own estimate, modestly expressed, of the work of the Selective Service system, of which he was the creator, organizer and executive head. It is peculiarly fit­ ting that his only request, made personally to the members of the Local and district Boards, should appear in this connec­ tion, with the response of Local Board for Division Number One, Racine/^At this writing - December 24, 1931 - Gen1!. Crowder's address is 850 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, 111.

-^ Had we been able to get the responses of • the other Local Boards of the county, they,also, would have been included in this report. f J. i'. M. G. O. Form No. 94 Ii \ f • CHRONICLES OF THE SELECTIVE DRAFT

November 28, 1918 To Members of Local and District Boards:

The selective draft machinery outlined in the letter to Governors of April 23, 1917, and made a going concern in regulations thereafter issued by the President, has accomplished its great mission, the raising of a National Army, and it now remains only to close up our effort with a just and accurate record of that accomplishment. To the credit of the selective service system it may be stated that, like the army raised under it, we toiled up to the moment the armistice was signed. Indeed, at that very moment 4,545 boards within the United States were successfully engaged in the entrainment of 252,000 men, with a past record of never having defaulted on a single quota. This record is an inspiring one, and I feel sure that the present Congress will record its appreciation of the patriotic services rendered by these civilian boards who have labored at such sacrifice to make one hundred per cent effective the participation of the United States in the World's War now happily closed.

The achievements of the Selective Service System will find expression in the official reports you are now engaged in preparing under requirements of my letter of October 10, 1918. These reports of the boards have almost all been already forwarded, and it is confidently expected that all will arrive in due time. IS But there is another side to our work next to be indicated which ought not to be lost sight of, and for which the future historian of the draft must not search in vain among the public records of the War Department. In the draft law, more than in any of the other great war statutes enacted by Congress, there has been a human element. This human element is not to be found by a dry study of the documents containing the statute, the regula­ tions, the telegrams, and the reports of statistics. It lies in the mem­ ories of the men that have administered the law. It is made up of the scenes in your Board rooms, the conversations in the homes, the shops, and the factories, the thoughts of the registrants and their families—all the passing drama of daily life, as influenced by the tremendous war task of raising the Army pursuant to a national law founded on equity and necessity.

And yet this drama must not be allowed to pass unrecorded. The future historian must not search in vain for its traces. The spell of it is on­ us now; and it seems, and is, unforgetable—-by us. But times will change The actors of to-day will pass on. New problems and new tasks will in a year or two absorb our energies and overwhelm our memories. The freshness of the facts will be dimmed.

We must take some precautions against this.. We owe this much to the future, as well as to ourselves. The spirit of the system, as you and I know it, is too fine to be left in danger of men's forgetting. We must try to record its essence while we are still in the midst of jit, and while the zest of it is still unabated and the memories are still keen.

How shall we do this?

Not by any formal report. That would be impossible. Moreover, you have had more than your fill of official reports. Yt 2 Instead, I propose that you record, for the archives of this office, and had become, as he supposed, somewhat unpopular in consequence. Recently some of the typical human incidents of the draft in your community, incidents he was offered and accepted a commission; and, having resigned from the pathetic, humorous, patriotic, selfish—what you will, as long as they are Board, he made ready to take train for camp at sunrise one morning. What the most interesting incidents typical of the administration of the selec­ was his genuine surprise to find that the entire body of his townspeople, tive service draft. This will be the best way to preserve from oblivion several thousand in number, had assembled in front of the Board office, and the human side of the great war's conscription system, that system which insisted on escorting him to the station, as a spontaneous tribute to the has astonished Europe, not only in the revolutionary suddenness of its impartial uprightness of his conduct on the Board. It was his reward. adoption but also in the rapidity of its successful operation and in the willing popular response to its demands. This will be the simplest way to Another incident, of quite different tenor: A mother had two grown-up preserve for posterity the true inspiration of the draft as a landmark in sons; one had enlisted; the other, at her instance, had claimed and received our patriotic history. deferment. The Government allowance to the mother for the first son had been several months overdue; it amounted to some $200. At last the Govern­ It will of course not be complete. No history of the human side of ment check arrived. The next day the other son came in to the Board, waived this drama could be complete for all parts of our country. But when all his deferment, and was inducted. The mother was now satisfied to let him the contributions are assembled, I feel certain that we shall possess a go! There is more than one moral here; but at any rate the incident is a typical picture of the background of the draft, complete in its large significant one. features and illustrative of the pathos, humor, patriotism, and popular sentiment which have marked it throughout. Still another aspect: A man in a certain city, who lived in comfortable circumstances, had claimed and obtained deferment on the ground of his To classify scientifically the various headings for such a chronicle wife's dependency. One day the wife came home with a handsome new hat. would of course be impracticable. Let us leave that to the cold historian Having disclosed the price to her husband on cross-examination, she was of the future. Enough for our purpose as chroniclers if we adopt the above reproached by him with extravagance. This she denied with warmth. Rushing • a simple division and suggest that the various events and anecdotes may be in anger from the scene of the quarrel, she went to the office of the Local \ listed, to start with, under the four heads of Board and told them that she had her own income and was not dependent on her husband; whereupon the Board promptly canceled his deferred classification, Pathetic, and the next day an order to report for-duty was delivered at the home. The wife, now repentant of her anger, recanted her assertion and pleaded with Humorous, the Board to revoke its action; but in vain. Within a week the man was in Patriotic, camp; whether justly or unjustly, on the facts, only the recording angel Miscellaneous. will probably ever reveal.

