Ciência Imaginária (Aproximações Entre Imaginário, Política E Discurso Científico a Partir Da Obra De H

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Ciência Imaginária (Aproximações Entre Imaginário, Política E Discurso Científico a Partir Da Obra De H UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ESTUDOS DA LINGUAGEM HISTÓRIA E TEORIA LITERÁRIA Ciência Imaginária (Aproximações entre Imaginário, Política e Discurso Científico a partir da obra de H. G. Wells) Doutorando: Alcebíades Diniz Miguel Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Suzi Frankl Sperber Janeiro de 2011 Alcebiades Diniz Miguel Ciência Imaginária (Aproximações entre Imaginário, Política e Discurso Científico a partir da obra de H. G. Wells) Tese de doutorado apresentada à Comissão de Pós- Graduação do Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor, área de História e Teoria Literária. Profª Drª Suzi Frankl Sperber (orientadora) Campinas, Janeiro de 2011 3 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca do IEL - Unicamp Miguel, Alcebiades Diniz. M588c Ciência Imaginária (Aproximações entre Imaginário, Política e Discurso Científico a partir da obra de H. G. Wells) / Alcebiades Diniz Miguel. -- Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2011. Orientador : Suzi Frankl Sperber. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem. 1. Wells, H.G. (Herbert George), 1866-1946. 2. Discursos científicos. 3. Imaginário. 4. Literatura fantástica. 5. Ficção científica. I. Sperber, Suzi Frankl. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem. III. Título. tjj/iel Título em inglês: Imaginary Science (Approaching between Politics, Scientific Discourse and Imaginary with the H. G. Wells Works as Model). Palavras-chave em inglês (Keywords): Scientific Discourse; Imaginary; Fantastic Literature; Science Fiction. Área de concentração: Teoria e Crítica Literária. Titulação: Doutor em Teoria e História Literária. Banca examinadora: Profa. Dra. Suzi Frankl Sperber (orientadora), Prof. Dr. Luiz Roberto Pinto Nazario, Prof. Dr. Jose Carlos Pinto de Oliveira, Profa. Dra. Karin Volobuef e Profa. Dra. Ana Maria Alfonso-Goldfarb. Suplentes: Profa. Dra. Adna Candido de Paula, Profa. Dra. Ravel Giordano de Lima Faria Paz e Prof. Dr. Mario Luiz Frungillo. Data da defesa: 28/01/2011. Programa de Pós-Graduação: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Teoria e História Literária. 4 5 Resumo: Desde a Renascença, culminando nos séculos XVIII e XIX, a Ciência despontava como campo discursivo definido. A economia própria desse novo campo foi logo destrinchada na esfera do imaginário: a literatura fantástica surgia, enquanto gênero, justamente a partir da dúvida essencial entre o factível e o que parecia louca especulação. Logo, a própria Ciência alimentaria a ficção, após o colapso dos mitos tradicionais que se alimentavam das estruturas explicativas primitivas para os fenômenos da natureza (os vampiros, demônios, lobisomens, etc.). Nossa pesquisa propõe algumas formas possíveis de approach e definição do campo ficcional da ficção científica, do processo de desestabilização citado acima e também discussões sobre as formas como os discursos dos dois lados da fronteira interagem e dialogam. Para tanto, sem desprezar seus precursores, analisaremos um autor cuja imaginação e procedimento criativo – levados a cabo na última década do século XIX – persistem mesmo neste século XXI: H. G. Wells. Abstract: Since the Renaissance, culminating in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Science defined a proper and defined discursive field. The economy of this new field was very soon fleshed out in the realm of imagination: the fantastic literature emerged as a style and a literary form, just focused its attention in essential questions from among the feasible and what appeared wild speculation. Soon, the very Science will feed the fictionary, after the collapse of traditional myths that implicated in primitive but explanatory structures about the phenomena of the nature (vampires, demons, werewolves, etc.). Our research suggests some possible ways to approach and definition of the science fiction fictional field, the destabilization process cited above and also the discussion on how the discourses on both sides of the border Science/Fiction interact and dialogue. To do this, without neglecting their precursors, we analyze an author whose imagination and creative procedure – carried out at the last decade of the nineteenth century – persist even in this century: H. G. Wells. 7 “A ciência é a ordenação dos fatos de nossa consciência que permite, em última análise, esperar a cada vez, no ponto exato do espaço e do tempo, o que exatamente deve ser esperado” (Max Horkheimer) 9 Este trabalho é dedicado a Soraia Cristina Balduíno, por tudo que construímos com amor e carinho, por ser e significar tanto. 