WICKHAM BISHOPS PARISH BIODIVERSITY AUDIT FINAL REPORT

May 2019

Prepared by Essex Ecology Services Ltd. EECOS Abbotts Hall Farm, Great Wigborough, Colchester, Essex, CO5 7RZ 01621 862986, [email protected] www.eecos.co.uk

Company Registered No. 2853947 VAT Registered No. 945 7459 77

Professional ecological services applying local knowledge and experience

ESSEX ECOLOGY SERVICES Ltd. EECOS

Title of Report Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit

Wickham Bishops Parish Council The Village Hall, Church Road Client Wickham Bishops Essex CM8 3JZ

Liane Rowland, Parish Clerk Client Representative Councillor Jane Williams

Adrian Knowles BSC (Hons) FRES MCIEEM, Senior Ecologist Audit Completed By Colin Austin BSc (Hons) PG Dip Archaeology, Assistant Ecologist

Adrian Knowles BSC (Hons) FRES MCIEEM, Senior Ecologist Authors Colin Austin BSc (Hons) PG Dip Archaeology, Assistant Ecologist Approved By

Report Status Final Date of Issue 31st May 2019

This report has been compiled in accordance with BS 42020:2013 Biodiversity – Code of practice for planning and development, as has the survey work to which it relates.

The information, advice and opinions provided here have been prepared in accordance with the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management’s Code of Professional Conduct. We confirm that the views expressed are our true and professional bona fide opinions.

CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 1 2. INTRODUCTION ...... 3 2.1 General Introduction...... 3 2.2 Location and Description of Parish ...... 3 2.3 Objectives of Biodiversity Audit ...... 3 2.4 Audit Methodology ...... 4 2.5 Competence ...... 5 2.6 Constraints of Methodology ...... 6 3. HABITATS ...... 7 3.1 Legal Status ...... 7 3.2 Assessment Methodology...... 7 3.3 Statutory Designations ...... 7 3.4 Non-statutory Site Designations ...... 8 3.5 Other Habitats of Interest ...... 8 3.6 Recommendations ...... 12 4. FLORA...... 14 4.1 Legal Status ...... 14 4.2 Data Search Results ...... 15 4.3 Assessment Results ...... 16 4.4 Recommendations ...... 16 5. GREAT CRESTED NEWTS ...... 17 5.1 Legal Status ...... 17 5.2 Data Search Results ...... 18 5.3 Assessment Results ...... 18 5.4 Recommendations ...... 18 6. BATS ...... 19 6.1 Legal Status ...... 19 6.2 Data Search Results ...... 20 6.3 Assessment Results ...... 20 6.4 Recommendations ...... 20 7. DORMICE ...... 21 7.1 Legal Status ...... 21 7.2 Data Search Results ...... 21 7.3 Assessment Results ...... 22 7.4 Recommendations ...... 22 8. OTTERS...... 23 8.1 Legal Status ...... 23

8.2 Data Search Results ...... 23 8.3 Assessment Results ...... 23 8.4 Recommendations ...... 23 9. WATER VOLES...... 25 9.1 Legal Status ...... 25 9.2 Data Search Results ...... 25 9.3 Assessment Results ...... 25 9.4 Recommendations ...... 26 10. REPTILES ...... 27 10.1 Legal Status ...... 27 10.2 Data Search Results ...... 27 10.3 Assessment Results ...... 27 10.4 Recommendations ...... 28 11. WHITE-CLAWED CRAYFISH...... 29 11.1 Legal Status ...... 29 11.2 Data Search Results ...... 29 11.3 Assessment Results ...... 29 11.4 Recommendations ...... 29 12. BIRDS ...... 30 12.1 Legal Status ...... 30 12.2 Data Search Results ...... 30 12.3 Assessment Results ...... 31 12.4 Recommendations ...... 31 13. BADGERS ...... 32 13.1 Legal Status ...... 32 13.2 Data Search Results ...... 32 13.3 Assessment Results ...... 32 13.4 Recommendations ...... 32 14. OTHER LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS...... 33 14.1 Legal Status ...... 33 14.2 Data Search Results ...... 34 14.3 Assessment Results ...... 34 14.4 Recommendations ...... 34 15. SPECIES OF PRINCIPAL IMPORTANCE IN ENGLAND ...... 35 15.1 Legal Status ...... 35 15.2 Data Search Results ...... 35 15.3 Assessment Results ...... 38 15.4 Recommendations ...... 38

16. WILDLIFE CORRIDORS ...... 39 16.1 Introduction ...... 39

MAPS 1-4 Appendices 1-2

WICKHAM BISHOPS PARISH BIODIVERSITY AUDIT

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 This report has been prepared by Essex Ecology Services Ltd for Wickham Bishops Parish Council. It was commissioned in order to provide wildlife information to guide the process of developing a Neighbourhood Plan for the parish. 1.2 Data searches were requested from the Essex Wildlife Trust and Essex Field Club, in order to gather known information about the important species known to occur within the parish. This included: European Protected Species, as defined by the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended); those species afforded legal protection by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) and other UK legislation; Species of Principal Importance in England, as defined in the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006; and species of local significance, included in the Essex Red Data List of threatened species. 1.3 Data searching also included identifying any areas of land afforded statutory protection, including Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), Local Nature Reserves (LNR), Special Protection Areas (SPA) and Ramsar sites. Non-statutory sites of county importance, termed Local Wildlife Sites (LoWS) were also identified. 1.4 A number of site visits over winter 2018 and spring 2019 then added to this evidence base, mapping important habitats and identifying where additional survey work would be desirable. 1.5 There are no sites with statutory protection (e.g. SSSI etc) within the parish. 1.6 There are six LoWS: largely ancient woodlands, with some additional recent woodland. Survey work has identified an additional small wood that is thought to merit identification as a LoWS. Other sites might be worthy of LoWS designation, subject to further survey work. 1.7 There are representative examples of several Habitats of Principal Importance in England, as identified by the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006: Traditional Orchards, Hedgerows, Eutrophic Standing Water, Floodplain Grazing Marsh, Purple moor- grass and Rush-pasture; Lowland Mixed Deciduous Woodland and Wet Woodland. Some ponds within the parish might also be included in this category, subject to further survey work. 1.8 Most of the parish is covered by two “Living Landscape” project areas. An important consideration for these areas is that they are also beneficial to local people and communities

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and foster a flourishing local economy. This embraces the idea that people should be encouraged to live in, work in and enjoy their local environment harmoniously. 1.9 Amongst the wild plants of the parish, the most significant is Rustyback Fern, with an old bridge over the disused railway line comprising one of only two Essex locations, supporting 90% of all Essex plants. Several other locally scarce plants were identified in the data searches, but their current status is unknown. 1.10 The data search has not yielded any records of Great Crested Newts. It is felt that this is not likely to be a true reflection of the status of this newt within the parish, because it remains a widespread species across most of Essex. Any developments affecting ponds or their surrounding habitat must still include an appropriate assessment to determine of Great Crested Newts are present, given their strict legal protection. 1.11 Several species of bat have been recorded, with a cluster of records around the village and several species also recorded from close to Wickham place in the west. These European Protected Species are afforded strict legal protection and must also be considered during the planning process for any new developments. 1.12 Dormice have been recorded from some of the large ancient woodlands beyond the eastern boundary of the parish and might well inhabit the similar woods within the parish. The network of hedgerows present between these woods may help their dispersal through the countryside. 1.13 Both Otter and Water Vole occur along the River Blackwater. Water Voles might also inhabit some of the larger ponds, especially those within the golf course adjacent to the river. Any engineering work or new development must bear in mind the potential presence of these species. 1.14 There are relatively few records of reptiles and Badgers, which is not likely to be a true reflection of their status in the parish. 1.15 Notable birds recorded include the Kingfisher and Cetti’s Warbler, both of which receive statutory protection. The key habitat for both species is likely to be the River Blackwater corridor. 1.16 A wide range of Species of Principal Importance in England have been recorded. Their significance for the planning system is enshrined in the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006. The list includes several farmland species (Yellowhammer, Turtle Dove, Hare, Harvest Mouse) as well as species often associated with human habitation (Hedgehog, House Sparrow). 1.17 Broad wildlife corridors, important for the mobility of wildlife within the parish, are identified.

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2. INTRODUCTION

2.1 General Introduction This report has been prepared by Essex Ecology Services Ltd. (EECOS), the ecological consultancy of the Essex Wildlife Trust, for Wickham Bishops Parish Council. It comprises a preliminary biodiversity audit of features of known and potential wildlife interest within Wickham Bishops Parish. This will then provide an evidence base to guide the preparation of an environmental chapter within a Neighbourhood Plan for the Parish.

2.2 Location and Description of Parish Wickham Bishops is located approximately three kilometres south-east of the town of Witham in central Essex. The parish is relatively small, extending to approximately 760 hectares.

The River Blackwater forms the boundary in the far north-west and much of the south-west of the parish. The main residential development is concentrated towards the north-east of the parish around Ordnance Survey Grid reference TL 8412. Types of land use within the parish include woodland, plantation, parkland, grassland, amenity habitat (such as Benton Hall Golf and Country Club) and land under arable cultivation.

2.3 Objectives of Biodiversity Audit 2.3.1 Overview The Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 (NERC ACT) imposes an obligation on all public bodies, including local authorities, to have regard to the conservation of biodiversity, particularly of those species and habitats identified as being of principal importance. Section 41 of the Act requires a list to be published that identifies such species and habitats, and for England these are now referred to as Species and Habitats of Principal Importance in England (hereafter referred to in this report as SPIE and HPIE).

The Localism Act 2011 changed the powers of local government in England, with the aim of shifting the balance of decision-making powers from central government control to individuals and communities, typically parish councils. This Act creates the opportunity for parish councils to develop Neighbourhood Plans, determined through consultation with the local community and guided but not totally controlled by the local planning authority. It is a

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means by which local communities can have more say in how their locality is developed, covering the provision of new homes and business opportunities, influencing landscape conservation and protecting the environment.

The purpose of this biodiversity audit is to highlight important aspects within Wickham Bishops parish which are worthy of conservation within the planning system. Some protection of habitats and species is enshrined in UK or EU law and it is therefore important to understand the level of protection afforded to them. Such an audit can also highlight where important information is lacking or deficient, so that this can be addressed as part of the Plan production. Such an audit is not all about threat, however. It can also identify opportunities, by seeking to create links between important wildlife sites or create new habitats.

2.4 Audit Methodology 2.4.1 Desk Study In order to assimilate current knowledge concerning the wildlife of the parish into this report, a data request was made to both the Essex Wildlife Trust and Essex Field Club. These requests asked for existing records of legally protected species, other significant species, and for sites with conservation designations within the parish. In addition to this, some species lists from local naturalists and data held by EECOS from previous surveys have been included within a draft species list for the parish.

2.4.2 Habitats and Species Having collated the species information gained from the data searches, specific habitat assessments for the audit were made as follows:

Included in Species/Habitat assessment (Y/N)? Hedgerows Yes

Great Crested Newts – identification of any suitable breeding ponds, terrestrial habitat and potential Yes hibernation sites.

Bats; assessment of foraging habitat and commuting Yes routes.

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Dormice – assessment of suitable habitat. Yes

Otters – assessment of suitable habitat. Yes Water Voles – assessment of habitat suitability. Yes

Reptiles – assessment of suitable habitat. Yes

White-clawed Crayfish – assessment of habitat. Yes

Birds – assessment of nesting habitat, e.g. hedgerows, trees, scrub, buildings; likelihood of the presence of Yes species listed within Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended).

Species listed on Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Yes Countryside Act 1981 (as amended).

Badgers – identify areas of activity. Yes

Species of Principal Importance in England – assessment Yes of habitat.

