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Home , Black War, James Brooke, Manipur, Manipur (princely state), Royal Charter, Rukun Negara

T Tom Roberts J Jamini Roy U U Ba Nyan L Lim Cheng Hoe C Chuah Thean Teng A Awang Sitai To find out more about these artists, refer to “Six Artists' Lives and Legacies.”

1600 1757 1764 1767 1769 1770 1773 1774 1786 EVENTS OF 1577 1580 1591 1716 1775 1780 1782 1783 1784

Sir is the first Sir James Lancaster and George Queen grants a royal charter to the newly Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar e EIC defeats Siraj-ud-daula, e EIC defeats allied In the First Anglo-Mysore James Cook, an English e EIC’s administration In the First Anglo-Maratha War against the Maratha Empire, In exchange for British Englishman to make contact with Raymond embark upon a voyage to founded East Company (EIC) to pursue trade in establishes a decree giving the EIC the ruling Nawab of , and Mughal, Bengal and Oudh War, Mysorean forces defeat naval lieutenant, sails and of Madras and Bombay the British fail to retain any significant territorial gains in the military assistance against the Spice Islands during his the East Indies with the approval of the East Indies. e Dutch Vereenidge Oost-Indische rights to duty-free trade in India. his French allies at the Battle of forces at the Battle of Buxar. the combined armies of the maps the eastern coast of becomes subordinate to . Siam, the of EMPIRE IN THE circumnavigation of the globe. Queen Elizabeth I. Lancaster Compagnie, or United , is founded e EIC had earlier set up factories Plassey. Puppet rulers are installed e Mughal emperor later EIC, the Marathas and the during his first Calcutta, the capital of cedes the island of in reaches Sumatra and the Malay in 1602. When the EIC reaches Maluku two years later, there and been trading since the in Bengal by the EIC, making grants the EIC rights to Nizam of Hyderabad. expedition to the Pacific. He British India. Warren the Malay Peninsula to the Peninsula but is marooned on his years of intense rivalry and conflict with the Dutch for early . Siraj-ud-daula the last independent collect revenue in Bengal. names it New South Wales Hastings, a British colonial EIC. e British establish way home, eventually returning to control of the spice trade begin. e French East India Nawab of Bengal. Earlier, the EIC and claims possession in the administrator, becomes the e EIC's forces are defeated in the Second Anglo-Mysore War. Penang as a trading port and England in 1594. Raymond and his Company, founded in 1664, also battles with the EIC for recaptured Calcutta, which had name of King George III. first -General of naval base. ASIA-PACIFIC ship are lost at sea. influence in the Indian subcontinent. been forcefully taken by India in 1774. Siraj-ud-daula in 1756, and stormed the French trading post at With the loss of its irteen in North America as a result of the War of American Independence, Britain Chandernagore near Calcutta. needs a new place to transport its convicts. Botany Bay in New South Wales is chosen.

1832 1828 1826 1824 1819 1818 1817 1815 1811 1809 1805 1804 1803 1802 1800 1799 1792 1790 1788