And for further subdivision, let us take the three great stages in the If these incidents do not seem, to all who receive this, to be what administrative process, viz, Hegistration, Classification, Mobilization, they would call typical or significant, this very difference of opinion only and arrange the contributions under them. illustrates what a fertile range of incident is here presented for our chronicles. There is no desire to limit the field of incident to any Some such simple arrangement is of course necessary, in order that the stilted categories. If it interests you, if it is one of the half a dozen contributions of four thousand seven hundred boards be sorted into some most characteristic happenings or sayings of the draft in your community, it semblance of order. will be worth recording. But there must at least be some limit of space, for convenience of This proposal is not communicated as a direction; it is merely a handling in this office. The following rules will therefore be imposed: request or suggestion. You are to respond or not, as you see fit. But it is believed that most of you will agree with me that the object is a worthy one, and that this is the only way to accomplish it. RULES.

What will become of these chronicles, I can not now say. They will be 1. Each anecdote or event to be condensed if practicable, on a single preserved as part of our records, and, as opportunity affords, they will be separate page; unless it consists in somebody's letter, in which case its placed at the disposal of responsible persons, like other Government length is not limited. records, under such regulations as the President may prescribe. 2. Each page to bear the stamp of the Local Board. Some of you will doubtless wish to know more particularly what sort of incidents are meant to be included. Their scope I must leave to you. 3. Not more than ten pages in all. Record whatever you deem most interesting. Tastes will differ here; but out of this variety of judgment will come a richness of illustration. Sometimes 4. Writing to be on only one side of the page the simplest things are the most significant. The following incident, I know, impressed me deeply: A doctor in a certain town had labored for a year 5. If the incident is a letter, it must be a typewritten copy, not the as medical member of his Board; he had conscientiously given his verdicts, original . 6. Page to be of commercial note size.

7. Page to bear the heading "Registration," "Classification," "Mobili- zation," or "General"; also, if possible, "Pathetic," "Humorous," "Patriotic," or "Miscellaneous."

8. Personal names of parties not to be mentioned, unless by a single initial, or by a name expressly stated to be fictitious.

9. Some board member to sign each page.

10. Pages to be mailed between December 10 and December 51, addressed to the Provost Marshal General, and marked outside "Chronicles of the Draft."

^LrnrEcJ?^^ Provost Marshal General. / ; LOCAL BOAPD TOR DIVISION NO. 1, CITY OF RA( , IF WISCONS CITY HALL, RACIHE, WIS.

A CO#D PA&VJ&TK ? Mr. 8 had made a desperate effort in October 191? to secure his discharge from the draft on the ground of the dependency of his mother, sister, and father; the former had |1000#00 cash in the bank, and the latter was working steadily at $3.00 per day. He looked like a good soldier, and the board disallowed his claim. That the decision of the board was not entirely agreeable to him is evidenced by the following letter:- November 3, 191?. Mr.___ Chairman, Exsmption Board, &J Dear Strt- I am in receipt of notice of certification dated November 3, 1917, and as you have denied my claim for exemption, I wish to make a few final arrangements befors I leave. There is an unlimited amount of work which I am doing here at home that someone else will have to do, and its certain my 4 year old sister can not do the work. How since my claim has been denied I refuse to spend any more money on the folks as I think it is up to you or the city to do so now, I expected to put in a new floor in the cellar which is rot ton and broken thru in several places and is dangerous for the 4 yr. old youngster to walk upon, and if my father puts it in trying to save from his small earnings he will not be albe to pay his taxes which will be due in a few months, therefore I expect you to have this attended to at once. We shall expect to have you or a member of the board call ana look it over Tuesday night at 8.:00 o'clock as I shall be home expecting you. Also to make arrangements for someone to shovel about 500 feet of snow and other odds and ends that I am doing gratis, as there is no other help around but that of a 4 yr. old child. Can you give me a guarantee that you shall keep my father employed at the Freeman Plant during slaak seasons, as he always gets laid off during such times due to the fact that he just flunkies around, also to keep the family fed and clothed when they need it, as you can see from my claim I spend quite a sum on the*. Also can you give my mother a .job scrubbing for you again, as she used to do. She is about all in now but I suppose that you could do something for her* The reason for this letter Is