Where a species or habitat has been identified as present or possibly present, subsequent chapters in this report deal with each one in turn, expanding upon each individual habitat or species, the legal implications and/or nature conservation obligations of the results.

2.5 Competence Adrian Knowles has worked for EECOS since its inception in 1994 and has conducted a very large number of site appraisals during this time. He has worked on many projects where wildlife issues, such as the presence of bats, reptile, Great Crested Newt, Badger and breeding bird activity, have been major issues affecting the development process. Initially a field botanist, Adrian has developed a keen interest in several invertebrate groups and was admitted as a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society in 2011. He is a full member of the Chartered Institute for Ecology and Environmental Management (CIEEM). He is currently the chairman of the Neighbourhood Plan Environment sub-committee for his home parish of Capel St Mary in Suffolk.

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Colin Austin is a qualifying member of the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management since 2004 and has been involved in ecological consultancy work since 1994, working previously for the Essex Wildlife Trust directly. He has experience of surveys for many legally protected species and has been involved in ‘Phase 1 habitat surveys’ of Local Wildlife Sites (LoWS), including an appraisal of Maldon District LoWS in 1991 and 2007.

2.6 Constraints of Methodology This audit is limited to ecological issues and so does not consider aspects such as archaeology or landscape. This audit has been undertaken during the winter of 2018 and spring of 2019. This prevents much in the way of active survey work, so the report draws on known information from biological records centres and data held by EECOS.

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3. HABITATS

3.1 Legal Status No habitat type receives blanket legal protection in itself, although specific pieces of land that support protected species or notable species assemblages can receive such protection. In these cases, the relevant land might be designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), National Nature Reserve (NNR), Local Nature Reserve (LNR), Special Protection Area (SPA), Ramsar Site or Special Area of Conservation (SAC).

At a non-statutory level, the national conservation value of certain “Habitats of Principal Importance in England” (HPIE) has already been introduced in Section 2.3.1, above. At a more local level, individual planning authorities are required by government policy to identify and, where possible, protect areas of substantive nature conservation interest. In Essex, these are termed “Local Wildlife Sites” (LoWS).

3.2 Assessment Methodology A data search has identified sites with local or national designations, as per section 3.1, above. In addition, previous ecological survey reports compiled by the Essex Wildlife Trust and its consultancy, EECOS, have been consulted. This was followed by visual interpretation of satellite imagery available via the internet, combined with reference to old Ordnance Survey maps, particularly those from the 19th century, also available online.

Extant areas of woodland present on 19th century maps were highlighted, with named woodland being of particular interest since this usually indicates antiquity. Significant hedgerows have been identified and other locations where potential Habitats or Species of Principal Importance might be found were noted, so that they might be checked during later survey work.

The parish was visited on various dates in December 2018, and March/April 2019 to undertake site verification survey work.

3.3 Statutory Designations There are no sites with statutory designations (e.g. LNR, NNR, SSSI) within the parish.

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3.4 Non-statutory Site Designations The parish has six LoWS, identified in 2007, individual citations for which are given in Appendix 1 and illustrated in Map 1. Five of these are large woodland blocks: Ma23 Sparkey Wood, Ma27 Likely Wood, Ma30 Mope Wood Complex, Ma37 Chantry Wood and Ma38 Eastland Wood, part of which (2.4 hectares) is located outside the parish boundary). The majority of these LoWS woods are termed ‘ancient’, having been in existence since about 1600, but some recent woodland is also present. The sixth LoWS, Ma25 Blackwater Rail Trail, comprises a linear feature based on a disused railway line and only partly lies within the parish, extending southwards to Langford, near Maldon. Only the relevant section of this LoWS is illustrated in Map 1. Within the parish, the Blackwater Rail Trail is also largely woodland, although recent in nature, having largely developed since the closure of the railway line.

It should be noted that one of these, Mope Wood Complex, has been affected by the construction of a house and garden within the wood. In order to accurately reflect the current extent of the wood, the map of this included here is our current interpretation of the appropriate LoWS boundary, although it should be noted that this has not been ratified by any formal LoWS reassessment procedure. Also, a large clearing in the northern end of Eastland Wood appears to be no longer woodland cover, but it may still support a woodland ground flora. Parts of this replanted wood might also not fall within the HPIE definition.

3.5 Other Habitats of Interest

The following table summarises habitats that are or may be present within the parish that fall within the definitions of ‘Habitats of Principal Importance in England’ (HPIE) (see Section 2.3.1, above). It should be noted that some such habitats, such as ‘arable field margins’, ‘ponds’ and ‘rivers’, have quite precise definitions for including as an HPIE so that by no means all ponds and rivers would qualify, even though the River Blackwater forms an obvious feature on the edge of the parish. Other definitions (e.g. ‘hedgerows’ and ‘lowland mixed deciduous woodland’) are very broad in their definition with a large proportion of examples qualifying. The evaluation of importance should be considered provisional, pending further survey work.

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HPIE Habitats Present? (Y/N) Importance

Habitat name

Site Parish District County Regional National International Arable field margins ? ? Traditional orchards Y * Hedgerows Y * Eutrophic standing waters Y * Ponds Y? * Rivers Y? ? Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh Y * Purple moor-grass and rush- pastures Y * Lowland mixed deciduous woodland Y * * Wet woodland Y *

Arable field margins require a specific width and management regime in order to qualify. They are typically sown with various annual weeds or flower-rich perennials as habitat for bees and other insects.

There are some large orchards at Hill Place, but their current status is uncertain. Orchards East, a project aiming to identify and conserve traditional orchards, has identified two potential “traditional orchards” within the parish. One of these, to the north of the property known as Orchard Way in Mope Lane, is much reduced in extent and the remaining trees are dwarf forms, whereas traditional orchard trees are typically larger specimens. This site should be properly assessed by Orchards East. The other potential site was identified as being a little to the south of Benton Manor in Wickham Hall Lane but this may now have been grubbed out.

Any intact, native hedgerow is likely to qualify as an HPIE. Furthermore, under the 1997 Hedgerow Regulations a hedgerow is ‘Important’ if it is at least 30 years old and meets specified criteria concerned with species composition and associated wildlife. This audit report has focussed on substantial hedgerows including old and more recent hedgerows,

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though especially where they form individual networks or act as connectivity between ecological habitats. Hedgerows can also be deemed “important” under these Regulations if they are of historical or landscape interest. Evaluation of these characters requires reference to old maps, estate deeds and other documentation that may be available at the Essex Records Office.

Eutrophic waters include nutrient-rich lakes and reservoirs, which occur around Hill Place. Most lakes, reservoirs and ponds in Essex are probably eutrophic i.e., they have very high nutrient levels. Whilst such water features have a characteristic flora, they are of no especial importance in terms of scarce wildlife, unless they happen to support Great Crested Newts, Water Voles or scarce aquatic invertebrates.

For ponds to qualify as an HPIE they need to support scarce species and this information is largely lacking. These species include Great Crested Newts and also aquatic invertebrates, such as water beetles.

River sections must of substantive lengths, displaying certain key qualities, so although the River Blackwater is clearly an important feature in the parish, it might not qualify as an HPIE.

‘Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh’ is a broad category. In inland locations, freshwater grazing marsh develops along river floodplains. There are small pockets of this habitat type along the River Blackwater, such as to the south of Wickham Place and to the north of Ishams Chase, but much of the flood plain zone lies under arable cultivation or within the golf course.

The HPIE grassland category “Purple Moor-grass and rush-pasture” is largely associated with wetter parts of western Britain, but small stands of rush-pasture in particular do occur in Essex. They develop on poorly drained soils often in the presence of grazing and are, in Essex, typified by locally abundant Soft rush, Hard Rush and/or Conglomerate Rush. It is suggested that the large field to the north of Handley’s Lane has a small stand that might be defined as rush-pasture, although it does not extend to cover the whole field. Nor is it an especially good example of this vegetation type at present, although it appears to be a relatively old piece of grassland. The presence of cuckoo-flower (Cardamine pratensis), observed in April 2019, is indicative of a relatively unimproved damp grassland, that may support interesting

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invertebrates. The fields to the south of Handley’s Lane (now largely sports pitches) were known to support reptiles and species such as slow-worm and Common Lizard might inhabit this large northern field. Subject to further survey work, this field might be considered as a potential addition to the LoWS register for Maldon District.

Beside the LoWS identified above, most of which are ‘lowland mixed deciduous woodland’ HPIE sites, other areas of this woodland type include the small wood named Mope Grove and scattered fragments found throughout the parish that were in existence in the 19th century. A small area to the south-east of Mope Wood was recorded as damp or marshy grassland on 19th century Ordnance Survey maps, has since developed a woodland habitat that could be of potential wildlife interest.

Having viewed Mope Grove from the adjacent public footpath during survey work in spring 2019, it is apparent that this is a small fragment of ancient woodland and should be added to the list of Local Wildlife sites (LoWS) for Maldon District. The canopy comprises a mix of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur) and Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), with Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) also present. This tree is a strong indicator of ancient woodland. Other such indicators present include abundant Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), Pignut (Conopodium majus) and Dog’s Mercury (Mercurialis perennis).

Barn Grove on the northern boundary of the parish might also be an old piece of woodland although its ground flora and overall structure was not as varied or interesting as that found in Mope Grove. However, it might be worthy of closer scrutiny in terms of its woodland flora and fauna.

The ‘wet woodland’ HPE includes alder woods and also larger stands of naturally occurring willow scrub/woodland. Representatives of this woodland type occur as narrow strips along the river Blackwater, although they are not especially significant representatives of this habitat type.

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Living Landscapes Living Landscapes is a national initiative being promoted by The Wildlife Trusts, embracing characteristic landscapes and the wildlife they support. An important consideration for these areas is that they are also beneficial to local people and communities and foster a flourishing local economy. This embraces the idea that people should be encouraged to live in, work in and enjoy their local environment harmoniously. Essex Wildlife Trust has initiated an Award scheme to recognise high quality projects that meet the three aims of being good for wildlife, good for people and good for the local economy.

The parish lies within the boundaries of two Living Landscapes (LL) Blackwater Valley and Wickham Bishops Woods (Map 2). The Blackwater Valley is located towards the western edge of the parish, whilst the Wickham Bishops Woods LL forms an arc incorporating the main areas of woodland.

Map 3 summarises the current knowledge of HPIE vegetation types in the parish. It should be noted that although Chantry Wood is included on this map in its entirety, large parts comprise plantation that might not fully fall under the lowland mixed deciduous woodland HPIE. More detailed mapping is required to better discriminate the various woodland types in this large site. Equally, there are likely to be very many small pockets of HPIE woodland dotted across the parish. Map 3 only includes the larger, more significant such stands, but it would be a useful exercise to map all such stands in the future. Equally, only the larger, more significant hedgerows and lakes/ponds are illustrated here, for clarity.

3.6 Recommendations • Survey for existence of arable field margins and encourage local farmers to create such margins. There may be grant schemes to encourage the creation of such headland strips. • Identify old orchards within the parish and encourage their management in a traditional manner for the benefit of wildlife alongside crop production. See www.uea.ac.uk/orchards-east/home for further details. • Identify “important” hedgerows, as defined by the 1997 Hedgerow Regulations. See www.gov.uk/guidance/countryside-hedgerows-regulation-and-management for further details. This includes historic landscape importance as well as wildlife interest.

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• Compile a map showing all the ponds in the village and encourage parishioners to include their garden ponds in this inventory. • Conduct a botanical, invertebrate and reptile survey of the large field north of Handley’s Lane. • Liaise with Maldon District Council, to promote Mope Grove as a new Local Wildlife Site for the District. • Survey other areas of deciduous woodland for their value as representatives of the ‘lowland mixed deciduous woodland’ HPIE, noting key characters such as woodland ground flora and a complex shrub, sub-canopy and canopy structure.