e Black War, a period of violent e , comprising With the signing of the e British acquire and In the ird Anglo-Maratha War, e British attack and take possession e Treaty of Amritsar formalises During the Castle Hill Rebellion, Matthew Flinders of the Royal Navy encounters a During the Fourth Anglo-Mysore e ird Anglo-Mysore War erupts e First Fleet arrives at Botany Bay conflict and hostilities between of Penang, and Singapore, Anglo-Dutch Treaty in London, establish a free port there. Later, with British victory brings an end to the of ; Sir Stamford Raffles is the Satlej, a river in Panjab, as the Irish convicts in Sydney attempt to French expedition group on the south coast of Australia War, the EIC and its allies storm when the invades in New South Wales from England and white is formed, further consolidating Singapore and the Malay Peninsula growing trade, the port attracts Maratha Empire. is leaves the EIC installed as the Lieutenant-Governor. Anglo-Sikh frontier. Sikh leader challenge penal rule and seize power during his circumnavigation of the continent. In Srirangapatnam, the capital of Mysore, , a British ally at the on 18 January 1788 and reaches Port colonists on Van Diemen's Land, is Britain's position in the Malay come under the British sphere of international banks and mercantile with control over almost the entirety Despite Raffles' objections, Java is Ranjit Singh establishes friendly from British colonial authority. response, Captain Philip Gidley King, Governor of New killing Tipu and ending Mysore's southern tip of the Indian subcontinent. Jackson eight days later. Arthur ongoing. e governor declares Peninsula. e cultivation and trade influence. firms that set up agency houses to of India, including the princely states handed back to the Dutch in 1816. relations with the British and secures South Wales, sends a party of British officers from resistance to the expansion of the EIC's e Mysorean troops are heavily Philip, commander of the expedition, martial law in November 1828. of cash crops such as gambier, handle shipping and provide banking which were ruled indirectly through their recognition of his sovereignty. Sydney to occupy Van Diemen's Land, later renamed influence in the subcontinent. outnumbered and their ruler, Tipu assumes government and takes formal nutmeg, sugar and pepper generate facilities. local chiefs. in 1856. Sultan, has to surrender half of his possession of the new . e considerable revenue for the Straits territories to the EIC and its allies. Second Fleet arrives in 1790 and the Settlements in the 1800s. e British are victorious in the Second Anglo-Maratha War, Humiliated by his defeat, Tipu ird, the year after. Most of the gaining control over northern and central India and expanding strengthens his alliance with France. convicts who arrive during these early their frontiers. years are English. , an Aboriginal man from the Eora nation at Botany Bay, mounts a sustained resistance against British invasion and settlement. He is shot e EIC declares war against the Burmese Konbaung down in 1802. kingdom in 1824. e First Anglo-Burmese War ends in 1826 with the signing of the , which Britain is at war with France, which is under the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte. After the French emperor is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, Britain seeks to create gives the British the territories of , , a self-sustaining economy instead of continuing to protect its trade monopolies through high military expenditure. Arakan and Tenasserim. e Burmese have to make a large indemnity payment. T 1835 1836 1838 1842 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1856 1857 1858 1859 1874 1877

With the enactment of the English e British and Foreign As a result of the Myall Creek e Sultan of awards Gold is discovered in Australia; the e Great Exhibition of the Works of During the Second Anglo-Burmese e transportation of convicts to e Eureka Rebellion against e Hindu Widows' Remarriage Known as the First War of Indian e Victorian Board of Protection is e Malay States of Perak, and Sungai Ujong Rubber is first introduced to Malaya when the Education Act, English becomes Aborigines’ Protection Society is massacre in New South Wales, seven to James Brooke, an gold rushes transform the Australian Industry of All Nations is held in War, British forces annex Lower Van Diemen's Land ends. British colonial authority occurs on Act is enacted in India by British Independence to the Indians and the established. It seeks to protect and are brought under British control, and the residential Singapore Botanic Gardens receives and the language of government established in London by evangelical white settlers are convicted and English adventurer, for helping quell colonies. e 1850s, for instance, see London. e very first world's fair, Burma which comprises territories the outskirts of Ballarat, a gold authorities. is opposes the Indian to the British, the confine the Aboriginal peoples. system of government is installed and subsequently cultivates seedlings from the Royal Botanic administration and educational Christians. Two years later, a branch executed for murdering indigenous a local rebellion. the first railways being built, the first it is a celebration of the diversity such as Rangoon, Bassein, Martaban mining town in Victoria. established Hindu practice of rebellion by Indian soldiers from the resisted by the . Perak's first Resident, James Gardens, Kew, England. It later becomes one of instruction in British India. in Sydney is established. people, causing outrage among many telegraphs beginning to operate and and richness of the . and Pegu. disallowing widows to remarry. EIC's Bengal army, which begins in W.W. Birch, is assassinated the year after. is system of Malaya’s key exports. In that same year, the British colonisers. the colony of Victoria contributing Meerut and spreads to other parts of government is extended to the rest of British establish the Chinese in more than a third of the world's India, brings an end to Company rule. in 1887 and in 1888, where it encounters similar the Straits Settlements. gold output. Tom Roberts is born. India consequently comes under the bouts of resistance. rule of the British Crown.