Next page s LOCAL BOARD FOR DIVISION NO. 1, CITY OF RACIHE, STATE OF WISCONSIN; CITY HALL, RACINE, WIS.

dae to the fact that they have no one to fall back on now, and I want a definite understanding before I leave. Also make arrangements with Freemans to mail fathers check to my mother. We shall expect you at 8 o'clock Tuesday evening. Truly yours, Joseph S

Before he was called for service, he was required to file a questionnaire, wherein he made an industrial claim and was given a deferred classification by the District Board, and the presumption is that he repaired the cellar floor, shoveled the snow, and is still looking after the home folks as a dutiful son should. I LOCAL BOARD Fl | t> CITY OF RACIME, I !ONSINj CITY HALL, RACINE, WIS.

A MAN WITHOUT A COUNTRY.

One day in January 1918, Erik ERIJ

-JOfca. MAJOR SuRpRises Howard M of a nearby town, a printer, came into the office July 5, 1918, ana presenting his "notice to appear" for examination, asked if ¥K could tell him why he. was put in Class One from Class Four, After a moments consideration |_ft_said "Yes"; (fail we had a letter from you a week ago asking that we XJS do that very thing." "I never wrote such a letter", he said. I produced the letter from the files; it was written in a woman's hand, signed with the husband's name, and said, "Mrs. M is willing to earn her own living now, and will you please put him in Class One; just say nothing about it, and re-classify him." Be reaa the letter over several times - it was short - then said that it "looked like his wife's hand-writing," and after a little consideration, asked for and received a release or permit to enlist in the Navy; he said that he would get in before night. He waited until we got a doctor to examine him, so that in case he was not accepted in the navy, he would be in line for the army. The examination showed him physically qualified, and he left for the recruiting station with the appearance of a man who knew where he was going and why. He. did not' take us further into his confidence, but there were probably two prime surprises in that family that day, and the United States has another sailor. LOCAL BOARD FOR DIVISION NO, 7 * CITY OF RACDsE, STATE 0? WISCONSIN • CITY BALL, RAciilE, WIS.

//ARD TO PLEASE On March 35, 1918, Mrs. f^ wrote from an Ohio city stating that her "husband doesnTt support her and their little girl since she signed his questionnaire securing deferred classification for him;"that she "thinks it would make a man of him if he was put in the army." "Now do the best you can and put him where he belongs." "He told my sister that he would have his hands cut off before he would keep me." "Now do the best you can and let me know." "Thanking you in advance." Our board immediately put Mr. P in Class 1, sent him notice to that effect and directed him to appear for examination. On April 5 another letter from Mrs, P was received in which she said that"the reason her husband did not keep her was because he was sick in a hospital, but is working now and sending me money every week, and comes to see me and the little girl and wants to make a home for us, and I don't want to see him go to war before he has to as long as he will make a home for us, 'Please tend to this at once because I would like to have the little girl have' her father as long as she can. I can't keep her alone, I have been sick now for the past fife days or I would have wrote sooner. Ansxver soon," A letter from Mr, P came in the same mail: "his wife wrote as she did because she was incensed at me," He was willing to go,into the army, but did enlist in the navy 5 s a few days acga. (LaJbsy* We wrote Mrs. P that we thought her husband properly classified in Glass One, and comforted her with advice concerning allotment, insurance, etc. } LOCAL BOARD FOR DIVISION NO. 1, CITY OF RACI5JE, STATE OF WISCONSIN; CI__ _A__, RACINE, WIS.