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4. FLORA

4.1 Legal Status This chapter considers individual plant species, which might be of significance because they are rare (some few of which receive legal protection), or because they are troublesome agricultural pest species. Some non-native species have legal controls aimed at preventing their further spread in the countryside. This can be an issue during site clearance, where stripped vegetation is to be removed from site e.g. to landfill.

4.1.1 Schedule 8 Plants Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) lists those plants receiving special protection against picking, uprooting or destruction.

4.1.2 Schedule 9 Plants The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) makes it an offence, amongst other things, to plant or otherwise cause to grow in the wild any plant that is included in Part II of Schedule 9. There is a defence available if it can be proven that all reasonable steps were taken to avoid the offence and due diligence was exercised.

Japanese Knotweed is listed on Schedule 9 and is likely to be considered as ‘Controlled Waste’ under the Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 1990 and the Environmental Protection (Duty of Care) Regulations 1991. Any vegetation that is cut must either be burned on site or taken to a landfill site that is licensed to deal with it. The landfill site must be informed of the presence of knotweed in the material. Dead material that has been treated with herbicide may also be hazardous waste by virtue of the chemicals used to kill it.

4.1.3 Notifiable Weeds The Weeds Act 1959 lists five species often termed “notifiable weeds”, for which the landowner can be legally obliged to undertake control measures. They are Common Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), Creeping Thistle (Cirsium arvense), Spear Thistle (Cirsium vulgare), Curled Dock (Rumex crispus) and Broad-leaved Dock (Rumex obtusifolius).

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4.2 Data Search Results There are no known plant species listed on Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended), with the exception of Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), which is included only with regard to selling or attempting to sell its bulbs. It is found in all of the ancient woodland LoWS and also in Mope Grove. It is likely to occur in hedgerows adjoining these ancient woodland sites.

Locally threatened plants are listed within the Essex Red Data List (ERDL), maintained by the Essex Field Club. The provisional parish species list in Appendix 2 identifies several ERDL plants. These are:

Scientific Name English Name Last Recorded Anthemis arvensis Corn Chamomile 1985 Asplenium ceterach Rustyback Fern 2019 Asplenium ruta-muraria Wall-rue 1992 Athyrium filix-femina Lady Fern 2000 Berula erecta Lesser Water-parsnip 1984 Blechnum spicant Hard Fern 2000 Clinopodium calamintha Lesser Calamint 1992 Epilobium obscurum Short-fruited Willowherb 2015 Equisetum fluviatile Water Horsetail 2000 Legousia hybrida Venus's-looking-glass 1988 Lonicera xylosteum Fly Honeysuckle 1994 Meconopsis cambrica Welsh Poppy 2015 Myosotis ramosissima Early Forget-me-not 2015 Oenanthe fluviatilis River Water-dropwort 1992 Osmunda regalis Royal Fern 1988 Polystichum setiferum Soft Shield-fern 1986 Potentilla anglica Trailing Tormentil 1997 Ranunculus circinatus Fan-leaved Water-crowfoot 1997 Silaum silaus Pepper-saxifrage 1984 Sparganium emersum Unbranched Bur-reed 2015 Succisa pratensis Devil's-bit Scabious 1997 Viscum album Mistletoe 2019

Some of these plants are arable weeds, threatened by modern farming practices (Corn Chamomile, Venus’s-looking-glass), whilst several others are wetland plants (Lesser Water- parsnip, Water Horsetail, River Water-dropwort, Fan-leaved Water-crowfoot, Unbranched bur-reed). These plants are threatened by land drainage, river pollution and channel canalisation.

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Other species of note include: The Hawkweed Hieracium aggregatum is included within the UK Red List of endangered plants although its status of “data deficient” means that we do not know enough about this cryptic species to be able to assess its true extent. It has occurred in St Bartholemew’s churchyard, although its current status is unknown.

Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) is an invasive, non-native species that is included within Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). It has been noted at several locations along the River Blackwater.

All of the notifiable agricultural weeds occur within the parish.

4.3 Assessment Results 4.3.1 Locally Significant Plants One such plant is arguably one of the rarest of Essex plants: the Rustyback Fern Ceterach officinarum. Nationally, this is quite a common fern, but its distribution is skewed very much towards the west of Britain. In Essex, it is known from only two colonies, with the other site comprising only one or two plants. Hence, most of the Essex population of this fern inhabits the old brick bridge that spans the Blackwater Rail Trail and carries a track to the redundant St Peter’s Church. At least 12 tufts of this fern were present on 13th December 2018. This fern would probably not be affected by any develop proposals. It is threatened by over-zealous brickwork maintenance or being smothered by Ivy growth.

There are no immediate actions that need to be considered. It is unlikely that any scarce species identified here would be affected by development proposals, other than adverse uses or management of the ancient woodlands. Ideally, Himalayan Balsam should be controlled where it grows, but there is no legal requirement to do so.

4.4 Recommendations • Regular surveys of key wildlife sites will strengthen the evidence base for all important flora and may result in the discovery of new, important species locations. Particularly important ERDL plants could be monitored.

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5. GREAT CRESTED NEWTS

5.1 Legal Status Great Crested Newts are fully protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) and the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended). This makes it an offence, amongst other things: • to deliberately capture, kill or injure Great Crested Newts; • to damage or destroy a breeding site or resting place used by Great Crested Newts; • to deliberately disturb Great Crested Newts in a way that is likely to impair their ability to migrate, hibernate, survive or reproduce, or in a way that is likely to affect significantly their local distribution or abundance; • to intentionally or recklessly disturb Great Crested Newts while they are occupying a place of shelter or protection, or attempt to do so; • to intentionally or recklessly obstruct access to any place of shelter or protection, or attempt to do so.

Any work that would otherwise result in one of these criminal offences must be carried out under a licence issued by Natural England. Guidelines produced by English Nature (which is now Natural England) state that any development work within 500 metres of a breeding pond should be carried out under a licence from Natural England, if it is likely that the population in the pond will be affected.

Damage to or destruction of breeding sites and resting places is an absolute offence and so there is no defence available within the law, even if the persons involved were not aware of a habitat’s use by these animals. Courts will have regard to whether or not the impact could have been reasonably avoided in deciding upon a sentence. In all cases the risk of an offence occurring can be minimised by taking all reasonable precautions, as set out in available guidance.

Great Crested Newt is also a Species of Principal Importance in England.

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5.2 Data Search Results No records of Great Crested Newts were found in either data search carried out. It is strongly felt that this is not a true reflection of this species’ distribution in the parish.

5.3 Assessment Results Great Crested Newts remain a relatively common species in Essex and, despite the lack of previous records, it remains a distinct possibility that this newt does occur within the parish boundary.

5.4 Recommendations • Given the strict legal protection afforded to this species, it is essential that all new development proposals and changes in land use consider whether or not it might be present and undertake suitable surveys if there is any element of doubt. The parish council should press for appropriate assessments of Great Crested Newt ponds to be included in any planning application affecting the parish. • The parish council could ask parishioners for details of any newt sightings in their properties. These would need verification, to see if they are this species or the much more common Smooth Newt, with which it is sometimes confused.

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6. BATS

6.1 Legal Status Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) and the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) all species of bats receive full protection such that it is an offence, amongst other things: • to deliberately capture, kill or injure any bat; • to damage or destroy a breeding site or resting place used by bats (whether bats are in it at the time or not); • to deliberately disturb bats in a way that is likely to impair their ability to migrate, hibernate, survive or reproduce, or in a way that is likely to affect significantly their local distribution or abundance; • to intentionally or recklessly disturb bats while occupying a place of shelter or protection, or attempt to do so; • to intentionally or recklessly obstruct access to any place of shelter or protection, or attempt to do so.

Any work that would otherwise result in one or more of these criminal offences must be carried out under a Natural England licence.

Damage to or destruction of breeding sites and resting places is an absolute offence and so there is no defence available within the law, even if the persons involved were not aware of a habitat’s use by these animals. Courts will have regard to whether or not the impact could have been reasonably avoided in deciding upon a sentence. In all cases the risk of an offence occurring can be minimised by taking all reasonable precautions, as set out in available guidance.

The following bat species are those Species of Principal Importance in England that occur regularly in Essex: Barbastelle, Noctule, Soprano Pipistrelle and Brown Long-eared Bat.

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6.2 Data Search Results The data search has yielded records of Common Pipistrelle, Soprano Pipistrelle, Noctule and Brown Long-eared bats. Records are clustered around Wickham Bishops village and also around Wickham Place, on the western flank of the parish.

6.3 Assessment Results These, and other, bat species are likely to have roosts within the parish. The inhabited areas of any parish are likely to yield most records of these elusive species since householders may encounter them in their gardens or even in loft spaces of houses. Equally, these village envelopes are where new developments tend to occur and these are usually accompanied by bat activity surveys. The corridor of the River Blackwater is likely to be an important feeding and commuting route, as might the larger woods and hedgerows.

6.4 Recommendations • Given the strict legal protection afforded to these species, it is essential that all new development proposals and changes in land use consider whether or not bat roosts might be present and undertake suitable surveys if there is any element of doubt. The parish council should press for appropriate assessments of all features (both natural and man- made) capable of supporting bat roosts to be included in any planning application affecting the parish. • The council should lobby for suitable bat roost features to be incorporated into new developments. These might include loft space roosts or smaller ‘bat bricks’ or roof tile features. • The parish council could ask parishioners for details of bat roosts in their properties and to report sightings of bats flying around their gardens or elsewhere in the parish. The Essex Bat Group may have local volunteers willing to undertake specific surveys.

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7. DORMICE

7.1 Legal Status Dormice are fully protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) and the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) such that it is an offence, amongst other things: • to deliberately capture, kill or injure any Dormouse; • to damage or destroy a breeding site or resting place used by Dormice (whether they are in it at the time or not); • to deliberately disturb Dormice in a way that is likely to impair their ability to hibernate, survive or reproduce, or in a way that is likely to affect significantly their local distribution or abundance; • to intentionally or recklessly disturb Dormice while occupying a place of shelter or protection, or attempt to do so; • to intentionally or recklessly obstruct access to any place of shelter or protection, or attempt to do so.

Any work that would otherwise result in one or more of these criminal offences must be carried out under a Natural England licence.

Damage to or destruction of breeding sites and resting places is an absolute offence and so there is no defence available within the law, even if the persons involved were not aware of a habitat’s use by these animals. Courts will have regard to whether or not the impact could have been reasonably avoided in deciding upon a sentence. In all cases the risk of an offence occurring can be minimised by taking all reasonable precautions, as set out in available guidance.

Dormouse is also a Species of Principal Importance in England.

7.2 Data Search Results The recently published Mammals of Essex by John Dobson and Darren Tansley suggests that there have been records for some of the larger woods to the eastern side of the parish. The

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only records of Dormouse activity close to the large woods within this part of the parish is Shutheath Wood, just beyond the parish boundary. The only record within the parish is a 1994 sighting in Station Road, close to Fairplay House. There are no further details available.

7.3 Assessment Results Our knowledge of Dormouse distribution depends on labour-intensive survey work which means that many suitable sites remain un-surveyed. Large ancient woods, such as those within the parish, are traditionally viewed as being primary habitat for this species, but they can also inhabit recent woodland, scrub and hedgerows.

7.4 Recommendations • Given the strict legal protection afforded to this species, it is essential that all new development proposals and changes in land use consider whether or not Dormice might be present and undertake suitable surveys if there is any element of doubt. Projects that might disrupt hedgerows or alter woodland management regimes should be particularly closely scrutinised. The parish council should press for appropriate assessments of all habitats capable of supporting Dormice to be included in any planning application affecting the parish. • Equally, the parish council should encourage new hedgerows or woodland belts to connect areas of woodland together so that, if Dormice are present, they can move more easily around the parish and hopefully colonise new areas. Preserving woodland and hedgerow corridors through the parish is also an important consideration. This topic is discussed later in this report.