J T U T T J T T T 1907 1906 1905 1904 1901 1897 1896 1892 1890 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1881

At a colonial conference in London, Modelled after the Young Men's e Malay College is established in Perak; it follows the English public school system. e sons e Commonwealth of Australia is formed with the 's Diamond Jubilee Perak, Selangor, Negeri Enacted by the British By 1890, all six colonies in Australia Brunei, Sarawak and North Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee Upper Burma is annexed e first Indian National e Imperial Federation e British North “” is adopted as the new Christian Association founded in of Malay aristocrats attend this school in preparation for becoming administrative leaders. federation of the six British colonies: New South Wales, is celebrated. Sembilan and Pahang are due to the INC's demands, the achieve self-government. Britain Borneo are proclaimed as is celebrated. e First Colonial by the British and King Congress (INC) convenes League is founded in Company is incorporated designation for self-governing British London, the Young Men's Buddhist Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and brought together to form Indian Councils Act of 1892 retains control over external affairs. British . Conference is held in London. ibaw is exiled to India as in Bombay to call for London as part of the and administers North colonies. Henceforth, such gatherings Association (YMBA) is formed by e Partition of Bengal, which divides Bengal into Hindu and Muslim provinces for ease of Western Australia. As part of the White Australia e Legislative Council of Burma is the Federated Malay implements an increase in the size of a result of the ird greater Indian involvement movement that promotes a Borneo (now Sabah). are known as imperial conferences. Western-educated Burmese students administration, sparks the first nationwide protest movement in India. e swadeshi movement Policy, the new government passes the Immigration established. All legislative matters States, with Frank Legislative Councils in British India, Anglo-Burmese War. in administration and consolidation of the Empire. who seek to forge new identities whilst involves the boycott of British products in favour of “home-produced” goods. Its principle of Restriction Act, to keep out non-European immigrants, are, however, subject to veto by the Swettenham appointed its ensuring more Indian representation Jamini Roy is born. Burma becomes a province decision-making. preserving Burmese cultural forms. self-reliance is later extended to, for instance, educational reform and labour organisation. e and the Pacific Island Labourers Act, to facilitate the Lieutenant-Governor of Burma, the first Resident-General. at the constitutional level. of British India. Partition is reversed in 1911. mass deportation of Pacific Islanders, many of whom are Governor-General of India and the working on sugar plantations in Queensland. Secretary of State of India.

Edward VII ascends the British throne after Queen Victoria's death. e Durbar is held in India in Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War debunks the myth of Western invincibility. While this triumph stirs the U Ba Nyan is born. 1903 to celebrate his coronation and proclaim him as imagination of revolutionary leaders in colonies across Asia, it confirms Australia's suspicions of a rising Asian threat. Emperor of India. is leads the Australian prime minister to invite the American “Great White Fleet” to visit Australia.

U L C J T J L J U J U U U 1909 1911 1912 1913 1914 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1922 1924 1925 1926

