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pow' Bulletin 1957,No. 12 kp - ernetanyleviJited EDUCATION inth.FEDERALREPUBLIC By ALINAM. LINDEGREN . Specialist inComparativeEducation Europeahd theBritishCommonwealth o' U. S.DEPARTMENTOF HEALTH,EDUCATION,AND WELFARE Marion B.Folsom,Secretary OFFICE OFEDUCATION Lawrence G.Derthick, Commissioner 4 Contents 4 4. Vige FOREWORD _ als Oa vii as% CHAPTER 1. _ ma. al. OP mt INTRODUCTION__ 1 _ 1 Alb CHAPTER II. CONTROL OFEDUCATION STATE CONTROLUNDER THEEMPIREAND THEWEIMAR REPUBLIC__ lobal. 1110. elm vim _____ _ _________ IN. .1. 00 ----------- _ mw 6 CENTRAL CONTROL UNDDRHITLER M%. ... 41 01. 7 STATE .CONTROLIN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OM m. .wo a CHAPTERIII.THE COAL OF EQUALEDUCATIONALOPPORTUNITY_____ 17 U NITER THE EMPIREAND THE'WEIMARREPUBLIC 17 UNDER NATIONALSOCIALISM ..... ON. m 1 daM 26 ma.aim MD _40. m omb .111. ;MP00, SINCE 1945 410,. AV. MI6 4111 - 29 CHAPTER IV.THE SOCIAL STUDIES IN GERMANSCHOOLS _ 41 11~ CHAPTER V.BRIDGING THESOCIAL GAPBETWEENELEMENTARYAND SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS--- . .......... ...... ... 49 THE FIRSTATTEMPT 49 THE SECONDATTEMPT.. 11NOow am am ...am es. ..%% - .,. _ ------ _ 50 PRACTICE UNDER NATIONAL OID om. SOCIALISM OW MED 1 BRIDGING THE GAP..____,.._ . 7 * is, ig. ow. 54 CHAPTER VI. HIGHER EDUCATION____________ ........ ...... 66 ,, ACADEMIC FREEDOM 67 LOSS OF.ACADEMICFREEDOM_______________..... _____.........._ 67 .0 POST WARREORGANIZATIONOF UNIVERSITIES 69 CLASSICAL UNIVERSITIES 73 , .. ,- FACULTIES 76 EXAMINATIONS . , 4, 77 STUDIUM GENERALE 78 STUDENT PERSONNELSERVICES,...____,... ... .............................. 81 AMERICAN STUDIESAT GERMAN UNIVERSITIES. 83 ill iv .CONTENTS Pa CHAPTER VII.INTEREST INFOREIGN EDUCATIONALRESEARCHAND DEVELOPMENT- ------ _ . s. ,. INSTITUTEFOReNTERNATIONALEDUCATIONAIAIE- SEARCH. ATFRANKFORTON THE MAIN ____________ Si EINICATIQNALCENTER INWIESBADEN_______________ tit CENTRALOFFICEFOR EDUCATIONIN OTHERCOUN- _ ______ 4 ,TRIES ............. ____________ 9: EXCHANGEI;ROGRAMS4.4w ...__-A- 9 1 GERMAN-AMERWANCONFERENCESOF HISTORIANS AND TEACHEI_IS /... m mp OF HISTORY___ ...... ..1.Ow , 94 'INTERNATIONAL 'CONFERENCES_C___-__ _____ _ __ _ _4_- ... ; UNITED NATIONSEDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFICAND CUL- . TURALORGANIZATION__ 97 4 INTER NA TIONES _ . ,98 BIBLIOGRAPHY _ 7 S. Ibi RIM 4WD O. 416 MI. AD aw, OVID ENGLISH . =N. 10 MO WI. -_ 101 - __ MID GERMAN _ 103 4 Isi /1 l Illustrations 1/4 r Budding Artist, ... .... Muni*________________,.4 ... .............. ... ..................... ............... ... /viii 4th'GradeSteinadlerwegSchool, Harnburg-Billatedt_,_________ _ OW 41. 11=1 2 . Main EntranceNewQuarters of theUniversity ofCologne . 11 School Is Out,Munich do4. 4= ....... 40.. ... .100an. ....... OM, .. OW .... IM Mb 14 Beethoven HighSchool, Bonn . , -20 . Old StudentPrjsoniRupertCarl Universityof Heidelberg__..__._._ 26 NiendorfElementary School,Hamburg 29 Vocational School,Lohronths Main_____41.._.____ ._____.. ... .