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8. OTTERS

8.1 Legal Status Otters are fully protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) and the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) such that it is an offence, amongst other things: • to deliberately capture, kill or injure any Otter; • to damage or destroy a breeding site or resting place used by Otters (whether they are in it at the time or not); • to deliberately disturb Otters in a way that is likely to impair their ability to hibernate, survive or reproduce, or in a way that is likely to affect significantly their local distribution or abundance; • to intentionally or recklessly disturb Otters while occupying a place of shelter or protection, or attempt to do so; • to intentionally or recklessly obstruct access to any place of shelter or protection, or attempt to do so.

Any work that would otherwise result in one or more of these criminal offences must be carried out under a Natural England licence.

Otter is also a Species of Principal Importance in England.

8.2 Data Search Results The data search yielded several records of Otter activity along the River Blackwater.

8.3 Assessment Results Otters are likely to frequent the River Blackwater on a regular basis and may also utilise some of the larger tributary streams running from the east.

8.4 Recommendations • Given the strict legal protection afforded to this species, it is essential that all new development proposals and changes in land use consider whether or not Otters might be

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present and undertake suitable surveys if there is any element of doubt. This is most likely to be relevant for proposals built right on the edge of a water course or where direct river channel engineering is proposed. The parish council should press for appropriate assessments of all habitats capable of supporting Otters to be included in any planning application affecting the parish.

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9. WATER VOLES

9.1 Legal Status By virtue of their inclusion in Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended), it is an offence, amongst other things: • to intentionally kill, injure or take Water Voles; • to intentionally or recklessly damage, destroy or obstruct access to places used by Water Voles for shelter or protection (i.e. their burrows); • to intentionally or recklessly disturb Water Voles while occupying a place of shelter or protection.

There is a defence in the Act that permits otherwise illegal actions if they are the incidental result of a lawful operation and could not reasonably be avoided. To use this defence it would be necessary to demonstrate that all reasonable measures had been taken in an effort to avoid the impact. This would mean considering alternative development plans, undertaking precautionary measures and carrying out appropriate mitigation work.

Water Vole is also a Species of Principal Importance in England.

9.2 Data Search Results There is one known record of Water Vole, on the River Blackwater within the Benton Hall golf course. However, it is possible that other populations occur along this river.

9.3 Assessment Results Given the rather secretive nature of this animal, it may well occur more widely than this single record suggests, although predation by American Mink might equally mean that even this population has been lost. It might inhabit ponds, lakes and reservoirs, well away from river and stream channels. There are numerous ponds within the Benton Hall golf course and these could form important habitat for this endangered mammal.

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9.4 Recommendations • Given the strict legal protection afforded to this species, it is essential that all new development proposals and changes in land use consider whether or not Water Voles might be present and undertake suitable surveys if there is any element of doubt. This is most likely to be relevant for proposals built right on the edge of a water course, pond or lake or where direct river channel or pond/lake bank engineering is proposed. The parish council should press for appropriate assessments of all habitats capable of supporting Water Voles to be included in any planning application affecting the parish. • Parishioners should be encouraged to report sightings of Water Voles. Likely areas include the golf club or the banks of the River Blackwater, although the numerous other farmland ponds might also support water Voles if suitable bankside and emergent vegetation is present.

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10. REPTILES

10.1 Legal Status All of the UK’s native species of reptiles are partially protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) such that it is an offence to: • intentionally kill or injure any reptile.

There is no licensing system for reptiles, but there is a defence in the Act that permits otherwise illegal actions if they are the incidental result of a lawful operation and could not reasonably be avoided. For this defence to be used in a court of law it would be necessary to document and carry out a series of precautions and mitigation measures that seek to avoid the offence from being committed.

All reptile species are also Species of Principal Importance in England.

10.2 Data Search Results The only reptile records are a 2011 sighting of an Adder in St Bartholemew’s churchyard and for a significant population of Slow-worms at the fields south of Handley’s Lane, following an EECOS survey in 1996. The Handley’s Lane survey was in preparation for the development of the current sports pitches, so the current status of Slow-worms here is uncertain.

10.3 Assessment Results As with Dormice, reptiles are often only located following time-consuming survey work so it is quite possible that other populations remain to be discovered. Any areas of rough grassland should be considered potentially suitable habitat. There are still areas of rough grassland to the north of Handley’s Lane and these have potential for supporting reptiles. Other suitable habitat can be found either side of Tiptree Road, close to the Carters Lane junction, where scrubby grassland plots remain undeveloped.

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10.4 Recommendations • Appropriate survey work on all sites supporting potential habitat should be undertaken by future developers and the parish council should request that appropriate surveys are undertaken to support any planning application on land that might support reptiles. • Again, parishioners may be able to contribute ad hoc sightings of reptiles from the gardens or visits to the countryside. Slow-worms often inhabit larger gardens and allotments and the areas of rough grassland within the golf course could also support reptile populations.

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11. WHITE-CLAWED CRAYFISH

11.1 Legal Status The native White-clawed Crayfish receives partial protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) such that it is an offence to: • Intentionally take White-clawed Crayfish from the wild.

There is no licensing system for White-clawed Crayfish that covers development related impacts, although it is possible to obtain a licence to catch and move them for conservation purposes. Such a licence may be issued for development related purposes if the activity is properly planned and contributes to the conservation of a population.

White-clawed Crayfish is also a Species of Principal Importance in England.

The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) makes it an offence for any person to release or allow to escape into the wild any animal which is of a kind which is not ordinarily resident in and is not a regular visitor to Great Britain in a wild state, or is included in Part I of Schedule 9 of the Act. Five species of non-native crayfish are listed on Schedule 9, whilst all others would be covered by the first clause.

11.2 Data Search Results There are no recent records for this species.

11.3 Assessment Results This crayfish is on the verge of extinction in Essex. Deep, slow-moving rivers such as the Blackwater would not be considered optimal habitat and so this species is unlikely to occur here.

11.4 Recommendations None.

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12. BIRDS

12.1 Legal Status The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) makes it an offence, amongst other things, to: • Intentionally kill or injure any wild bird; • Intentionally take damage or destroy the nest of any wild bird included in Schedule 1 (whether or not it is active); • Intentionally take, damage or destroy the nest of any wild bird while that nest is in use or being built; • Intentionally take or destroy the egg of any wild bird; • Intentionally or recklessly disturb any bird species included in Schedule 1 of the Act while it is building a nest, or is in, on or near any nest containing eggs or young; • Intentionally or recklessly disturb the dependent young of any bird included in Schedule 1.

Schedule 1 of the Act includes certain rare or threatened species. Licences to permit these offences can only be granted by Natural England for reasons of preserving public health or public safety.

12.2 Data Search Results The data searches have yielded several records of note. The Kingfisher, a “Schedule 1” species (see 12.1, above), has been seen at various locations along the River Blackwater. Cetti’s warbler is another Schedule 1 species. It breeds in areas of common Reed and scrub and so is most likely to be encountered in the River blackwater corridor.

The following Essex Red Data List birds have been recorded in the parish: Common Linnet Yellowhammer Hobby Common Snipe Nightingale

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Yellow Wagtail Bullfinch Water Rail Turtle Dove Song Thrush

Other species of interest known to have been seen within the parish are Swift, Swallow, Cuckoo and Mistle Thrush.

12.3 Assessment Results The primary concern would be any developments or engineering works affecting the channel of the Blackwater and any other locations (e.g. sheer faces on the edges of reservoirs) where Kingfishers might nest. Wetland habitats in these areas might also support Cetti’s Warbler.

Several of the Essex Red Data List birds are farmland species, namely Yellowhammer, Linnet, Turtle Dove. Their conservation requires landscape scale initiatives aimed at promoting wildlife-friendly farming and the provision of suitable nesting or feeding habitat within the cropped land.

Given the general protection given to all birds’ nests, any site development has the potential to commit an offence, with timing of site clearance a key element in avoiding this impact.

12.4 Recommendations • Local birdwatchers could contribute a great deal to learning more about the birds of the parish, including identifying populations of those key birds listed here. • Any proposals affecting potential Kingfisher and Cetti’s Warbler nesting sites should take into consideration its protected species status. Consideration of these species should be included in any ecological report supporting a planning application.

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13. BADGERS

13.1 Legal Status Badgers receive legal protection under the Protection of Badgers Act 1992. This makes it an offence, amongst other things: • to wilfully kill or injure a Badger, or attempt to do so; • to intentionally or recklessly damage, destroy or obstruct access to a sett; • to intentionally or recklessly disturb a Badger when occupying a sett; • unless the action was the incidental result of a lawful operation and could not reasonably have been avoided.

Potentially unlawful activities can be made legal if they are covered by a licence, issued by Natural England.

13.2 Data Search Results There are records of Badger activity by way of a road casualty adjacent to Chantry Wood in 2004. Only a few other records are available, including near Eastland Wood and in the vicinity of the Blackwater Rail Trail woodland strip. There are known setts within this disused railway line.

13.3 Assessment Results Badger records remain rather few, given the large extent of suitable woodland and hedgerow habitat.

13.4 Recommendations • Local residents may be able to give further records of Badger activity in the parish. As a popular animal, people might be feeding them in gardens, so an invitation for parishioners to submit their sightings of Badgers, and indeed other interesting wildlife, would be useful.

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14. OTHER LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS

14.1 Legal Status This chapter considers other species that receive legal protection on account of their conservation status or are subject to controls in order to prevent their further spread in the countryside.

14.1.1 European Protected Species The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) makes it an offence to: • deliberately capture, injure or kill any wild animal of a European Protected Species, • deliberately disturb wild animals of any such species, • deliberately take or destroy the eggs of such an animal, or • damage or destroy a breeding site or resting place of such an animal.

14.1.2 Schedule 5 Species Section 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) makes it an offence to: • intentionally kill, injure or take any wild animal included in Schedule 5; • have in your possession or control any live or dead wild animal included in Schedule 5 or any part of, or anything derived from, such an animal.

14.1.3 Schedule 9 Species The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) makes it an offence, amongst other things, to: • to release or allow to escape into the wild any animal which is of a kind which is not ordinarily resident in and is not a regular visitor to Great Britain in a wild state, or is included in Part I of Schedule 9 of the Act. There is a defence available if it can be proven that all reasonable steps were taken to avoid the offence and due diligence was exercised.

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14.2 Data Search Results Several European Protected Species have been identified in this study and are discussed in the individual chapters, above.

American Mink have been recorded on the River Blackwater. Other species, such as Canada Goose, Grey Squirrel and Muntjac Deer are widespread in the countryside.

14.3 Assessment Results The presence of these species is of no significance in terms of Neighbourhood Planning.

14.4 Recommendations • Any sightings of American Mink should be reported to Essex wildlife Trust. As a predator of Water Voles, they are an unwelcome component of our fauna and their presence threatens the conservation efforts aimed at improving Water Vole populations.

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15. SPECIES OF PRINCIPAL IMPORTANCE IN ENGLAND

15.1 Legal Status This section considers those species listed by the Secretary of State, as required by Section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006 that are not covered in the preceding sections. Although the majority of these “Species of Principal Importance in England” (formerly described as UK BAP Priority species) receive no direct legal protection, the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006 places an obligation on local authorities to have regard to their conservation and this is most obviously brought to bear through their planning control functions. As such, the presence of such species can be a material consideration to a planning decision.

It should be noted that some of these species do also receive legal protection, but not in a way that is considered relevant to this proposal (such as prevention of unlawful sale). Furthermore, some of the species in the preceding sections are also Species of Principal Importance in England.