Lim Cheng Hoe is born. With the signing of the Bangkok e Delhi Durbar is held Rubber plantations in e All-India Muslim League (AIML), led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi leads his first satyagraha (truth-force), e Montagu-Chelmsford reforms promise “the gradual development of e Communist Party of Australia (CPA) is formed. e General Council of Sangha e British Empire Exhibition Perceived as a subversive movement e Empire Marketing Board is Treaty, the Siamese kingdom in India to celebrate the Chuah Thean Teng is born. Malaya occupy 322,000 Muhammad Ali Jinnah who would later play a major opposing British colonial rule in a non-violent non-cooperation movement. self-governing institutions with a view to the progressive realisation of Sammeggi is formed by a group of opens at Wembley in London. with communist elements, Malayan established to promote the trade transfers control of the northern coronation of . hectares of land—triple the role in the founding of , make the Lucknow e epithet “mahatma” (great soul) is first used by Rabindranath Tagore to in India as an integral part of the British Empire”. Recognising the importance of Hindu-Muslim collaboration in the monks in Burma. ey tour the Aimed at fostering greater post-war branches of the Guomindang and sale of goods grown and made Malay states of Kedah, , size occupied in 1908. Pact with the INC. is agreement establishes friendly describe Gandhi. e Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act is enacted to supress struggle for independence, Gandhi and Indian Muslims start the countryside to raise awareness of economic cooperation and imperial (Chinese Nationalist Party) are in the Empire within the Empire and to the relations and collaboration between the Hindu and protestors who felt that the reforms did not satisfy their political demands; Khilafat movement of non-cooperation, pressuring the British and communicate political ideas and unity, this massive exhibition outlawed by British authorities. itself. e Balfour Declaration of British. Together with , these Muslim communities with regard to the struggle for the protestors were eventually killed in the Amritsar Massacre. is government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman sultan as the issues to the rural communities. includes national pavilions and the 1926 is made at the Imperial territories are referred to as the self-government. Emperor Nicholas II of is overthrown and the Bolsheviks, led by tragedy further galvanises leaders like Gandhi and incites the masses to Caliph of after World War I causes the collapse of the Ottoman display of natural resources and Conference in London, defining the in the Vladimir Lenin, come into power as a result of the . agitate for national reform and civil rights. Empire. Gandhi sees it as an opportunity to rally Muslim support for agricultural products from the United Kingdom and its early 1900s. e Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is later established in 1922. the nationalist cause. He also promises swaraj (self-rule or self-reliance) different dominions and colonies. as autonomous communities within e Act of 1919 is passed in the British parliament. within one year, but fails to deliver on this promise. the British Empire, equal in status e Indian Councils Act of 1909 It allows for the implementation of the dyarchy in India which grants to each other in all matters of allows for even greater Indian certain executive powers to Indians, thereby expanding their participation e General Council of Burmese Associations (GCBA) succeeds domestic and external affairs, and representation in the Legislative in government. is system is only extended to British Burma in 1923. YMBA and pushes for political reform. Education becomes a political united by a common allegiance to Councils, but hinders the During World War I, the British Empire fights as one of the Allied Powers against the Central Powers. In addition to their deployment at the Western Front, soldiers from issue when students protest against the new Act which and as members of the development of Hindu-Muslim India, Australia and New Zealand are mobilised at the Middle Eastern and Mediterranean theatres of war. e Australian prime minister declares that “all our resources are in tightens entry requirements to Rangoon University, feeling this policy is British . unity by separating Hindu and the Empire and for the Empire.” Despite their defeat at Gallipoli, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps become an enduring legend of valour and sacrifice. e world designed to benefit only the elite. Muslim electorates. demand for tin decreases during and after the War, causing the economy of to suffer. e industry in Lower Burma also suffers, whereas farmers in Upper Burma adapt to shifting wartime demands by producing other crops such as cotton, pepper and tobacco. U J L C U L T J U L J L 1945 1942 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1931 1930 1929 1928