11 Sumário Trajetória _______________________________________________________________ 15 Introdução: a Imaginação, a Projeção e o Mal _________________________________ 19 Parte I - Voo cego ou possíveis definições de campos imaginários Algumas Políticas do Monstruoso _____________________________________________ 35 A Fábula da Ciência ________________________________________________________ 53 A Complexidade do Monstro e a Guerra dos Mundos _____________________________111 Parte II - Construindo e Destruindo Tempos e Mundos Oscilações do Tempo ______________________________________________________ 127 Os Oximoros Políticos _____________________________________________________ 155 Esperança ou Destruição Total _______________________________________________ 191 Sobre a Extinção da Mente como Fato e Ficção __________________________________ 213 Conclusão: Ruínas _______________________________________________________231 Anexo 1: A Mente No Limiar de Sua Extinção de H. G. Wells _________________________ 235 Anexo 2: Sobre Visualidade e Literatura _______________________________________ 251 Glossário de Nomes _____________________________________________________ 259 Bibliografia ____________________________________________________________ 269 13 Trajetória Qualquer longo trabalho exige mais do que certa dedicação estudada – aquela que costuma estar associada ao exercício burocrático do trabalho de escritório. Nesse sentido, este trabalho surgiu muitos anos atrás, alimentado por leituras apaixonadas: as múltiplas concatenações e configurações do fantástico desenhavam-se, bem como suas temíveis consequências. Eram leituras que englobavam viagens por um mar transfigurado, pelo espaço exterior, pela mente; relatos que tanto traziam o Mal mais abissal quanto algo que até poderia ser encarado como santidade, mas todos esses elementos transfigurados, estilizados ora como caricatura, ora como poesia, mesmo ingênua. Esse fluxo de leituras desaguou em projetos de pesquisa e na necessidade de esquematização e metodologia – a paixão tornava- se geométrica. O fantástico configurado e seu lado temível ganhavam agora um traçado mais preciso, uma topologia que poderia ser estudada – passagem necessária, mas que foi planejada a não esmagar totalmente aquele velho sentido de encanto, a descoberta que as certezas de ferro do universo, em geral deprimentes, podiam ser quebradas, invertidas ou satirizadas por elementos tão frágeis como letras impressas em papel, imagens projetadas ou igualmente impressas e a mente funcionando com certa liberdade e humor. De qualquer maneira, trata-se de um trabalho imenso e necessariamente incompleto: a topologia do imaginário é infinita e altera-se no segundo em que seus cartógrafos, munidos de seus instrumentos, acabam de mapeá-lo. Mas não se trata, em nenhum sentido, de esforço inútil: cada mapa revela ao invés de indicar, demonstrando como se comportava cada paisagem alterada e congelando fotograficamente tais paisagens, criando uma tradição e uma história no campo selvagem da diferença. Tal trabalho – como foi dito, imenso – jamais poderia brotar, para o bem e para o mal, individualmente. Devemos, e muito, a diversas pessoas que contribuíram naquilo que este estudo possui de melhor e mais interessante, discutindo, instigando, contradizendo, enfim, impedindo um cômodo “ponto médio” que congelasse nosso trabalho e neutralizasse qualquer uma de suas potencialidades. As inquietações descritas acima tiveram origens diversas, mas há sempre um primeiro momento discernível, maduro, no seio da academia. E esse primeiro ocorreu graças ao Prof. Dr. Luiz Nazario, docente da UFMG, ensaísta, escritor, crítico de cinema e aventureiro crítico dos terrenos movediços do imaginário em suas configurações políticas, devo tanto a análise crítica do imaginário em suas múltiplas formulações, que forneceu a munição teórica para a constituição mesma desta tese, além da amizade profunda e 15 verdadeira – foi através de Luiz Nazario que descobri, por exemplo, The Holy Terror, de H. G. Wells –, que sempre facilitou, mesmo em conversas casuais, o desenvolvimento de bons achados, de grandes ideias. De certa forma, a tese, sua forma, método e concepção, surgiram das leituras de seus instigantes ensaios, que comecei a devorar ainda bem antes de conhecê- lo pessoalmente em aulas inesquecíveis sobre o cinema nazista na Universidade de São Paulo (USP), que demonstraram com clareza e deliciosa erudição as relações complexas entre imaginário, poder e ideologia. Nazario também participou da etapa final da tese: estava presente como membro da banca que avaliou meu trabalho final, tendo participação franca e incisiva. Assim, também é preciso agradecer à Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) pelo fornecimento da bolsa do Programa de Estágio Docente (PED) nos últimos meses de desenvolvimento de meu trabalho. A bolsa permitiu não apenas a manutenção
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