15.2 Data Search Results Several of the species already mentioned are SPIE: Water Vole, Dormouse, Otter, Soprano Pipistrelle, Noctule, Brown Long-eared Bat and Adder.

Other species known to occur within the parish are: Birds Cuckoo (various locations) Yellowhammer House Sparrow Turtle Dove

Mammals Hedgehog (close to Wickham Bishops village) Brown Hare Harvest Mouse Polecat (Langford Road, north of Wickham Hall)

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Butterflies Small Heath butterfly Wall butterfly White Admiral butterfly (St Bartholemew’s churchyard)

Moths Acronicta rumicis Knot Grass Agrochola helvola Flounced Chestnut Agrochola litura Brown-spot Pinion Agrochola lychnidis Beaded Chestnut Allophyes oxyacanthae Green-brindled Crescent Amphipyra tragopoginis Mouse Moth Apamea anceps Large Nutmeg Apamea remissa Dusky Brocade Aporophyla lutulenta Deep-brown Dart Asteroscopus sphinx Sprawler Atethmia centrago Centre-barred Sallow Caradrina morpheus Mottled Rustic Chesias legatella Streak Chiasmia clathrata Latticed Heath Cirrhia gilvago Dusky-lemon Sallow Cirrhia icteritia Sallow Diarsia rubi Small Square-spot Diloba caeruleocephala Figure of Eight Ecliptopera silaceata Small Phoenix Ennomos erosaria September Thorn Ennomos fuscantaria Dusky Thorn Ennomos quercinaria August Thorn Eugnorisma glareosa Autumnal Rustic Eulithis mellinata Spinach Euxoa nigricans Garden Dart Graphiphora augur Double Dart Hemistola chrysoprasaria Small Emerald

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Hepialus humuli Ghost Moth Hoplodrina blanda Rustic Hydraecia micacea Rosy Rustic Leucania comma Shoulder-striped Wainscot Litoligia literosa Rosy Minor Lycia hirtaria Brindled Beauty Macaria wauaria V-Moth Malacosoma neustria Lackey Melanchra persicariae Dot Moth Melanthia procellata Pretty Chalk Carpet Orthosia gracilis Powdered Quaker Pelurga comitata Dark Spinach Scopula marginepunctata Mullein Wave Scotopteryx chenopodiata Shaded Broad-bar Spilosoma lubricipeda White Ermine Spilosoma lutea Buff Ermine Tholera cespitis Hedge Rustic Tholera decimalis Feathered Gothic Timandra comae Blood-Vein Trichiura crataegi Pale Eggar Tyria jacobaeae Cinnabar Watsonalla binaria Oak Hook-tip Xanthorhoe ferrugata Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet Aleucis distinctata Sloe Carpet Arctia caja Garden Tiger Chesias rufata Broom-tip Polia bombycina Pale Shining Brown

The moths of the village have been well recorded, largely due to the work of local naturalist Phil Sterling. He has recorded numerous other scarce and interesting moths, the most notable of which is probably the Lunar Yellow Underwing. This is primarily a species associated with the Breckland habitats of the Norfolk/Suffolk border and is rare in Essex. It inhabits rough acid grassland. In his book The Moths of Essex, Brian Goodey considers this species

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to be a vagrant in Essex i.e., it does not form permanent, stable populations and appears occasionally through dispersal, perhaps from mainland Europe.

15.3 Assessment Results One of the species that stands out in the data set is the Hedgehog. There are numerous records of this species around Wickham Bishops village itself, suggesting that the gardens here are a good habitat for this much-declined species. Many of the records are old, so it would be desirable to get up to date information on the whereabouts of this popular animal in the parish.

15.4 Recommendations • For many of these species there are limited opportunities to aid their conservation via the planning process, although species such as Hedgehog can be assisted by appropriate garden layout and design. • Keeping access routes between gardens is important, so open-plan front gardens and gaps in rear garden fences can assist their movement through new developments. The council can lobby for such features to be incorporated into any future housing developments. • Parishioners should be encouraged to record Hedgehogs and submit their data to local records centres.

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16. WILDLIFE CORRIDORS

16.1 Introduction One of the important principals of the Essex wildlife Trust’s “Living Landscape” project (see section 3.5, above) is that wildlife and humans should be able to co-exist. The notion is not one of anti-development, but rather promoting development that it in harmony with the wildlife already occupying the land. Many species live in populations that operate at a landscape scale and so the ability to move freely about the countryside is an important one. For some species, including birds, bats and insects, their mobility through flying means that “stepping stones” rather than a continuous habitat corridor may be sufficient. However, for terrestrial species, corridors are essential. That said, even some flying insects are very poor dispersers and can only colonise new areas by gradually expanding their populations down habitat corridors rather than using them as more direct ways of “getting from A to B”.

Reference to Map 3 shows several clear corridor opportunities and these are highlighted in Map 4. The small Mope Grove wood identified here as a potential new LoWS lies between Chantry Wood and Sparkey Wood. This wood and the network of hedgerows around it form a good ecological link between the two big ancient woods. They are likely to provide bat commuting routes and feeding habitat, encouraging movement through this landscape. They might even allow the dispersal of dormice from one wood to another, should they actually occur within the parish.

Another network of hedgerows might provide a link between Sparkey Wood and Eastland wood to the south-east. Eastland Wood has some, limited hedgerow connectivity to the linear woodland along the Blackwater Rail Trail, which is an obvious corridor for woodland wildlife in the west of the parish. The River Blackwater and its associated habitats either side is another important wildlife corridor.

Another important consideration is that the village itself should not be seen as a barrier, requiring corridors to circumvent it. The landscape of the village should be “porous” to wildlife, encouraging birds, insects and mammals to enter the village and safely exploit the hedges, trees and gardens it contains safely. The appropriate landscaping of new developments is particularly important in maintaining this porosity: many new housing

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developments have few trees, small gardens and remove hedgerows, to accommodate more houses.

Of course, wildlife corridors are a more complex matter than merely a single line on a map. It would be far better to consider the issue as being more of a matrix of suitable wildlife habitat within the land also used by ourselves to grow crops or to live. As such, the simple lines on Map 4 are merely indicative of potential directions of movement that may take place. The role of town and country planning should, indeed, be to maintain this matrix, rather than to reduce habitats to a single route that we artificially designate as a corridor down which wildlife might still be able to pass.

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EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

APPENDIX 1 Local Wildlife Sites

Ma23 Sparkey Wood

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey® mapping by permission of Ordnance Survey® on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. © Crown Copyright. Licence number AL 100020327

Ma23 Sparkey Wood (18.1 ha) TL 831125 This is ancient Hornbeam woodland with a canopy including standards of Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur) and Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa). The southern block contains recently coppiced Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) and has a more open canopy with some Hazel (Corylus avellana) coppice.

The ground flora is generally dominated by Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta); although in some areas these are replaced with Brambles (Rubus fruticosus) and Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum). Other species present include Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa), Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia), Primrose (Primula vulgaris) and Dogs Mercury (Mercurialis perennis). Butcher’s-broom (Ruscus aculeatus),

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Midland Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata) and Wild Service saplings (Sorbus torminalis) are also present in the central/western Bracken-dominated area.

Wood Ants (Formica rufa), an Essex Red Data List species are active in great numbers in Sparkey Wood, most notably along the southern margins in the recent Hornbeam coppice.

Selection Criteria: HCr1(a)

UK BAP Priority Habitats: Lowland Mixed Deciduous Woodland

Condition and Threats: New Hornbeam coppice in the south of this woodland shows recent management. Sycamore saplings are becoming well established in the northwest.

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Ma25 Blackwater Rail Trail – detail within Wickham Bishops Parish

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey® mapping by permission of Ordnance Survey® on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. © Crown Copyright. Licence number AL 100020

Ma25 Blackwater Rail Trail (12.2 ha) TL 849080 This site consists of the disused Maldon to Witham railway line together with adjacent habitats of value including a pond, wet woodland, veteran trees, young woodland and scrub. The former railway line is managed by Essex County Council as a linear park and cyclists are encouraged. The site forms an outstanding corridor for wildlife, with only one small break just north of Langford.

Much of the site is wooded with a mixture of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur) and Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) standards and an understorey of Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), Elm (Ulmus sp.) and Elder (Sambucus nigra). At the northern end Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) has become established while further south there are occasional, large Ash and Field Maple (Acer campestre) coppice stools. The ground flora is typical of woodland and hedge bank with species such as Red Campion (Silene dioica), Hedge Woundwort (Stachys sylvatica), Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata), Dog’s Mercury (Mercurialis perennis) and Greater Stitchwort (Stellaria holostea). Bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.) and Common Nettle (Urtica dioica) are frequent and locally dominant.

A damper section with a ditch, adjacent to Wickham Hall, supports Sallow (Salix cinerea) and a lusher ground flora with species such as Brooklime (Veronica beccabunga), Water Pepper (Polygonum hydropiper), Bog

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Stitchwort (Stellaria alsine), Fool’s Water Cress (Apium nodosum), Pendulous Sedge (Carex pendula) and Imperforate St. John’s-wort (Hypericum maculatum), a species included in the Essex Red Data List.

There are areas where the tree and scrub vegetation thins out and small areas of dry, open grassland with scrub patches exist. This is generally dominated by bent-grasses (Agrostis sp.) and Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) or Cock’s-foot Grass (Dactylis glomerata) and False Oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius). More interesting grassland species include Common Knapweed (Centaurea nigra), Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis), Sheep’s Sorrel (Rumex acetosella), Lady's Bedstraw (Galium verum) and Yellow Oat-grass (Trisetum flavescens). The Nationally Scarce Lesser Calamint (Clinopodium calamintha) grows in these grassland patches in the southern section of the site.

To the south of Wickham Hall is an area of Alder carr and planted willow woodland on either side of the embankment where a stream crosses under the line. The stream banks support Greater Pond Sedge (Carex riparia), Yellow Flag (Iris pseudacorus) and Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum) while the wet woodland ground flora is dominated by Nettle with Water Mint (Mentha aquatica), Gipsywort (Lycopus europaeus) and Lady’s Smock (Cardamine pratensis).

On the bridge that carries the track to St Peters Church over the trail is a good colony of the Essex Red List fern Rustyback (Ceterach officinarum), one of only two known sites in the county.

The pond at the southern (Maldon) end of the line has good marginal vegetation around that is dominated by Lesser Bulrush (Typha angustifolia) and Greater Pond-sedge.

Two large pollarded Oaks immediately west of the railway line are also included within the site. These appear to be remnants of a former parkland habitat around Wickham Hall. Further significant trees lie further away from the site in this area, but cannot justifiably be included.

Selection Criteria: HCr2c, HCr2d, HCr13, SCr15

UK BAP Priority Habitats: Wet Woodland

Condition and Threats: The habitat along the track is largely unmanaged, but is in good overall condition. Whilst owned by Essex County Council there should be no threats to its continued existence.

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Ma27 Likely Wood

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey® mapping by permission of Ordnance Survey® on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. © Crown Copyright. Licence number AL 100020327

Ma27 Likely Wood (8.4 ha) TL 836112 A planted ancient woodland site with areas of Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) coppice and Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur) standards interspersed with planted conifers. Other broadleaved species include Silver Birch (Betula pendula), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris) and Field Maple (Acer campestre). The ground vegetation is richest under the broadleaved canopy and includes a carpet of Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) with Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa) and Red Campion (Silene dioica). Bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.) and Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) dominate the ground flora amongst the coniferous areas.

Selection Criteria: HCr1(a)

UK BAP Priority Habitats: Lowland Mixed Deciduous Woodland

Condition and Threats: There are little signs of recent management, but no obvious threats. Scots Pine is dominant in central and southern parts of Likely Wood.

