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Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca

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Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca ^^^t^rxf.: :.*., -^^m*! 'H. il'fr£jMI_l;iifiiaL> [\Ul\c 10- "^ y-\-s. H-oTTcfrj -!(.v3r?!?r T r^?: -R/r^ ) iffolonial Wuseum $c iSeologiral ^urbei) Bepartmnit. JAMES HECTOR, M.D., C.M.G., F.R.S., DIRECTOR. ^si r. MANUAL of JWollKfe OF THF NEW ZEALAND MOLLUSCA. A Systematic and Descriptive CATALOGUE OF THE MARINE AND LAND SHELLS, AND OF THE SOFT MOLLUSKS AND POLYZOA OF NEW ZEALAND AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS. FREDERICK WOLLASTON HUTTON, F.G.8., (i.M.Z.S., Professor of Biology, Canterburj' College, New Zealand U>ii varsity. (Late Curator of tlie ( ttaj,^o Museum. ^ublisheb bv Communb. WELLINGTON : PRINTED AT THE OFFICE OF JAMES HUGHES, LAMBTON QUAY, 1880. — P K E F A C E An accurate knowledge of the affinities and distribution of the recent Shells of New Zealand is a very necessary element in the Geological Survey of the country, as it must form the basis of our Tertiary Geology, upon the correct decyphering of which many questions of the highest interest depend ; such, for instance, as the former distribution of land, of ocean currents, and of temperature in the Southern Hemisphere, and the true nature of the agencies which have operated in producing the Auriferous alluvia or Gold Drifts. Shells afford the most reliable data for Palaeontologists ; but before the extinct shell fauna can be utilized, the recent shells of the area must be thoroughly determined. The preparation of the first Catalogue was beset with difficulties, which were explained in the preface to that work ; but, as was then anticipated, its publication has led to a vast im- provement in our knowledge of the subject. The consent of Government was, therefore, readily given to the printing of the present work at the public expense, the compilation of which has been an entirely gratuitous service on the part of Professor Hutton. This Manual is not, however, merely a new edition of the Catalogue by the same Author which was issued by this Department in 1873, but it embodies and replaces the following works, all of which are now out of print : 1. Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of New Zealand. By F. W. Hutton. Wellington, 1873. 2. Critical List of the Mollusca of New Zealand. By Ed. Von Martens. Wellington, 1873, 3- Catalogue of the Land Sliclls of New Zealand. By J. C. Cox, M.D., F.L.S. (of Sydney.) Wellington 1873- The information contained in these works, together with much that is new, is now presented in a convenient form for reference, and it is hoped that the present Manual will be of service to teachers of Natural History as a text book in a department of New Zealand Zoology that is particularly adapted for training students in the art of collecting and classifying natural objects. JAMES HECTOR, Director. Colonial Museum, \Vellington. February 1st, iS8o. CONTENTS. Page. Bibliography ... ... ... ... ... ... vii. Li.sT OK Abbreviations ... .. ... ... ... ... viii. Synopwis ok the Families ... ... ... ... ... ix. Artikicial Key tu the Marine Siiell,s ... ... ... ... xv. Introduction ... .. ... ... ... .. i. Oephalopoua ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 1 (tA.STEROPODA . ... ... ... ... ... 5 iScAPHOPODA ... .. ... ... ... ... 130 Ptekopoda ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 131 Lamellibranchiata ... ... ... ... ... ... 132 Brachiopoda ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 176 POLYZOA... ... ... ... ... ... 179 Appendix ... ... ... .. .. ... ... 201 General Index ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 205 Comparative Index to former Nomenclature ... ... ... 217 ERRATA. I'age 4, line 10 from bottom, and elsewhere—for Lamark, read Lawarck. 38, line 18 from bottom —for Diplommantina, read Diplommatina. 81, line 20 from bottom—for Monguin-Tandon, read Moquin-Tandon, 85, line 4 from top—for Venietus, read Vermetus. 125, line 5 from bottom— for Handcock, read Hancock. 139, line 19 from top—for Lutariinaa, read Lutrariinse. 155, line 2 from bottom—^L. lactea. This is a Lucina and should have fol- lowed L. divaricata. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Linnceus. —Systema Naturaj, I'ith edition 1766 Chemnitz. —Conchylien Cabinet, 12 vols. 1769-95 Martyn. —Universal Conchologist, 4 vols. 1784 Lamarck. —Animaux sans Vertebres, 7 vols. 1815-22 Qmoij nnd Oaimard. —Voyage of the Astrolabe, Zoology 1830 Gray, J. E. — Yate's New Zealand ... 1838 ,, Dieffenbach's New Zealand 1843 Reeve, L. —Conchologia Iconica, (20 vols.) 1843-78 Gould. —Expedition Shells, 8vo., Boston 1846 , ; MoUusca 1852 , American Exploring Expedition Adam.% A. —Proceedings of the Zoological Society 1851-56 Ilomhron and. Jaa/uinof. —Voyage an Pole Sud 1853 Deshayes. —Proceedings of the Zoological Society 1853 Pfeiffer & Dunlcer. —Malako. Blatt. ... 1861 Zelebor ({• DunJcer. —Verh. z. b. Wien 1866 ,, ,, Reise der Novara 1857 Pfeiffer. — Monogi-aphia Heliceorum Viventium (6 vols.) ... 