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Urgent and Emerging Issues in Prevention: Marijuana, Kratom, E-Cigarettes

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Urgent and Emerging Issues in Prevention: Marijuana, Kratom, E-Cigarettes Urgent and Emerging Issues in Prevention: Marijuana, Kratom, E-cigarettes Elinore F. McCance-Katz, MD, PhD Assistant Secretary for Mental Health and Substance Use Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration U.S. Department of Health and Human Services SAMHSA Prevention Day 2019 1 Preventionists-Key to the Health and Welfare of Americans • Opioids crisis continues, but with evidence for positive effects of government efforts in partnership with states, communities, organizations • Ongoing work of preventionists, clinicians, peers, first responders, faith-based groups, volunteers, families • Major decline in heroin initiates in 2017 • Large increases in naloxone distribution, overdose reversals • Prevention becomes even more important as we watch the unfolding story of the impact of substance use on American communities • Preventionists: the first line in addressing the risks presented by substance use in our communities • Increased focus on potential harms of substances • Raise awareness of risks with substance use • Community outreach to youth as well as adults 2 Substances of Increasing Importance: Marijuana, Kratom and E-cigarettes (Nicotine) • Marijuana/cannabis: • Increasing prevalence of use • Increasing understanding of risks associated with use • Public lack of information on these risks • Opioids Issues: • Fentanyl-Contaminated Cocaine • Kratom • Botanical that at low doses produce stimulation and at higher doses produce opioid effects • Potential for physical dependence and opioid-type effects/toxicities • Marketed in Western countries and increasing use/toxicities being reported • E-cigarettes • Vaping: heating and aerosolizing nicotine for inhalation • Nicotine is addictive and has adverse health effects • In 2017 e-cigs were the most commonly used nicotine product among high (11.7%; 1.73 million) and middle (3.3%; 0.39 million) school students. 3 Marijuana: The Issue • Marijuana is rapidly becoming more widely available in the U.S. • 33 states: allow medical marijuana with reduced penalties for possession; 9 states plus DC have legalized recreational use • Huge and profitable industry that markets heavily with health claims that have little to no basis and which have had virtually no counter arguments put forward until the present time • Numerous forms: smoked, edibles, oil for vaping, lotions, transdermal patches 4 Marijuana: The Issue • Increasing potency of marijuana: • THC content: 3.8% (1990s) increased to 12.2% (2014) • Average MJ extract has THC levels at > 50% • THC: component responsible for euphoria/intoxication • Can also produce anxiety, agitation, paranoia, and psychosis • Responsible for addiction liability with estimates that 10-20% of users will develop a use disorder (Volkow ND et al. 2016) • Declining CBD content in currently available MJ • Not thought to be addictive • May reduce psychosis • Medical value: FDA approved for certain seizure disorders (Ehsoly MA et al. 2016) 5 Risks and Adverse Outcomes • Downplayed by industry; ignored by states • Low birth weight • Pulmonary symptoms • MVAs • Cognitive impairment • Poor performance in school and at work • Addiction 6 What Happens as State Laws Liberalize? Past Year Marijuana Use among Persons Aged 12 or Older Residing in States with No Legalization of Marijuana, by State: Percentages and Estimated Numbers (in Thousands), Annual Averages Based on 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2015-2016 NSDUHs Range: 9-13% State Effective 2012-13 2012-13 2013-14 2013-14 2014-15 2014-15 2015-16 2015-16 Date Percentages Numbers Percentages Numbers Percentages Numbers Percentages Numbers Alabama N/A 9.69% 389 9.98% 404 9.60% 389 9.50% 386 Georgia N/A 11.44% 925 11.75% 963 12.67% 1,052 12.46% 1,048 Idaho N/A 9.82% 127 11.58% 152 11.40% 152 11.62% 158 Indiana N/A 11.05% 598 12.86% 700 13.88% 760 13.35% 733 Iowa N/A 10.40% 266 9.74% 251 9.05% 235 9.75% 254 Kansas N/A 8.21% 192 11.01% 259 12.38% 292 11.17% 265 Kentucky N/A 9.22% 334 10.93% 398 12.28% 449 12.79% 470 Louisiana N/A 10.76% 405 11.23% 425 11.22% 427 11.22% 429 Mississippi N/A 8.78% 213 9.40% 229 8.67% 212 9.46% 231 Missouri N/A 11.64% 581 12.73% 639 13.53% 683 13.19% 668 Nebraska N/A 9.98% 152 10.35% 158 10.75% 166 11.33% 176 North Carolina