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Ma30 Mope Wood Complex

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey® mapping by permission of Ordnance Survey® on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. © Crown Copyright. Licence number AL 100020327

N.B. This map has been updated specifically for this report, following the construction of Fernbrook Hall, the house and grounds of which are now excluded from the LoWS. The map and citation for this cite as held by Maldon District Council will not reflect these recent changes.

Ma30 Mope Wood Complex (9.6 ha) TL 837127 Mope Wood (5.7 ha) Mope Wood comprises a streamside Alder (Alnus glutinosa) carr with Pendulous Sedge (Carex pendula) and Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), flanked on drier ground by Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur), Hazel (Corylus avellana) coppice and Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus). The ground flora here includes Wood Melick (Melica uniflora), Dog's Mercury (Mercurialis perennis) and Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa).

Mope Wood North (2.0 ha) This recent wood is dominated by maturing Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur) standards over a ground flora typified by Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) and Bramble (Rubus fruticosus), forming a natural extension to the ancient Mope Wood to the south. Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) and Field Maple (Acer campestre) also occur in this area of woodland.

Grove Wood (1.9 ha)

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Grove Wood lies on the other side of Mope Lane from Mope Wood and comprises Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur) standards and old Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) coppice. Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), Butcher’s- broom (Ruscus aculeatus) and Holly (Ilex aquifolium) are present in the understorey. The ground flora is sparse, though Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) and Dog's Mercury (Mercurialis perennis) are abundant, especially in the southern half. Yellow Archangel (Lamiastrum galeobdolon), Primrose (Primula vulgaris) and Wood Speedwell (Veronica montana) were also recorded.

Selection Criteria: HCr1(a), HCr2(d)

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Ma37 Chantry Wood

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey® mapping by permission of Ordnance Survey® on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. © Crown Copyright. Licence number AL 100020327

Ma37 Chantry Wood (42.9 ha) TL 842129 Chantry Wood is a large ancient woodland site comprising stands of coniferous and broadleaved trees. Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) have been planted, whilst other species present include Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur), Silver Birch (Betula pendula), Hazel (Corylus avellana), Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) and Ash (Fraxinus excelsior). The western block of Hornbeam coppice has a thick carpet of Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta).

The ground flora throughout the wood is generally sparse, although Dog's Mercury (Mercurialis perennis) and Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) are widespread with dispersed patches of Lady Fern (Athyrium filix- femina), Hard Fern (Blechnum spicant), Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa), Yellow Archangel (Galeobdolon luteum) and Yellow Pimpernel (Lysimachia nemorum). Barren Strawberry (Potentilla sterilis) and Primrose (Primula vulgaris) are present in the woodland glade in the northeast. Hairy Wood-rush (Luzula pilosa), typically restricted to ancient woodland and included in the Essex Red Data List has also been recorded.

The main central ride supports an acid grassland community that includes Heath Bedstraw (Galium saxatile), Heath Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) and the declining Essex Red Data List Species Tormentil (Potentilla erecta), Slender St. John’s-wort (Hypericum pulchrum) and Devil’s-bit Scabious (Succisa pratensis).

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

A wet flush to the west has been recently cleared and supports species such as Pendulous Sedge (Carex pendula) and Cuckooflower (Cardamine pratensis). Water Horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile), another Essex Red Data List species, has also been recorded in the wood.

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Ma38 Eastland Wood

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey® mapping by permission of Ordnance Survey® on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. © Crown Copyright. Licence number AL 100020327

Ma38 Eastland Wood (24.1 ha) TL 844107 Eastland Wood is an ancient woodland site with blocks of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris), Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa) together with some Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur) and Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris). The eastern arm contains the largest area of original, broad-leaved coppice comprising Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Sweet Chestnut and Pedunculate Oak.

Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) dominate the ground flora throughout much of the site, although Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) takes their place in much of the coniferous sections. A large felled area in the northwest contains Bracken and Bent grasses (Agrostis spp.) together with some heathland species such as Sheep’s Sorrel (Rumex acetosella), which is abundant. The area of damp woodland in the south contains a diverse mix of plants in open rides including Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), Bugle (Ajuga reptans), Wild Angelica (Angelica sylvestris), Marsh Thistle (Cirsium palustre) and Purple-loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria).

Selection Criteria: HCr1(a)

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

APPENDIX 2 PROVISIONAL SPECIES LIST

The following lists have been compiled from the data searches carried out, previous records held by EECOS and the limited new survey work. It should be stressed that many groups, particularly the insects, are very poorly represented within these lists. The notable exception to this is the moths, which have been covered intensively in a garden recording scheme.

Taxon Vernacular Schedules Last Recorded Amphibians and Reptiles Anguis fragilis Slow-worm 1996 Lissotriton vulgaris Smooth Newt 2000 Rana temporaria Common Frog 2002 Vipera berus Adder 2011

Birds Accipiter nisus Eurasian Sparrowhawk 2017 Acrocephalus scirpaceus Eurasian Reed Warbler 2015 Aegithalos caudatus Long-tailed Bushtit 2015 Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher WACA Sch1 2015 Alectoris rufa Red-legged Partridge 2000 Alopochen aegyptiaca Egyptian Goose 2014 Anas crecca Teal 2000 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard 2015 Anser anser Greylag Goose 2015 Anthus pratensis Meadow Pipit 2013 Athene noctua Little Owl 2014 Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck 2015 Bombycilla garrulus Bohemian Waxwing 2013 Branta canadensis Canada Goose 2015

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Buteo buteo Common Buzzard 2017 Carduelis cannabina Common Linnet ERDL 2015 Carduelis carduelis Goldfinch 2000 Carduelis chloris Greenfinch 2000 Carduelis flammea Redpoll 2000 Certhia familiaris Eurasian Treecreeper 2017 Cettia cetti Cetti's Warbler WACA Sch1 2015 Chroicocephalus ridibundus Common Black-headed Gull 2015 Columba oenas Stock Dove 2015 Columba palumbus Common Wood Pigeon 2015 Corvus corone Carrion Crow 2015 Corvus frugilegus Rook 2015 Corvus monedula Western Jackdaw 2015 Cuculus canorus Common Cuckoo SPIE 2015 Cyanistes caeruleus Blue Tit 2015 Cygnus olor Mute Swan 2015 Dendrocopos major Great Spotted Woodpecker 2015 Egretta garzetta Little Egret 2014 Emberiza citrinella Yellowhammer SPIE; ERDL 2015 Erithacus rubecula European Robin 2015 Falco subbuteo Eurasian Hobby WACA Sch1; ERDL 2014 Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel 2015 Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch 2015 Fulica atra Common Coot 2015 Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe ERDL 2015 Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen 2015 Garrulus glandarius Eurasian Jay 2015 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow 2013

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Luscinia megarhynchos Common Nightingale ERDL 2015 Mergus merganser Common Merganser 2015 Milvus milvus Red Kite WACA Sch1 2015 Motacilla alba yarrellii Pied Wagtail 2015 Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail 2015 Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail ERDL 2015 Parus major Great Tit 2015 Passer domesticus House Sparrow SPIE 2015 Periparus ater Coal Tit 2015 Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant 2014 Phasianus colchicus Common Pheasant 2015 Phylloscopus collybita Common Chiffchaff 2017 Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler 2015 Pica pica Eurasian Magpie 2015 Picus viridis European Green Woodpecker 2015 Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe 2015 Poecile palustris Marsh Tit 2000 Prunella modularis Dunnock 2015 Pyrrhula pyrrhula Eurasian Bullfinch ERDL 2015 Rallus aquaticus Water Rail ERDL 2013 Regulus regulus Goldcrest 2017 Scolopax rusticola Eurasian Woodcock 2015 Sitta europaea Nuthatch 2000 Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian Collared Dove 2015 Streptopelia turtur European Turtle Dove SPIE; ERDL 2015 Strix aluco Tawny Owl 2017 Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling 2015 Sylvia atricapilla Eurasian Blackcap 2017

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Sylvia borin Garden Warbler 2013 Sylvia communis Common Whitethroat 2015 Sylvia curruca Lesser Whitethroat 2015 Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe 2014 Tadorna tadorna Common Shelduck 2015 Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper 2015 Troglodytes troglodytes Winter Wren 2015 Turdus iliacus Redwing 2015 Turdus merula Common Blackbird 2015 Turdus philomelos Song Thrush ERDL 2017 Turdus pilaris Fieldfare 2015 Turdus viscivorus Mistle Thrush 2015

Mammals Apodemus sylvaticus Wood Mouse 1998 Arvicola amphibius Northern Water Vole SPIE, ERDL, WACA Sch5 2002 Capra hircus Feral Goat 1996 Erinaceus europaeus Western Hedgehog SPIE, ERDL 2013 Lepus europaeus Brown Hare SPIE, ERDL 2008 Lutra lutra Otter EPS, SPIE, ERDL, WACA Sch5 2009 Meles meles Badger ERDL 2016 Micromys minutus Harvest Mouse SPIE 1999 Muntiacus reevesi Chinese Muntjac 2012 Muscardinus avellanarius Hazel Dormouse EPS, SPIE, ERDL 1994 Mustela erminea Stoat 1995 Mustela nivalis Weasel 2001 Mustela putorius Polecat SPIE ? Mustela vison American Mink 1998

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Nyctalus noctula Noctule Bat SPIE, ERDL, EPS, WACA Sch5 1997 Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit 2016 Pipistrellus pipistrellus Common Pipistrelle ERDL, EPS, WACA 2017 Pipistrellus pygmaeus Soprano Pipistrelle SPIE, ERDL, EPS, WACA Sch5 2017 Plecotus auritus Brown Long-eared Bat SPIE, ERDL, EPS, WACA Sch6 2016 Sciurus carolinensis Grey Squirrel 1995 Sorex araneus Common Shrew 1995 Sus scrofa Wild Boar ERDL 1996 Talpa europaea Northern Mole 1998 Vulpes vulpes Red Fox 2016

Trees and Shrubs Abies grandis Grand Fit 2000 Acer campestre Field Maple 2015 Acer platanoides Norway Maple 2015 Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore 2015 Aesculus hippocastanum Horse-chestnut 2015 Alnus cordata Italian Alder 2015 Alnus glutinosa Alder 2015 Betula pendula Silver Birch 2015 Betula pubescens Downy Birch 1997 Buddleja davidii Butterfly-bush 2015 Buxus sempervirens Box 2015 Carpinus betulus Hornbeam 2019 Castanea sativa Sweet Chestnut 2015 Cedrus atlantica f. glaucissima Atlas Cedar 2015 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Lawson's Cypress 1997 Cornus sanguinea Dogwood 2015

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Corylus avellana Hazel 2015 Crataegus laevigata Midland Hawthorn 2015 Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn 2015 Crataegus x media C. monogyna x laevigata 2015 Cytisus scoparius Broom 1988 Daphne laureola Spurge-laurel 1988 Euonymus europaeus Spindle 2015 Fagus sylvatica Beech 2015 Fraxinus excelsior Ash 2015 Ilex aquifolium Holly 2019 Larix decidua European Larch 1997 Ligustrum vulgare Wild Privet 2015 Mahonia aquifolium Oregon-grape 2015 Malus pumila Apple 2015 Malus sylvestris Crab Apple 2015 Metasequoia glyptostroboides Dawn Redwood 2015 Picea abies Norway Spruce 2000 Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce 2015 Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine 2015 Populus alba White Poplar 1994 Populus tremula Aspen 1997 Populus x canadensis Hybrid Black-poplar 1997 Populus x canescens Grey Poplar 1988 Prunus avium Wild Cherry 2015 Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum 1988 Prunus domestica subsp. insititia Damson / Bullace 1988 Prunus laurocerasus Cherry Laurel 2015 Prunus spinosa Blackthorn 2015