ATE RATAL SoLlUTU®?, AND PATAICTtC J)E®tRE„

April 1?, 1918. Mrs. W came in to see if her boy could not be excused from tne draft, - her only boy. There was in her speech and manner a curious commingling of maternal solicitude and patriotic desire. She said - and repeated af it - that "she was ashamed to come" - but \jy "didn't see how she eould spare him" - "he is willing to go, but she couldn't get along very well without him." She admitted that the matter of finances was not her chief concern, and she probably could get along, as there was considerable property, though encumbered. There were three daughters, one married and two in school. She was advised to make, up her mind to let the boy go and she would be proud of him as a soldier for his country. She admitted that she envied the mothers of the boys who were writing letters home and confessed that she was no better than they, Bhe went out brighter faced and apparently lighted-heartsd than when she came in. LOCAL BOARD FOR DIVISION NO. 1, \° CITY OF RACINE, STATE OF WISCONSIN; CITY HALL, RACINE, WIS.

J Luc\TH§ 'OLDMAN'L.

We were informed Monaay, April 15th, that this would be the last week in which cases could be re-opened, and were instructed to a'dvsrtish the fact in the newspapers. The reporter of one of the papers interpreted these instructions as being an invitation to "any" who were dis-satisfled with their classification <$ to call and have it changed.'! The result was not altogether pleasing to us, and was unsettling to many who had become reconciled to the inevitable. Among others who called to "see about it" was a husky blacksmith who with his father and brother conducted a horse-shoeing shop. Hs said that his "brother and hs were both in the draft, and that if they both went, the "old man" would have to shut the shop, unless he could hire a man." Inquiry developed the fact that the "old man" was pretty well-to-do without the shop, and the registrant was led to see that he had no case. •Will, is there any chance for me?" "I think not." "Well I told the "old man" so, but hs wouldn't rest until I came up and talked it over with you," LOCAL BOARD FOR DIVISION NO« 1, CITY OF RACIKE, I _ OF WISCOI _ HALL, RACINE, WIS.

About 5:00 o'clock on October 1, 1918, a husky "Pole, a single man, appeared at the office a little overloaded with booze, and asked if he could get a job as bartender until he was called for service; he "had worked 14* years at that business and didn't know anything else" - he "wouldn't work in a shop as a laborer", - he "couldn't earn enough money to keep him. $3.00 a day was not enough." He was told that we could not consent to his working as a bartender, but he pleaded and said he would rather go to the army than work in a shop. - "Would you go to the army tomorrow?" he , was asked. "Yes", he said. "All right", report here at 11?00 A.M. tomorrow, and you will go to camp at 8*.30 P.M. with a contingent going to Jefferson Barracks. He wss given his oraer of induction - appeared smiling at roll call at 11:00 A.M., ana entrained at 6:30 as per schedule and is still a United States soldier. LOCAL BOARD FOR DIVISION NO. 1, CITY OF RACINE, STATS OF WISCONSIN; CITY HALL, RACINE, WIS.

A JV6A/~COAA&ATANtT

Mr, C , member of the "Church of God," came into the office on March 13, 1918, and wanted to enlist in some non-combatant branch of service- preferably the Ambulance Corps. On being told that that was a very dangerous service he straightened up and said, "I am not afraid of getting hurt, but I don't want to hurt anybody." Our respect for him was increased, though we could not grant his request at that time. p

LOCAL BOARD FOR DIVISION NO. 1 CITY OF RACI. ; , 3^s CITY-HALL, RACINE, WIS.

A TAMILS MtmP

One day early in the spring of 1918, Mrs, F wishes to see us; a frail appearing little woman whose eyes filled with tears as she told us that her mother was trying to make trouble for her and her husband;"she was determined that her husband should go to war, ^ •• and came over to her home ana made life miserable 11/ for her. Could we do anything to stop it?" We told her to tell her mother when she next appeared that we wanted to see her, which seemed some comfort and she left looking brighter than when she came. Nothing was heard of the matter further for six months; then on September 25th the mother, Mrs. 0 : » wished to see us and poured forth a tale of woe about her son-in-law that seemed worthy of investigation, and we forthwith summoned Mr. F to appear before the boar i to answer some questions * :" - that concerned his classifiacation. He appeared, with his wife, and satisfied the board that the fault lay altogether with the mother-in-law. In the meantime, a letter which had b'een written by Mrs. C to W. G. McAdoo, U. S. Treasurer, had been received by our board, from the Governor, The letter was a violent harangue against her son-in-law calling him a slaeker, and accusing him of threats against her life, etc., also abusing the Municipal Judge and the Chief of Police for refusing to take action against F , Mrs. 0 appeared at the office the day after the hearing to learn the result, and was advised to stay away from her daughter's home and forget her troubjas. She accused Mr. F with coming to her home and abusing and threatening her, but admitted that he had not been there for six months - She left the board rooms almost hysterical and very angry. I< LOCAL BOARD FOF ] ' ' UO» 1, CITY OF I so?; CITY HALL, RACINE, WIS.