N/A 10.88% 877 12.07% 986 11.79% 975 11.90% 996 North Dakota N/A 9.92% 58 10.25% 62 9.90% 61 9.80% 61 Oklahoma N/A 9.97% 310 10.75% 338 11.28% 358 11.18% 357 South Carolina N/A 11.72% 460 11.55% 460 12.56% 507 10.92% 448 South Dakota N/A 9.64% 66 8.97% 62 10.77% 75 11.85% 83 Tennessee N/A 9.93% 535 10.29% 560 11.05% 606 12.82% 709 Texas N/A 9.38% 1,972 9.52% 2,043 10.10% 2,213 10.14% 2,264 Utah N/A 8.76% 196 9.84% 224 9.07% 211 9.62% 229 Virginia N/A 12.39% 839 13.04% 891 11.54% 796 11.06% 768 West Virginia N/A 10.12% 159 10.93% 172 11.07% 174 11.45% 179 Wisconsin N/A 11.12% 534 11.86% 572 12.05% 584 12.18% 592 Wyoming N/A 10.11% 48 10.72% 51 10.87% 52 10.62% 51 7 What Happens as State Laws Liberalize? Past Year Marijuana Use among Persons Aged 12 or Older Residing in States with Legal Medical Marijuana Use Only, by State: Percentages and Estimated Numbers (in Thousands), Annual Averages Based on 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2015-2016 NSDUHs Range: 11-21.8% State Effective Date 2012-13 2012-13 2013-14 2013-14 2014-15 2014-15 2015-16 2015-16 Percentages Numbers Percentages Numbers Percentages Numbers Percentages Numbers Nov 2, 2010 699 752 734 696 Arizona 12.94% 13.69% 13.12% 12.22% Nov 9, 2016 235 277 284 274 Arkansas 9.69% 11.37% 11.59% 11.14% Oct 1, 2012 425 427 479 461 Connecticut 14.00% 14.00% 15.67% 15.08% Jul 1, 2011 108 109 103 105 Delaware 13.97% 13.98% 13.06% 13.18% Jan 3, 2017 1,885 1,990 2,152 2,275 Florida 11.43% 11.87% 12.59% 13.07% Dec 28, 2000 151 144 147 151 Hawaii 13.37% 12.58% 12.72% 13.05% Jan 1, 2014 1,247 1,305 1,339 1,320 Illinois 11.66% 12.16% 12.47% 12.31% Jun 1, 2014 565 670 757 779 Maryland 11.47% 13.48% 15.13% 15.50% Dec 4, 2008 1,268 1,304 1,266 1,317 Michigan 15.22% 15.60% 15.10% 15.68% May 30, 2014 536 553 579 592 Minnesota 11.93% 12.22% 12.69% 12.91% Nov 2, 2004 134 120 133 160 Montana 15.78% 14.07% 15.38% 18.41% Jul 23, 2013 175 194 199 202 New Hampshire 15.39% 16.95% 17.35% 17.58% Jul 1, 2010 759 844 894 907 New Jersey 10.18% 11.25% 11.86% 12.01% Jul 1, 2007 257 267 253 272 New Mexico 15.09% 15.61% 14.72% 15.83% Jul 5, 2014 2,342 2,372 2,519 2,491 New York 14.13% 14.24% 15.04% 14.86% Sep 8, 2016 1,237 1,122 1,179 1,344 Ohio 12.81% 11.57% 12.13% 13.81% May 17, 2016 1,223 1,265 1,339 1,415 Pennsylvania 11.33% 11.70% 12.35% 13.05% Jan 3, 2006 181 170 170 184 Rhode Island 20.22% 18.95% 18.81% 20.31% Jul 1, 2004 104 108 111 118 8 Vermont 19.10% 19.97% 20.50% 21.79% What Happens as State Laws Liberalize? Past Year Marijuana Use among Persons Aged 12 or Older Residing in States with Legal Medical and Recreational Marijuana Use, by State: Percentages and Estimated Numbers (in Thousands), Annual Averages Based on 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2015-2016 NSDUHs Range: 13-25% State Effective Date 2012-13 2012-13 2013-14 2013-14 2014-15 2014-15 2015-16 2015-16 Percentages Numbers Percentages Numbers Percentages Numbers Percentages Numbers Alaska Feb 24, 2015 19.69% 114 19.60% 114 21.92% 127 23.00% 134 Nov 9, 2016 California (revised penalties) 13.89% 4,384 14.49% 4,633 15.25% 4,936 16.23% 5,296 Dec 10, 2012 (revised penalties); Jan 1, 2014 Colorado (commercial sales) 18.92% 814 20.74% 909 23.09% 1,033 23.12% 1,057 District of Columbia Feb 26, 2015 21.02% 116 21.70% 121 23.51% 134 24.68% 143 Jan 30, 2017 Maine (grow and possess) 16.24% 186 19.55% 224 19.69% 227 19.81% 228 Massachusetts Dec 15, 2016 15.57% 885 17.23% 989 18.26% 1,058 18.64% 1,088 Nevada Jan 1, 2017 14.10% 324 13.01% 304 12.95% 309 13.13% 319 Oregon Mar 29, 2016 19.03% 630 19.39% 649 19.42% 659 22.70% 783 Washington Dec 6, 2012 17.48% 1,008 18.92% 1,105 17.49% 1,037 18.93% 1,140 9 Illicit Drug Use Impacts Millions: Marijuana Most Widely Used Drug PAST YEAR, 2017, 12+ Marijuana 15.0% 40.9 MILLION Psychotherapeutic Drugs 6.6% Prescription opioids, sedatives, 18.1 MILLION tranquilizers, stimulants Cocaine 2.2% 5.9 MILLION Hallucinogens20.1 1.9% MILLION 5.1 MILLION People aged 12 or Inhalantsolder had a 0.6% substance use 1.8 MILLION disorder Methamphetamines 0.6% 1.6 MILLION Heroin 0.3% 886,000 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 10 How did we get to where we are and what does the data tell us about ongoing risks? 11 Young Adult Perceptions of Great Risk of Harm From Substance Use PAST YEAR, 2015 - 2017, 18-25 + Difference between this estimate and the 2017 See table 3.1 in the 2016 and 2017 NSDUH detailed tables for additional information.
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