___ 33 . Americab TypeConsolidatedSchoolVillageSchoolonthe Berg- strasse, Jugenheim ....._ 36 . ,Chemistry LaboratoryCusanusGymnasium, BadGodesberg 38 Between Ludwig MaximilianUniversity. ofMunich 6 44) After-School Learning,Berlin ____ ____ SO WO 411. WO, GOD Mb 47 Women's Dormitoryathletics School,Cologne 40 ma 4444 11040 104 MD 404OP 4M4 52 Cusanus Gymnasium ArtInstruction, Bad Godesberg_____ 410410 44444 c. em. go on 40 55 Girls' Class, Munich 411001114 ....... aM4110 40-M0 4111, 411110 CM AND ..... gp imp as 68 Wedderstrasse Special 'School,Hamburg Oa. .. al ... 4.6 61 '41 4444 ....I.a _ 'CONTENTS V Page *ruler CourtyardSteinadlerwegSchoOl, Hamburg-Billstedt____ AND 1 63 trt Institut4 Exhibit, Munich__'__j__ OW M. GM-.-...... Ow Ow .II MR IMD..... sm. _ _ _ 70 Dining HailsFre$ University of Beilin_ _ _______ OM me 4.1. IMimow ND wilo. Mb4. ! IMIP CIO OM 73 , Organic, ChemistryFrederickWilliam University ofBonn 75 . ArtInstitute VisitorsMunich__ __I__ _______ __iN. mim. .m. No .N. ON m. ____ _. IND Nis W 79 , .1/ 'Student UnionInstitute ofTechnology, Aachen.._.1. %. _____ _ _ _4 .... am INED 82 student UnionJohann WolfgangUniversity of Frankforton . .... _ eV pm. ms. me CV the Main. .. ..V V..., ..... ow..V.. ... 40II. NAN. 87 GRAPHS 1 1.Organization of Education according`tothe DuesseldorfAgreement of February 17,1955 , 4 2.Organization .:)f Education in Prussia during.theWeimar Republic 9.3 3.Organization of Secondary Schools,1937-1945__________. _____ ___ 28 4.Organization of Education in West Berlin___1._ . 31 a . , 5.Organization of Education in Hamburg_______________________ 32 6.Organization of Education in Baden-Wuerttemberg 35 4 AIPa a '44 411. a .` a 4 a - as 4, Potiaki A 4. I. s. A ' °Foreword .4 p. N JUNE 8, 1955, Dr. Alina M.Lindegren of the United States OOffice of Education, arrived in Bonnfora6-week educational visit to the Federal Republic ofGermany. Wimp she mentioned that she had beenon asimilar missionto Germany in 1935 she wastold, "Much has,happened since then. We believeyouwill findmanychanges." a Much hadhippenedWorld War II andadecade of postwar recovery..In the followingpagesthe author tells of.someof the changes in education which shesaw orfelt. Just before completing this Bulletinand exactly'aweek before her retirement, Dr.Lindegren died,onJanuary 25, 1957,asthe result ofafall that diy. Themany personsin the United States and abroad who knew Dr. Lindegren'scompetence in the field of European educational systems and in theinterpretation of creden- tials of foreign students and all whoknew her personally will join the Office in itssorrow. To themany personsand organizations in theFederal Republic of Germanyand in the United States who haveaided in bringing this studyto completion, the Office of Educationexpressesits gratitude. Particularly, the Officeexpressesits appreciation to the Washington Embassy of theFederal Republic of Germany;to Burr W. Phillips, Professor -ofEducation and History at the University . of Wisconsin, 'who prepared thematerialon"The Social Studies in Germangchools"appearing in Chapter IV; and_ to Paul Bodenman,Assistant to the Director, Educational Exchange and TrainingBranch in the Office, who reviewed the total manuscript and assistedwith the completion of Chapter VI on"Higher Education." BESS GOODYKOONTZ OLIVER J. CALDWELL Director, International Assistant Commissioner Educational Relations for International Education 11114.. vii p. *7*- vytit_ tt -SAW" N "ArZi W'; - 4-MgA ; .17 42 9fC S 2A-1 -0X2, fir Photo from SOM. VerigigCourtooy,Inter Notions. Budding Artist, Munich .0 's S. wit viii Chapter 1 Introduction URING THE 84 yeaes between the unification.. of Germany in D1871 to 195, the German people lived for 47yearswithan imperial form of Government, 15 inaRepublic, 12 inatotalitarian State, and 10 inaSecond° Republic. The German Federal Republic isnow8yearsofage.These changes4rom constitutional monarchy through warfare to republic, from Republic through internalrevo- lution to dictatorship, and from dictatorship throughwarand occupation to the Second Republic insoshortatimewereviolent and drastic. Each political changewasfollowed by educational change. The purposeof thisBulletin18 to note the changesortrends in educa- tion in the Federal Republic of Germanyas seen orfelt in 1955 byonewho 20yearsbefore in 1935 had similar firsthand contact with education in Germany. Reference to education in other periods is made to the extentnecessaryforanunderstanding and appreciation of the significance of the change's madeorinprogress. In thec :esvisited in 1955 therewag anatmosphere of friend- liness, mutual understanding, and cooperation betweenteichers and pupils thatwas verynoticeable. Pupil participationwasin evidence in discussion. Most oftheclasseswereinnew,attractive buildings with good light, modern equipment, and laboratory facil- ities. Some classeswerein schools restored and modernized after thewar.Playgroundswereinuse or'inprocessof preparationor expansion. Inoneschool the pupilswerein the midst of changing their library books. The school library had the open-shelf system and the childrenwerebusy and happy in making their Own selections. 144 1 A. 2 GERMANY REVISITED The teacher incharge said thatthiswas oneof the things they had learned fromAmerica.Formerly underthe closed-shelfsystem childrenselected their books bytheir titles fromalist. Conversations' with referenceto the Exchange ofPersons Pro- grambrought outthat between1948 and 1954 theprogramhad affordedopportunity forapproximately 15,000personsto visit the UnitedStates. Thisappeared to beahigh pointin the life of most of themsomethingto which they oftenrefer. To teachers itgave an opportunity to observe the relationsbetween teachers and pupils in schoolin the UnitedStates, between teachersand parents at the ParentTeacheis Associationmeetings, and tosee in action thevariedprogramsfor the good ofthe child, the school, and thecommunity. Toone personthe visitwaslike "somethingout of fietiryland" which hadgiven heran'tentirelynewoutlookonlife." She felt that theprogram"promotesdemocracy in Germanybecauseper- sonsof lowerrankareconsultedat German professional meetings and tendto be treatedasequals, regardless ofrank, when they have had theexperience ofavisitto the Ulited States." The FederalRepublic of Germany(Deutsche Bundesrepublik) wasestablished formallyonSeptember 21, 1949and includes the 1 p. ds 4 1. 1.:11 %,4 tpP . ; 4 .1 Photo from Shoal. LassiimbillWila 4thGrad; RinadlerweiSchool,liamburi-Billstedt INTRODUCTION 3 States (Lander)of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bavaria (Bayern), Hessv (Hessen),Lower *cony (Niedersachso),North Rhine- Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen),Rhineland-Palatinate