Two ARMEM/ANS

Oct. 11, 1917. Two Armenians came in accompanied by an interpreter* Not citizens of America. Said they were citizens of Russia - "not yet", we said. "No, not yet," they admitted. "Been in America 6 years, liked it, didn't want to go to war though," We.asked if they thought it decent to expect American boys to go over and whip the Turks, their enemy, while they stay here and have a good time; and more of the same. The interpreter repeated it, A change came over them; they said "WS'll go to war; never mind the exemption." We had the blanks ready, but they 3aid "No." We sealed the compact with a hand-shake as they went out smiling. 0t LOCAL BOARD FOR DIVISION NO. 1, CITY OF RACINE, S! .7 WISCONSIN; CITY HALL, RACINE, WiS.

A LITHUANIAN

A Lithuanian about 35 years old, who had his first citizenship papers, was e> very persistent in his demand for the exemption blanks, insisting that "everybody else got them, and why shouldn't he".. We reasoned with him, when he came in the second time, to no purpose; he liked this country, but couldn't get his rights here, (he had been denied a liquor license because he was not a citizen." With tears in his eyes he threatened to kill himself rather than go to war. Wi tried to talk a little sense into him, without much apparent effect. Before leaving he asked again for blanks, and when he was denied them he said, quite pleasantly that he would come again tomorrow for them. - He didn't come again. LOCAL BOARD FOR DIVISION NO. 1, CITY OF RACBTE, STATE OF WISCONSIN; CITY HALL, RACINE, WIS.

Tw$ /TAL/ANS

Two Italians - brothers - cams in with an interpreters-Sending #50.00 per month to parents, who were sick in Italy, - 3 brothers and sisters - small - One earning $150 per month, core-maker, the other much less. Both had first papers. Older one drafted - the younger willing to take his place in the army, Ie explained that European dependnts coulilnot be considered as ground for exemption, "Who will take cars of my parents?" "Suppose I am killed" - what will become of them?" Interpreter said he knew it was no use to see us but they insisted that he come. He told them that other people were perishing in Italy as well as in other countries and probably they would perish. It couldnH be helped. We explained that if both went they could send $30.00 or #40.00 each month to Italy if they would, - Insurance if killed, etc. - Gooa standing when they came back. Advised them to make up their minds to go with the American boys. They went out with very serious faces. LOCAL BOARD FOR DIVISION NO. I, \' CITY OF RACIKE, STATE OF WISCONSIN; CITY HALL, RACINE, WIS.

A UMNMSJAH

Oct. 13, 191?. ' _i [ *L A fine looking, tall Hungarian, with an \^^F intellectual face wished exemption on aooouas of wife and child, and father and mother in the Old Country. It was explained to him that that constituted no ground. He shook his head in a hopeless way, saying "how can I go to fight against my brothers who are in the Austrian Army; suppose I get killed; who whll care for my family?" The American plan of insurance for soldiers was explained to him; it seemed some mitigation, but did not satisffy. He ran away from Hungary four years.ago to escape war service. Before he had saved enough money to bring his family, the war broke out. He can not now send money to them even. He has his first citizenship papers. we advised him to make up his mind to go out with the American boys andwhen hs •came back, he would be in good standing in America. He went out with a very s-rious expses ion on his countenance. LOCAL BOARD FOR DIVISION NO. 1, \ CITY OF RACINE, STATE OF WISCONSIN; CITY HALL. RACINE, WIS.

7?EP6RT£D AT fog AM.

The Board is require! to send, notices to the men to be examined at least five days in advance of the date. These notices designate the hour as well as the day on which they shall appear, to facilitate the work of the doctors. A certain number come at 9:00 A.M. - 10:00 A.M., 3:00 P.M. 4:00 P.M. etc. The young lady who •wrote the notices made it 4 :00 A.MU in one case, instead of P.M., and a man appeared at the Oity Hall at 4:00 o'clock in the morning - at the police office - showed his notice, and asked where the doctors wers. He had in him the making of a good soldier. "Ours not to reason why I" a LOCAL BOARD FOR DIVISION NO, 1 RACINE, WISCONSIN CITY HA,

*(WANT re FAKE 4 BATH "

One day in November 191? two Italians came into the office, one of whom bore a letter from a well known Chicago man who ie Chairman of