e United Nations is formed to promote international cooperation. A multiracial organisation which In exchange for Indian loyalty to the British cause INC ministries resign from provincial governments as a e Aborigines' Progressive After Nehru's visit to Malaya where Edward VIII ascends the e Government of India Act of 1935 gives provincial Passed by the British parliament, the Gandhi leads a month-long salt march from Ahmadabad to the coast as part of the e crash of the US stock market rough the Simon Commission, forms immediately after the War, the Malayan Democratic Union calls for a self-governing, united during World War II, the Cripps Mission promises the result of strong objections to the British declaration, Association observes a Day of he speaks about the need for trade British throne in January autonomy through the introduction of direct elections Statute of Westminster gives legal Civil Disobedience Movement, opposing the heavy salt tax and British monopoly over the brings about the Great Depression of which had no Indian representatives, Malaya that includes Singapore. nationalists dominion status for India as well as post-war without prior consultation with Indians, that at Mourning during the unions, the Central Indian and abdicates in December. and the abolishment of dyarchy; Nehru deems it “a new recognition to the independence of local salt industry and instigating other non-violent marches and protests across India. Nearly the 1930s which has worldwide assessments of the Indian constitutional elections. is mission fails as the nationalists reject the war with Germany. is is celebrated by the AIML who commemoration of the 150th Association of Malaya (CIAM) is His brother, George VI, charter of ” since purna swaraj is still withheld. the dominions. While the statute is 60,000 people, including Gandhi and INC leaders, are arrested. With the signing of the consequences. In Australia, the situation and proposals for more After the British reoccupy Burma in May, the AFO is reorganised into a political front called the proposals. Later this year, Gandhi launches the Quit had been anxious about Hindu dominance at the anniversary of the British occupation formed by English-educated Indian becomes king. Provincial elections are held in 1937; the INC forms the swiftly passed by the of Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931, the detainees are released and concessions are made, including Unemployed Workers Movement reforms are made. Led by Jawaharlal Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL), with Aung San as its president. Resisting the White India Movement which, through civil disobedience, constitutional level. In 1940, the AIML adopts the of Australia, which re-enacts the intelligentsia who are increasingly government in seven out of eleven provinces while the Canada, South Africa and the Irish permission for Indians to collect and manufacture salt by the coast. is movement is revived formed by the CPA organises Nehru who would later become India's Paper which unveils British plans to impose a three-year period of direct rule, the AFPFL tours inland, refuses to cooperate with Britain's war effort and Pakistan Resolution which intends to secure Muslim arrival of the First Fleet. conscious of British discriminatory AIML fails to form any. Burma also moves closer Free State, Australia and New in 1932 but fails to regain its full momentum. demonstrations and marches, asking first prime minister, the INC boycotts the campaigning for independence. demands British withdrawal from India. rights and political autonomy, and create a separate policies that favour Malays in towards self-government with the enactment of the Zealand only adopt and enact it in the government to better conditions Commission and demands purna swaraj homeland for Muslims in British India based on shared government posts and education. Government of Burma Act of 1935 that separates it 1942 and 1947 respectively. Saya San, a member of the GCBA, organises a peasant rebellion in several districts and provide jobs. is turbulent (complete self-rule or independence) e Simla Conference fails when talks of Indian self-government are stalled by Jinnah's insistence that aspirations, identity and history. Aiming to boost the wages of from India, implements a parliamentary system and throughout Burma. is involves attacks against district officers and village headmen who are decade also witnesses Burmese from the British Empire. all Muslim representatives in the Executive Council must be nominated by the AIML. Indians already working in Malaya, allows for the creation of political parties. Dr Ba Maw deemed British collaborators, and the destruction of symbols of the colonial state such as violence against the local Chinese and the CIAM successfully appeal to the becomes the first indigenous premier. Strongly railways and government buildings. He is executed in November 1931. Indian communities, and massive Indian government to ban the anti-British, he is later jailed and charged with sedition labour strikes organised by the migration of assisted labourers to for refusing to support Great Britain in World War II. (MCP) Malaya in 1938. A group of student activists form Dobama Asiayone (We Burmans Society). ey call which is founded in 1930. During World War II, the British Empire fights alongside the Allies against the Axis powers. e MCP denounces British after war breaks out in Europe and threatens the British themselves thakins (lords or masters), a term previously reserved for British rulers. Among this government with labour strikes again, while the CIAM organises a series of strikes in the Klang rubber estates. e fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942 is a disaster for British defence strategy in group are akin Aung San, who would later become a national hero for his important role in the Far East. e Australians, who expected Britain to defend the naval base at Singapore, feel betrayed as their national security depends upon this strategy. ey later look to the United States for the nationalist struggle, and akin Nu, who would later become the first prime minister of an protection, placing their forces under American command. e surrender of Malaya and Singapore also facilitates the Japanese capture of Burma and their advancement towards India. Apart from independent Burma. e thakins raise a Burma Independence Army (BIA) with Japanese aid. professing their vision of an “Asia for Asians,” the Japanese also declare themselves liberators of those oppressed by Western . e Indian Independence League and Indian National e BIA is later re-organised as the Burma National Army (BNA) during World War II. Army seek to end British rule and secure independence by collaborating with the Japanese. Conversely, there are anti-Japanese movements such as the raids conducted by the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army with the support of Force 136, a British covert unit. In Burma, Aung San forms the Anti-Fascist Organisation (AFO) with other Burmese nationalist forces, despite being the leader of the Japanese-sponsored BNA. e AFO secretly communicates with Force 136 and offers assistance to the Allies.