1868 Frauenfield —Verh. z. b. Wein 1S69 Martens. — (Shells brought home by Captain Cook) Malako. Blatt. 1872 Hutton.—Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of New Zealand 1873 ,, (^'atalogue of the Tertiary Mollusca of New Zealand 1873 Martens. — List of the Mollusca of New Zealand 1873 Smith. —Voyage of the Erebus and Terror ; Mollusca IS74 Hutton. —Revision des Cocxuilles de la Nonvelle-Zelande, Journal de Conchyliologie 1878 Tenison- Woods.— On some fresh water shells from New Zealand. Pro Wales, iii. 1 35 . 1878 Lin. Soc. of N. S. , p. As well as many smaller papers referred to in the text. Dr. H. Filhol has also published a paper on the shells of Stewart Island, which, unfortunately, 1 have not seen. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, A.N.H. —Annals and Magazine of Natural History. An. s.v. —Histoire des Animaux sans Vertebres. Ann. d. Sci. Nat.— Annales des .Sciences Naturelles; Zoologie. C.M.M. —Catalogue of the Marine MoUusca of New Zealand. Cat. Tert. Moll. —Catalogue of the Tertiary Mollusca and Echinodermata of New Zealand. Conch. Ic. —Conchologia Iconica. .Jour, de Conch. —Journal de ('onchyliologie. M.H.V. — Monographia Heliceorum Viventium. Mai . Blatt. —Malakozoologische Blatter. P.L.S/^Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. P.L.S. of N.S.W. ^Proceedings of the Linnean Society of N.S. Wales. P.Z.S. —Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Q.J. M.S. —Quarterly .Journal of Microscopical Science. Verh. z. b. Wien—-Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen (Jesellschaft in Wien. U.S. Ex. Ep. —United States Exploring Expedition; Mollusca, by Dr. Gould. —— ———— . SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES. Class—Cephalopoda. Mouth surrounded by 8 or 10 fleshy arms. Pack Order Octopoda. —Arms eight. Family Octopidce. —All the arms tapering - - - - 1 ,, Argonautich.e. —The two dorsal arms webbed at the extremity 2 Order Decapoda. —Arms ten. Family Onychoteutliklce. —Eyes naked, shell horny - - - 2 - - ,, Lollgkhe. — Eyes covered with skin, shell horny 3 - - ,, Spirulidoi. —Shell calcareous, spiral - - 4 Class—Gasteropoda. Head distinct, creeping by means of a foot. Order Pulmonata. —Mantle cavity closed in front. Sub-order Stylommatoehora. --Eyes stalked. - Family Oleacinid(£. —Body spiral ; head short ; teeth in curved rows 5 ,, Helicldoi. —Body spiral ; head large ; teeth in straight rows; mantle not produced - - - - - 13 Stenopidm. ,, —Body spiral, mantle produced into lobes ; a cau- dal glaud - - - - - - 21 ,, Limacidie. —Body elongate, mantle small ; no caudal gland - 25 ,, Arionidce. —Body elongate, mantle small ; a caudal gland - 26 ,, JaneUidce. —Body elongate, mantle rudimentary; tentacles two only - - - - - . - 2(5 - - ,, Onchidiidie. —Body not spiral, mantle large ; marine 28 Sub-order Basommatophora. —Eyes sessile. - Family Llmiutidce. —Tentacles flattened or tilifonn ; freshwater 29 - - ,, AuricuUdcp. —Tentacles sub-cylindrical - 32 „ Aiiiphiholidd-. —A horny operculum .... 35 ,, Siphonarudce — Shell simple, conical, mai'ine ; tentacles llafc- tened into a frontal disc - - - . - 35 ,, GadimidicB. —Shell simple, conical, marine ; tentacles ex- panded, funnel-shaped - . - 36 Order Branchiata. —Mantle cavity absent, or open in front. Sub-order Prcsobranchiata. — (lills in front of the heart. Division Neurobranchiata. —Breathing air by a vascular net work in the mantle cavity. Family Cyclophoridce. —Eyes at the outer bases of the tentacles - 37 ,, Assimlniklte. —Eyes on the tentacles near their tips - - 40 Division— Ctenobranchiata. — Gills pectinate, the upper wall of tlie mantle cavity generally prolonged into a siphon; dentition never ripidoglossal. ii ——— — —— . .. ; SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES. Pagk Section Siphonostomata. —Periti-eme notched or produced into a canal. vSub-section Toxoglossa. —Teeth 1.0.1, or rudimentary. - Family Conida. —Tentacles subulate ; eyes on their outer sides 41 ,, Terebridce. —Teeth rudimeutai-y ; tentacles small ; eyes on their tips, or wanting - - - - - 41 - , Pleurotoviidm. —Mantle with a slit on the right side, behind 42 , far apart CanoeUariidcB. —Teeth rudimentary. Tentacles ; ,, eyes near their outer bases - - - - - 45 Subsection Hamiglossa. —Teeth 1. 1. 1. Family MurickUt. —Siphon straight. Columella smooth - - 46 ,, BucclnidcB. —Siphon recurved. Foot simple - - - 52 ,, Anc'dlidce.—Siphon recurved. Foot large and lobed - - 58 ,, Lamcdlariidce —ShelFthin, covered by the hind lobe of the foot 59 ,, Fasciolariid(b. —Siphon straight; columella plaited; lateral teeth broad - - - - - - - 59 ,, Mitridcp. — Columella plaited. Operculum none - - 60 Sub-section Rhachiglossa. —Teeth 0. 1.0. - Family Volutida. —Tentacles far apart ; ej^es sessile - - 61 ,, MarginellidcB —Tentacles close together at the base ; eyes on the tentacles - - - - - - 62 Sub-section T^nioglcssa. —Teeth 3. 1.3. Series Proboscidifera. Head small probosis retractile. — ; - Family Tritoniidce.
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