* fml&wK Tvujb* LOCAL BOARD 2 FOR DIVISION NO. 1 RACldTE, WISCONSIN CITY HALL —A SLACKS R; -jtQTJLS^rjjnrri POCKET

In the early part of December 191?, A , a newcomer in the city, was picked up by the police and held, because he had no classification card. After several days in jail he was registered, and physically examined, being found fit for service.. He was given an order numberthat . tj would insure his immediate induction. When first taken into custody, he had a roll of bills containing $1000.00 in his pocket. He was a lineman for the Western Union Telegraph Co., and had recently come from Montana where he had been working; the roll represented his savings In the three years since he left his home in Pennsylvania, After telling a number of false stories he finally admitted that he had tried to evade registration, and was sorry for it. As a contingent waa leaving for Camp Custer In four or five days, A was given his liberty on his promise to report at the office twice every day, and at the home of the Secretary at 10:00 A.M. on Sunday morning, all of which he strictly performed. He also attended church service - the first___s time since leaving home. On the day of entrainment he appeared at the office early and received his roll of bills from the police in exchange for their receipt therefor, and chucked it into his pocket forthwith. "Aren't you going to count it", he was ahked, tS which he replied - "Whyl they counted it, dida*t they?" He did not think it necessary. He wanted to send all but $35.00 Of the money to his father to help care for a younger brother who had recently lost a leg in a railroad accident, and at his request we accompanied him to a bank where he secured a draft for 1975.00, and mailed it. He went to camp with the boys and arrived there on schedule time. The last that he said to us was a promise to retrieve himself by being as good a soldier as he was capable of. 1 ' ^ h /m A TIGHTER, One mid-afternoon of one of the busiest days of the late mid-summer of 1J18, a well-built man about thirty years of age staggered into the board room and called for "the boss", two jtoung lady stenographers, only being in sight. The "boss" an­ as nounced himself, when the visitor said "My name's Sullivan; I'm a fighter; d'you ever know a Sullivan who couldn't.fight?" WW Tne "boss" assured i.thas t there was no one around there who want- ed to fight, to which he responded; "0, heil,i dont want to fight anyone around here; I want to go to War"."Alright",said the "boss", "Come around tomorrow and we'll fix you out;1 .you're not in very good shape today". It required some little argument to convince him, but he finally MXWgWULWSXf, turned about in disgust and staggered out.

t. * An hour or so later the "boss" went up stairs to the Coun­

N cil Chamber, (of the City Hall) where the doctors were examining & _*w. ro on arrival, H H a a large number of called men, each of whsmxhad secured a blank 1W IB U3 c+ (D examination form at the office below stairs, which the doctors $ a 4 ff" were to fill out and turn In at the conclusion of their work. iQ to C H- 3 They had apparently about finished, but in a corner, over againtst c+ O a r-t t_ the wall, was our Mr. Sullivan, "all but" naked, trying to lace &0 P H | H his shoes, and not making a job of it. s *-• H a feat which he accomplished - eventually. The fact that he had 3 O no papers was discovered when he presented himself for examina- <_ _H*_^ ""M*^ tion, wfraqn he was^told to put his clothes on and get out. He was evidently having a hard time getting teach to normal. We riftv_v SAW /um ciQStts/ . J?AC/NT Ccatiry WAR HmoM OWTTIJ I \ On April 30, IfI8, the writer received notice from the Racine Councty Council of Defense, by F. Lee Norton, Chairman, of his appointment as chairman of the Racine County War His­ tory Committee. He was obliged to decline the appointment at tnat time, because of the exigency of his work as Secretary - and Executive Member of Local Board for Division Number One, Racine, which at that time, and continuously thereafter, un­ til the close of the War, was more than just busy inducting the Wcw men Into^Uhited States Army,and other^services.A short time . later, Mr. J. H. A. Lacher, of Waukesha, member of the Wiscon- ( jy (J. ' H s*-^ sin War History Commission, for whom _a has a very gfrsat re­ spect, was in tho city, and made some earnest efforts to en- at once list niiiuin that work, but without success. Shortly after the end of the War, when the clearing-up process at the Local Board had gotten well under way, the work of gathering data and material concerning the awWWI- .ttUMWmm^V^ War activities of the people of Racine County was begun, under the supervision of the Racine County War History Committee, which was composed as follows;-

TTtE-FxEcvT/re COAAMITT^E Racine City: E. W. Leach, Chairman P. R. Starbuck W. S. Goodland Burlington : Georg e W. Waller Mrs. W. G. hasoh Union Groves J. Z. Collier