J C L C A J C L J C J C 1946 1947 1948 1949 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957

In January, a White Paper describes the plans for a (MU) consisting of In January, a delegation of AFPFL members and British prime minister Clement Attlee meet in London for Strongly opposed to the division of the subcontinent into a Hindu India e Malayan Chinese Association Dato resigns from UMNO and founds the George VI dies and Elizabeth II Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin III Australia joins the Southeast Asian e Alliance Party, a coalition comprising of UMNO, the MIC and Reassured by the size of the Penang, Malacca and the nine Malay states, and the creation of a common citizenship. Since talks regarding Burmese independence. In February, Aung San makes the Panglong Agreement with leaders and Muslim Pakistan, Gandhi travels to promote cooperation between (MCA) is formed with the support of Independence of Malaya Party, a non-communal assumes the British throne. She is declares his intention to establish a Treaty Organisation in the MCA, wins all but one seat in the Malayan general election. Its leader, Alliance Party's mandate and its this scheme involves transferring Malay sovereignty to the British Crown and the political of the Shan, Kachin and Chin minority groups, which ensures their interests are represented in the Executive religious communities. In January, he is assassinated by a Hindu fanatic. the British colonial administration in organisation. He proposes that UMNO should be more crowned the year after and embarks Bruneian constitution. aftermath of French defeat by Tunku Abdul Rahman, signals for an acceleration of pace towards Malayan leaders' anti-Communist stance, the empowerment of non-Malays, it faces immediate and strong from the newly Council. e AFPFL wins almost all the seats in the general election and the new government drafts a a bid to establish a non-Communist inclusive by admitting non-Malays. is proposal is on a Royal Tour which includes stops Vietnamese communist forces at the independence. Later this year he meets with the MCP leader, Chin Peng, in British grant Malaya independence established United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) led by Dato Onn Jaafar. e new constitution, calling for independence outside of the Commonwealth. Aung San and five Executive Burma achieves independence on 4 January. base within the Chinese community. rejected by the Malays but supported by the British at Australia and New Zealand. Battle of Điện Biên Phủ. Baling, Kedah, in an unsuccessful attempt to resolve the . on 31 August. MU is nonetheless inaugurated in April. e Malayan Indian Congress (MIC) is established Council members are assassinated in July. -General of , Malcolm in August to safeguard Indian interests in light of Malay mobilisation. e is inaugurated in January, displacing the MacDonald, who advocates intercommunal bonding Singapore is granted limited self-government with David Marshall, leader Awang Sitai is born. Attlee declares in February that British rule in India end by June 1948. Lord Louis Mountbatten, who Malayan Union. A few months later, a is declared when among elites. of the Labour Front, as its Chief Minister. In the following year Marshall British prime minister announces that “[f]rom Stettin in the Baltic to becomes the of India in March 1947, opts for a quick transfer of power instead, bringing forward the the MCP lead an armed insurgency attacking plantations and mines and fails to negotiate for complete self-rule as Britain is concerned about Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.” With Great deadline to 15 August 1947. Mountbatten also concedes to the AIML's demands for a separate state, leading to demanding national liberation. e Malayan Emergency ends in 1960 e ANZUS Treaty is signed by Australia, New Singapore's compromised internal security due to Communist-instigated Britain’s diminished status as a superpower due to economic devastation caused by the War, the creation of India and Pakistan as two successor states. when the communists are defeated. Zealand and the United States to protect the security of unrest and strikes. the United States and USSR emerge as post-war superpowers, dividing the world into two the Pacific. blocs. is period of tension between the blocs is known as the Cold War; it ends in 1991 with Pakistan and India win independence on 14 and 15 August respectively. e British also relinquish control Organised by , Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan, the the collapse of the Soviet Union. over the princely states which are then given the choice of either joining India or Pakistan, or remaining outside Bandung Conference is convened in Indonesia among African and Asian them. In October, the First Indo-Pakistani War erupts over the of Jammu and Kashmir. e states, aimed at promoting economic and cultural cooperation. Sarawak and become Crown colonies. state ultimately accedes to India.