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 1997 Quercus cerris Turkey Oak 2015 Quercus ilex Evergreen Oak 2015 Quercus petraea Sessile Oak 1997 Quercus robur Pedunculate Oak 2019 Ribes rubrum Red Currant 2015 Rosa arvensis Field-rose 1988 Rosa canina group Dumales Dog-rose 2015 Rosa canina x tomentosa Rosa x scabriuscula (f x m) 1997 Rosa stylosa Short-styled Field-rose 1988 Rosa x andegavensis Rosa stylosa x canina 2015 Rubus caesius Dewberry 2015 Rubus fruticosus agg. Bramble 2015 Rubus ulmifolius Elm-leaved Bramble 1988 Ruscus aculeatus Butcher's-broom 1994 Salix alba var. caerulea Cricketbat Willow 2015 Salix caprea Goat Willow 2015 Salix cinerea subsp. cinerea Grey Willow 1997 Salix x fragilis sens. lat. Hybrid Crack-willow 2015 Salix x pendulina S. babylonica x fragilis 2015 Salix x reichardtii S. caprea x cinerea 2015 Salix x sepulcralis S. alba x babylonica 2015 Sambucus nigra Elder 2019 Sequoia sempervirens Coastal Redwood 1997 Sequoiadendron giganteum Wellingtonia 2015 Sorbus aria Whitebeam 2000 Sorbus aucuparia Rowan 1997 Sorbus torminalis Wild Service-tree 2019

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry 2015 Symphoricarpos x chenaultii Pink Snowberry 2015 Syringa vulgaris Lilac 2015 Taxus baccata Yew 2015 Tilia cordata Small-leaved Lime 2015 Tilia x europaea Lime 2015 Tsuga heterophylla Western Hemlock-spruce 1997 Ulex europaeus Gorse 2015 Ulmus glabra Wych Elm 2015 Ulmus minor Small-leaved Elm 1988 Ulmus procera English Elm 2015 Ulmus x hollandica Dutch Elm 2015 Viburnum opulus Guelder-rose 2015

Ferns and Allied Plants Asplenium ceterach Rustyback ERDL 2018 Asplenium ruta-muraria Wall-rue ERDL 1992 Asplenium scolopendrium Hart's-tongue 2013 Athyrium filix-femina Lady Fern ERDL 2000 Blechnum spicant Hard Fern ERDL 2000 Dryopteris dilatata Broad Buckler-fern 2015 Dryopteris filix-mas Male-fern 2015 Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail 1988 Equisetum fluviatile Water Horsetail ERDL 2000 Equisetum palustre Marsh Horsetail 1984 Osmunda regalis Royal Fern ERDL 1988 Polypodium interjectum Intermediate Polypody 1988 Polystichum setiferum Soft Shield-fern ERDL 1986

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Pteridium aquilinum Bracken 2019

Herbs and Climbers Achillea millefolium Yarrow 2015 Aegopodium podagraria Ground-elder 2015 Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony 2015 Ajuga reptans Bugle 1997 Alisma plantago-aquatica Water-plantain 2015 Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard 2015 Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel 2015 Anchusa arvensis Bugloss 2015 Anemone nemorosa Wood Anemone 2015 Angelica sylvestris Wild Angelica 2015 Anthemis arvensis Corn Chamomile ERDL 1985 Anthriscus sylvestris Cow Parsley 2015 Aphanes arvensis Parsley-piert 2015 Apium nodiflorum Fool's-water-cress 2015 Arabidopsis thaliana Thale Cress 2015 Arctium lappa Greater Burdock 2015 Arctium minus Lesser Burdock 2015 Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Sandwort 2015 Armoracia rusticana Horse-radish 1988 Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort 2015 Arum maculatum Lords-and-Ladies 2015 Atriplex patula Common Orache 2015 Atriplex prostrata Spear-leaved Orache 2015 Ballota nigra Black Horehound 2015 Barbarea vulgaris Winter-cress 2015

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Bellis perennis Daisy 2015 Berula erecta Lesser Water-parsnip ERDL 1984 Brassica napus Rape 1988 Brassica nigra Black Mustard 1988 Bryonia dioica White Bryony 2015 Butomus umbellatus Flowering-rush 2015 Callitriche agg. Water-starwort 1997 Caltha palustris Marsh-marigold 2015 Calystegia sepium subsp. sepium Hedge Bindweed 1988 Calystegia silvatica Large Bindweed 2015 Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's-purse 2015 Cardamine flexuosa Wavy Bitter-cress 2015 Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bitter-cress 2015 Cardamine pratensis Cuckooflower 2015 Carduus crispus Welted Thistle 2015 Centaurea nigra Common Knapweed 1988 Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury 2015 Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear 2015 Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse-ear 2015 Ceratophyllum demersum Rigid Hornwort 2015 Chaerophyllum temulum Rough Chervil 2015 Chamerion angustifolium Rosebay Willowherb 1997 Chenopodium album Fat-hen 2015 Chenopodium polyspermum Many-seeded Goosefoot 1988 Chenopodium rubrum Red Goosefoot 1988 Circaea lutetiana Enchanter's-nightshade 1997 Cirsium arvense Creeping Thistle 2015 Cirsium palustre Marsh Thistle 2015

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle 2015 Claytonia perfoliata Springbeauty 2015 Clinopodium calamintha Lesser Calamint ERDL 1992 Conium maculatum Hemlock 2015 Conopodium majus Pignut 2019 Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed 2015 Conyza canadensis Canadian Fleabane 1988 Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawk's-beard 2015 Crepis vesicaria Beaked Hawk's-beard 1986 Cymbalaria muralis Ivy-leaved Toadflax 2015 Daucus carota Wild Carrot 1988 Digitalis purpurea Foxglove 2015 Dipsacus fullonum Wild Teasel 2015 Elodea canadensis Canadian Waterweed 2015 Elodea nuttallii Nuttall's Waterweed 1997 Epilobium ciliatum American Willowherb 1988 Epilobium hirsutum Great Willowherb 2015 Epilobium montanum Broad-leaved Willowherb 2015 Epilobium obscurum Short-fruited Willowherb ERDL 2015 Epilobium parviflorum Hoary Willowherb 2015 Epilobium tetragonum Square-stalked Willowherb 2015 Eupatorium cannabinum Hemp-agrimony 2015 Euphorbia exigua Dwarf Spurge RDB 1988 Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge 1988 Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge 2015 Fallopia convolvulus Black Bindweed 2015 Fallopia japonica Japanese Knotweed 2015 Ficaria verna subsp. verna Lesser Celandine 2019

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Filago vulgaris Common Cudweed NT 2015 Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet 2015 Fragaria vesca Wild Strawberry NT 2015 Fumaria officinalis Common Fumitory 1988 Galanthus nivalis Snowdrop 2015 Galega officinalis Goat's-rue 2015 Galeopsis tetrahit Common Hemp-nettle 1988 Galium album Hedge Bedstraw 1988 Galium aparine Cleavers 2015 Galium palustre subsp. palustre Common Marsh-bedstraw 1997 Galium saxatile Heath Bedstraw 1997 Geranium dissectum Cut-leaved Crane's-bill 2015 Geranium molle Dove's-foot Crane's-bill 2015 Geranium pyrenaicum Hedgerow Crane's-bill 2015 Geranium robertianum Herb-Robert 2015 Geum urbanum Wood Avens 2015 Glechoma hederacea Ground-ivy 2015 Gnaphalium uliginosum Marsh Cudweed 1997 Hedera helix Common Ivy 2015 Helminthotheca echioides Bristly Oxtongue 2015 Heracleum sphondylium Hogweed 2015 Hieracium aggregatum a hawkweed ? Humulus lupulus Hop 2015 Hyacinthoides hispanica Spanish Bluebell 2015 Hyacinthoides non-scripta Bluebell WACA Sch8 2019 Hypericum hirsutum Hairy St John's-wort 2015 Hypericum perforatum Perforate St John's-wort 2015 Hypericum pulchrum Slender St John's-wort 2000

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Hypericum tetrapterum Square-stalked St John's-wort 2000 Hypochaeris radicata Cat's-ear 2015 Impatiens glandulifera Himalayan Balsam 2019 Iris foetidissima Stinking Iris 2015 Iris pseudacorus Yellow Iris 2015 Kickxia spuria Round-leaved Fluellen 1988 Knautia arvensis Field Scabious NT 1988 Lactuca virosa Great Lettuce 2015 Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. argentatum Garden Yellow-archangel 2015 Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. montanum Yellow Archangel 2015 Lamium album White Dead-nettle 2015 Lamium amplexicaule Henbit Dead-nettle 1988 Lamium purpureum Red Dead-nettle 2015 Lapsana communis subsp. communis Nipplewort 2015 Lathyrus pratensis Meadow Vetchling 1985 Legousia hybrida Venus's-looking-glass ERDL 1988 Lemna gibba Fat Duckweed 1992 Lemna minor Common Duckweed 2015 Lemna minuta Least Duckweed 1992 Leontodon saxatilis Lesser Hawkbit 1986 Lepidium coronopus Swine-cress 2015 Lepidium draba subsp. draba Hoary Cress 1986 Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye Daisy 2015 Linaria purpurea Purple Toadflax 2015 Linaria vulgaris Common Toadflax 2015 Lonicera periclymenum Honeysuckle 2015 Lonicera xylosteum Fly Honeysuckle ERDL 1994

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Lotus corniculatus Common Bird's-foot-trefoil 1988 Lotus pedunculatus Greater Bird's-foot-trefoil 1997 Lycopus europaeus Gypsywort 2015 Lysimachia nemorum Yellow Pimpernel 1997 Lysimachia nummularia Creeping-Jenny 2015 Lythrum salicaria Purple-loosestrife 2015 Malva neglecta Dwarf Mallow 1997 Malva sylvestris Common Mallow 2015 Matricaria chamomilla Scented Mayweed 2015 Matricaria discoidea Pineappleweed 2015 Meconopsis cambrica Welsh Poppy ERDL 2015 Medicago arabica Spotted Medick 2015 Medicago lupulina Black Medick 2015 Melica uniflora Wood Melick 1988 Mentha aquatica Water Mint 2015 Mentha arvensis Corn Mint NT 1997 Mercurialis annua Annual Mercury 1986 Mercurialis perennis Dog's Mercury 2019 Moehringia trinervia Three-nerved Sandwort 2015 Myosotis arvensis Field Forget-me-not 2015 Myosotis ramosissima Early Forget-me-not ERDL 2015 Myosotis scorpioides Water Forget-me-not 2015 Myosotis sylvatica Wood Forget-me-not 2015 Myosoton aquaticum Water Chickweed 2015 Myriophyllum spicatum Spiked Water-milfoil 2015 Nasturtium microphyllum Narrow-fruited Water-cress 2015 Nasturtium officinale Water-cress 2015 Nuphar lutea Yellow Water-lily 2015

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Nymphaea alba White Water-lily 1988 Oenanthe fluviatilis River Water-dropwort ERDL 1992 Papaver dubium agg. Long-headed Poppy 1996 Papaver rhoeas Common Poppy 2015 Papaver somniferum Opium Poppy 2015 Pentaglottis sempervirens Green Alkanet 2015 Persicaria amphibia Amphibious Bistort 2015 Persicaria hydropiper Water-pepper 2015 Persicaria lapathifolia Pale Persicaria 1988 Persicaria maculosa Redshank 2015 Petasites fragrans Winter Heliotrope 2015 Pilosella officinarum Mouse-ear-hawkweed 1986 Pilosella officinarum 2015 Plantago coronopus Buck's-horn Plantain 2015 Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain 2015 Plantago major Greater Plantain 1997 Polygonum arenastrum Equal-leaved Knotgrass 2015 Polygonum aviculare Knotgrass 2015 Potamogeton pectinatus Fennel Pondweed 2015 Potentilla anglica Trailing Tormentil ERDL 1997 Potentilla anserina Silverweed 1984 Potentilla erecta Tormentil NT 1997 Potentilla reptans Creeping Cinquefoil 2015 Potentilla sterilis Barren Strawberry 2015 Primula vulgaris Primrose 2015 Prunella vulgaris Selfheal 2015 Pseudofumaria lutea Yellow Corydalis 1988 Pulicaria dysenterica Common Fleabane 1988