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Town of Waterford - - - Henry Caley------Waterford, Wis. Village of Waterford - - A. S. Titus------Waterford, Wis. Jfown of Rochester- - - - George Ela ------Rochester, Wis. M " " _ _ - - Clarence Beaumont- - - - Honey Creek, Wis. Town of Burlington - - - D. ... Warren ------Burlington, Wis.,RPD #18. City of Burlington - - - Mrs. W. G. Rasch - - - - Burlington, Wis. " " " _ - - George W. Waller - - - - Burlington, Wis. Town of Dover------_att Lavin------Kansasville,WiS. RPD #15. " " Norway ----- Albert Hanson - - - - - Burlington, Wis. RED #1. " " Raymond- - - - - L. C. Christensen- - - - Franksville,Wis. RFD #10. " " Yorkville- - - - Robert Nugent------Union Grove,Wis. RFD #7. " " " T. H. Skewes Union Grove,Wis. RFD. UVjA Village of Union Grove - J. Z. Collier------Union Grove,Wis. kount Pleasant- - - - - John D. Jones, Jr. - - - Racine, Wis. R.F.D.#3. " ----- w. J. Hansche------Racine, Wis. R.F.D.#4. Caledonia------Frank B. Renak, Jr.- - - Racine, Wis. R.F.D.#2. \ A 2?/VtS/dAf OE Wot\K, The particular work of the'Committee at Large'was to as­ sist in the gathering of data and materials in the vicinity of their various homes throughout the county; that of the Execu­ tive Committee to plan ana supervise the entire work, and gen- arallylsee to it that the object for which tne committee was appointed was accomplished. The County Board appropriated the money asked for by the Council of Defense, and it was deposited in the First National Bank as a checking account for the Chair­ man of the War History Committee. It may be pmt on record here that an unexpended balance of about fifty dollars was checked back to the County Treasurer at the end of the year's work. Qrrtcj? wlteRARY An office was set up in a large room in the basement of tne Racine Library building, which had been turned over to the Committee by the Library Board, for that purpose, and for storage of the filing cases, tables and other impedimenta in- cldent to the work. Miss Louise Fisher wa*» engaged as stenogra- and phe retype-writer, and was kept busy for several months writ­ ing letters, making index cards, copying records &c.,&c.s RTCORDS fN$7dRAq£ All of the records remained in storage in the Library building for several years, in the expectation that room would certainly be found in memorial hall when that building should be erected. In that hope we were disappointed, and when in 1926 the Literary Board insisted that trie room was needed for Library purposes the entire collection was moved to the main corridor in the basement of the old Court House, where it remained until the summer of 1931, whsn it was removed to the basement of the new court House, then recently finished. It is the present ex­ pectation that when tne Historical Room In tne new Court House is occupied, and a County Historian is chosen, those records will find a permanent home in a proper setting. a

<\ Cou/rry PAia EXPT/VSTS At the beginning of the work of collecting historical material, the County Board appropriated a sum of money, to the credit of the County Council of Defense, to pay for three filing cas es, (steel ^blank forms, stationery, and incidental expenses, After completion of the work, it was found that sev- eral more filing cases were needed to house the materials, and the Board was informed of tne situation, at which time the mat- ter of the final disposition of the collection was brought up. The commit tee then submitted the following resolution, covering the case, which was adopted by the committee, and its terms ac- cepted by the County Board, by its chairman and the County Clerk,

J)/SP#S/r/A/it OT ColLTCTfO/W' L - . i . i ,1, i I, The following is the text of a resolution adopted,by the Racine County War History Committee, and accepted by the County Board of Supervisorsr-by the Chairman and Clerk of the board,—on September H-, 1920.

Racine, Wis., Sept. M-, 1920 At a duly called meeting of the Racine County War History Committee held September M-, 1920, at the public Library build­ ing, Racine, the following resolution was unanimously adopted;- "Whereas, in consideration of the agreement of the County Board of supervisors of Racine County to house in steel cabi­ nets, and otherwise properly care for the original records of the World War, and other property collected by the Racine County War History Committee, and by _. W, Leacn as Chairman of said committee;" Cwmv "And of. the further agreement that when a (tointy Memorial Building shall have been erected, the aforesaid records and property snail be permanently located therein; pending the erection of said Memorial Building they shall remain in the Public Library Building, Racine;-' "It is resolved, that all of the records, money, and oth­ er property of the Racine County War History Committee be hereby conveyed and turned over to the Racine County Board of Supervisors.'