J A L L C C C L C C C 1984 1972 1971 1969 1966 1965 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959

e last of Britain’s territories in Gough Whitlam becomes the Australian prime e ird Indo-Pakistani War takes place during the Racial riots between the Chinese and Malay break out is established on 16 September 1963. Indonesia denounces Malaysia as a neo-colonial plot and embarks In the aftermath of the December revolt by local rebels e PAP lose the April and July by-elections in Singapore. Left-wing dissidents of the party During his speech to the South African parliament, e residential system of government ends when Brunei Southeast Asia, Brunei, becomes a minister. Under his government, Australia establishes Liberation War which brings about the on 13 May in Malaysia. A state of national emergency is on Konfrontasi, a policy of confrontation which involves violent incursions and attacks, and ends in 1966. e who oppose the creation of Malaysia, Sultan Omar establish the Barisan Sosialis (Socialist Front) and campaign against the proposed formation British prime minister Harold Macmillan announces: is granted internal self-government. fully independent, sovereign state diplomatic ties with , grants independence to of East Pakistan and the subsequent creation declared and parliament is suspended until 1971. Efforts also opposes the formation, laying claim over the territory of North Borneo. decides that Brunei should remain under British of the Federation of Malaysia, comprising Malaya, Singapore, Brunei, Sabah and Sarawak. “e wind of change is blowing through [Africa], and on 1 January. Papua New Guinea, which it had possessed since the of a new state, Bangladesh. India supports the Bengali at fostering unity among the different races and creating protection rather than join Malaysia. whether we like it or not, this growth of national Reassured by Lim Yew Hock's tough stance against the early 1900s, and abandons assimilation, a policy nationalists of East Pakistan. a single, unifying national identity bring about the e Non-Aligned Movement is formed in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, at the First Conference of consciousness is a political fact.” Communists, Britain grants Singapore complete officially adopted by the Commonwealth government in introduction of the , the New Economic Singapore leaves Malaysia in August and becomes a sovereign state. With the amendment of the Commonwealth Electoral the Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries which include Burma, India, self-government. Lim had replaced Marshall as the the 1950s, in recognition of cultural diversity. In 1975 he Brunei ceases to be a British protected state and gains Policy and the National Cultural Policy by 1971. is separation is largely a result of communal tensions which had Act, are given the right to vote. Indonesia, Somalia and Tunisia. It is convened to discuss how can be achieved as the Chief Minister in 1956. Led by Lee Kuan Yew, the is dismissed by Sir John Kerr, Governor-General of control over its internal security, but Britain continues to culminated in a series of racial riots in the preceding year. world transitions from an old order to a new one. e elimination of “the domination of anti-colonial People’s Action Party (PAP) achieves a Australia, as a result of a constitutional crisis. oversee matters related to its defence and foreign relations. colonialism-imperialism and neo-colonialism in all their manifestations” is declared to be a landslide victory in the general election. e Second Indo-Pakistani War over Jammu and Kashmir occurs. means of achieving peaceful co-existence.