fey -'tee Chairman, and members of the Committee. "_hs Racine County Board of supervisors accepts the above namea records and other property d-n the conditions named in the above resolution.'' Signed, by the Chairman and Clerk of the Board of Supervisors of Racine County. 5 following is the Inveiitory. of Material Collected by The Racine County war History Committee. 1920

Records;— Records of 5»000 service men (in folders) Card index of service men and women, with abstract of records;-5,000 Service records ( School canvass record cards ) war records t-ofies II factories , 13 fraternal organizations, &c. 8 schools 8 churches l 1 1 a II war-time organisations \LL*^ Letter & Invoice file; Racine Co War History Committee County Council of Defense;- I large filing box Minutes of meetings Woman's Committee;- Minutes of executive committee Letter file Correspondence file; Misc. Pledge cards;- to National Defense Committee 5,000 service cards; alphabetical Supplies;- 600 large white envelopes 800 small white envelopes 300 addressed return envelopes ISOO form #4 record blanks,white 1000 " " man!la 250 form # 5 blanks 250 form I 6 blanks 200 manila guide cards, 9i by Iif I six foot folding table I five foot folding table 1 library table, 2| x 6 feet 2 wire desk baskets 1 2'+ x 34 fdadlng table Filing Cases &c- 5 steel filing cases, 4 draws each, 10 x 15 x 22, 4-s inches high 2 steel cabinets with shelves, 20 x 22 x 4-8" high I steel filing cabinet for cards, 4- x 6, 4 draws I wood filing cabinet for cards, 4x6,4- draws 5 card transfer cases, 4x6 3 card transfer cases, 3x5 13 loose leaf holders W'

Inventory, continued

Photographs;- I of Local Board Number I I of physicians of Local Board Number I I of Legal Advisory Board 29 of groups of selected men from Board Number I 27 u 11 11 2 I of Local Board Number 2 I of S. A. T. C. of Racine College 30 views of Camps Grant and Taylor 150 snap-shots of the thirty second division in France I of Janes School pupils I of McMynn School pupils 1 of Motor Squad 679 single photos of service men and women Periodicals;- #Journal-News,Daily; bound file of, April 1917 to Nov 1918 Times-Call,Daily, " • " Burlington Standard-Democrat, • " Burlington Free Press • • Union "Grove "Enterprise • • The Case Eagle "Food", a publication Four Minute Men, bulletins Kipikawi, High School Annual "Forward", State Council of Defense Official United States Bulletin, Daily; complete in fourteen bound v&lumes 2 annual reports of Provost Marshal General Crowder Wisconsin Blue Book, 1919 **(Also a complete card index of local war news In this paper.) Local Boards;- Names of members and staffs Lists of men entrained by Train schedules of selected men inducted Miscellaneous Selective Service Regulations Registration of 1917; precinct books Poster; "How to answer questions on registration card." Physical examination chart-poster Yarn, 35 shades; for testing eyes of men for navy I Red Cross comfort Kit Local Board Number 2;- Llsts of Registrants Lists of men entrained Train schedules / h 1 * Inventory, continued.

Local Board Number __.- List of names and order numbers of 8,000 registrants Current calls Complete file of daily memoranda from Governor, with Index Registration lists #• Lists of registrants Aliens; statistics concerning Miscellaneous sample forms; 1917 Miscellaneous lists Flag and staff Posters;- Child welfare 20 Food 58 Jo_n the Navy 6 Liberty Loan 39 Miscellaneous 16 Red Cross 10 Trained nurses 3 War savings Stamps 8 Y.M.C.A. 2 Total 162 Miscellaneous;- 150 Misc. books &. pamphlets; propaganda Letter file of-national registrations; Nat'l. League for Woman's Service Food Administration; Misc. regulations " " literature Fuel Administration; • Boys Working Reserve; Misc Literature War Savings Stamps; • " Miscellaneous lists " clippings Distribution sheet; the 16 national army camps American Red Cross canteen directory Roster of all district and local boards Roster of all selective service teoards Belt of 18 machine gun. cartridges; for aeroplane use File of Memoranda; Local Board No. I. (See story concerning ) All of the material included in the above inventory was turned over, in January, 1921, to the Racine county board of supervisors, in consideration, of the board's providing the necessary steel cabinets to house them, as per a written agreement between the board and the War History Committee, dated Sept. 4, 1920. This agreement provided that the records and other material should, re­ main In the public library pending the erection of a mem­ orial building, on the completion of which they were to be permanently located therein; subject to the consent and approval of the Commission in charge. V

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