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Ranunculus acris Meadow Buttercup 2015 Ranunculus auricomus Goldilocks Buttercup 2015 Ranunculus bulbosus Bulbous Buttercup 2015 Ranunculus circinatus Fan-leaved Water-crowfoot ERDL 1997 Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup 2015 Ranunculus sardous Hairy Buttercup 1988 Ranunculus sceleratus Celery-leaved Buttercup 1988 Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish 1988 Reseda luteola Weld 2015 Rumex acetosa Common Sorrel 2015 Rumex acetosella Sheep's Sorrel 2015 Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock 2015 Rumex crispus Curled Dock 2015 Rumex obtusifolius Broad-leaved Dock 2015 Rumex sanguineus var. viridis Wood Dock 2015 Rumex x pratensis R. crispus x obtusifolius 1997 Sagina apetala subsp. apetala Annual Pearlwort 2015 Sagina procumbens Procumbent Pearlwort 2015 Sagittaria sagittifolia Arrowhead 2015 Scorzoneroides autumnalis Autumn Hawkbit 1988 Scrophularia auriculata Water Figwort 2015 Scrophularia nodosa Common Figwort 1997 Scutellaria galericulata Skullcap 2015 Sedum acre Biting Stonecrop 2015 Sedum rupestre Reflexed Stonecrop 2015 Senecio erucifolius Hoary Ragwort 2015 Senecio jacobaea Common Ragwort 2015 Senecio squalidus Oxford Ragwort 1986

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Senecio vulgaris Groundsel 2015 Silaum silaus Pepper-saxifrage ERDL 1984 Silene coronaria Rose Campion 2015 Silene dioica Red Campion 2015 Silene latifolia White Campion 1988 Sinapis arvensis Charlock 1988 Sison amomum Stone Parsley 2015 Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard 2015 Sisyrinchium striatum Pale Yellow-eyed-grass 2015 Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet 2015 Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade 1988 Sonchus arvensis Perennial Sow-thistle 1997 Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle 2015 Sonchus oleraceus Smooth Sow-thistle 2015 Sparganium emersum Unbranched Bur-reed ERDL 2015 Sparganium erectum Branched Bur-reed 2015 Spergula arvensis Corn Spurrey RDB 1988 Spergularia rubra Sand Spurrey 1986 Stachys palustris Marsh Woundwort 2015 Stachys sylvatica Hedge Woundwort 2015 Stellaria alsine Bog Stitchwort 2000 Stellaria graminea Lesser Stitchwort 2015 Stellaria holostea Greater Stitchwort 2015 Stellaria media Common Chickweed 2015 Succisa pratensis Devil's-bit Scabious ERDL, NT 1997 Symphytum officinale Common Comfrey 1984 Symphytum orientale White Comfrey 2015 Symphytum x uplandicum Russian Comfrey 2015

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Tamus communis Black Bryony 2015 Tanacetum parthenium Feverfew 1988 Tanacetum vulgare Tansy 1988 Taraxacum agg. Dandelion 2015 Teucrium scorodonia Wood Sage 1997 Thlaspi arvense Field Penny-cress 1986 Torilis japonica Upright Hedge-parsley 1988 Tragopogon pratensis Goat's-beard 1988 Trifolium campestre Hop Trefoil 2015 Trifolium dubium Lesser Trefoil 1988 Trifolium hybridum subsp. hybridum Alsike Clover 1988 Trifolium micranthum Slender Trefoil 1986 Trifolium pratense Red Clover 1988 Trifolium pratense var. sativum Cultivated Red Clover 2015 Trifolium repens White Clover 2015 Tripleurospermum inodorum Scentless Mayweed 1988 Tussilago farfara Colt's-foot 2015 Typha latifolia Bulrush 2015 Urtica dioica Common Nettle 2015 Urtica dioica subsp. galeopsifolia Stingless Nettle 2015 Urtica urens Small Nettle 1988 Verbascum thapsus Great Mullein 2015 Veronica arvensis Wall Speedwell 2015 Veronica beccabunga Brooklime 2015 Veronica catenata Pink Water-speedwell 2015 Veronica chamaedrys Germander Speedwell 2015 Veronica filiformis Slender Speedwell 2015 Veronica hederifolia subsp. hederifolia Ivy-leaved Speedwell 2015

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Veronica montana Wood Speedwell 2015 Veronica officinalis Heath Speedwell NT 1997 Veronica persica Common Field-speedwell 2015 Veronica serpyllifolia subsp. serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Speedwell 2015 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra Narrow-leaved Vetch 1988 Vicia sativa subsp. segetalis Common Vetch 2015 Vicia sepium Bush Vetch 2015 Vicia tetrasperma Smooth Tare 2015 Vinca minor Lesser Periwinkle 2015 Viola arvensis Field Pansy 2015 Viola odorata Sweet Violet 2015 Viola reichenbachiana Early Dog-violet 2015 Viola riviniana Common Dog-violet 1997 Viola x wittrockiana Garden Pansy 2015 Viscum album Mistletoe ERDL 2015

Grasses Agrostis capillaris Common Bent 1988 Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent 2015 Alopecurus myosuroides Black-grass 1988 Alopecurus pratensis Meadow Foxtail 2015 Anisantha sterilis Barren Brome 2015 Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass 2015 Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat-Grass 2015 Avena fatua Wild-oat 2015 Brachypodium sylvaticum False-brome 2015 Bromopsis ramosa Hairy-brome 1983 Bromus hordeaceus Soft-brome 2015

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot 2015 Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hair-grass 2015 Elytrigia repens f. repens Common Couch 1988 Festuca rubra subsp. rubra Red Fescue 2015 Glyceria maxima Reed Sweet-grass 1984 Holcus lanatus Yorkshire-fog 2015 Holcus mollis Creeping Soft-grass 1997 Hordeum murinum Wall Barley 2015 Hordeum secalinum Meadow Barley 1997 Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass 2015 Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary-grass 2015 Phleum bertolonii Smaller Cat's-tail 2015 Phleum pratense Timothy 2015 Phragmites australis Common Reed 1986 Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass 2015 Poa humilis Spreading Meadow-grass 1988 Poa nemoralis Wood Meadow-grass 1986 Poa pratensis Smooth Meadow-grass 2015 Poa trivialis Rough Meadow-grass 1997 Schedonorus arundinaceus Tall Fescue 1988 Schedonorus giganteus Giant Fescue 1988 Vulpia bromoides Squirrel-tail Fescue 2000 Vulpia myuros Rat's-tail Fescue 2015

Sedges Carex acutiformis Lesser Pond-sedge 1984 Carex divulsa subsp. divulsa Grey Sedge 1988 Carex flacca Glaucous Sedge 2000

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Carex hirta Hairy Sedge 2015 Carex pendula Pendulous Sedge 2019 Carex remota Remote sedge 2000 Carex riparia Greater Pond-sedge 2015 Carex sylvatica Wood Sedge 2000

Rushes Juncus acutiflorus Sharp-flowered Rush 1997 Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush 1988 Juncus bufonius Toad Rush 1988 Juncus effusus Soft-rush 2015 Juncus inflexus Hard Rush 1988 Luzula campestris Field Wood-rush 2015 Luzula multifora Heath Wood-rush 2000 Luzula pilosa Hairy Wood-rush 1997 Schoenoplectus lacustris Common Club-rush 2015

Mosses and Liverworts Amblystegium serpens Creeping Feather-moss 2013 Brachythecium albicans Whitish Feather-moss 2013 Bryum argenteum Silver-moss 2013 Bryum dichotomum Bicoloured Bryum 2013 Bryum radiculosum Wall Thread-moss 2006 Cirriphyllum piliferum Hair-pointed Feather-moss 1998 Didymodon insulanus Cylindric Beard-moss 2013 Didymodon luridus Dusky Beard-moss 2006 Didymodon sinuosus Wavy Beard-moss 2006 Didymodon vinealis Soft-tufted Beard-moss 2006

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Homalia trichomanoides Blunt Feather-moss 1998 Isothecium alopecuroides Larger Mouse-tail Moss 1998 Leskea polycarpa Many-fruited Leskea 2006 Metzgeria furcata Forked Veilwort 1998 Orthotrichum affine Wood Bristle-moss 2006 Orthotrichum anomalum Anomalous Bristle-moss 1998 Orthotrichum diaphanum White-tipped Bristle-moss 2013 Plagiomnium affine Many-fruited Thyme-moss 1998 Platyhypnidium riparioides Long-beaked Water Feather-moss 1989 Rhynchostegiella tenella Tender Feather-moss 2006 Rhynchostegium confertum Clustered Feather-moss 2013 Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus Springy Turf-moss 2006 Syntrichia latifolia Water Screw-moss 2006 Syntrichia montana Intermediate Screw-moss 1991 Syntrichia ruralis var. ruralis Great Hairy Screw-moss 2013 Syntrichia virescens Lesser Screw-moss 2006 Thuidium tamariscinum Common Tamarisk-moss 2006 Tortula marginata Bordered Screw-moss 1989 Weissia longifolia var. longifolia Crisp Beardless-moss 1998 Zygodon viridissimus var. viridissimus Green Yoke-moss 1988

Beetles Acilius sulcatus a water beetle 2000 Agriotes acuminatus a click beetle 2000 Cantharis rustica a soldier beetle 2000 Chalcoides aurea a leaf beetle 2000 Clytra quadripunctata a leaf beetle 2000 Clytus arietis Wasp Beetle 2000

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Halyzia sedecimguttata Orange Ladybird 2000 Hygrotus inaequalis a water beetle 2000 Hyphydrus ovatus a water beetle 2000 Lampyris noctiluca Glow-worm 2000 Leiopus nebulosus a longhorn beetle 2000 Lilioceris lilii Lily Beetle 2006 Polydrusus mollis a weevil 2000 Typhaeus typhoeus Minotaur Beetle NS 2000

Butterflies Aglais io Peacock 2016 Aglais urticae Small Tortoiseshell 2015 Anthocharis cardamines Orange-tip 2015 Aphantopus hyperantus Ringlet 1992 Argynnis paphia Silver-washed Fritillary ERDL 2017 Aricia agestis Brown Argus 1996 Celastrina argiolus Holly Blue 2017 Coenonympha pamphilus Small Heath SPIE, NT 2014 Colias croceus Clouded Yellow 1996 Favonius quercus Purple Hairstreak 1996 Gonepteryx rhamni Brimstone 2015 Lasiommata megera Wall SPIE, NT 1991 Limenitis camilla White Admiral SPIE, RDB 1996 Lycaena phlaeas Small Copper 1996 Maniola jurtina Meadow Brown 2017 Ochlodes sylvanus Large Skipper 2014 Pararge aegeria Speckled Wood 2017 Pieris brassicae Large White 2017

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Pieris napi Green-veined White 1996 Pieris rapae Small White 2016 Polygonia c-album Comma 2017 Polyommatus icarus Common Blue 1996 Pyronia tithonus Gatekeeper 2017 Thymelicus lineola Essex Skipper 2015 Thymelicus sylvestris Small Skipper 2015 Vanessa atalanta Red Admiral 2017 Vanessa cardui Painted Lady 2015

Moths Abraxas grossulariata Magpie Moth 1982 Abrostola tripartita Spectacle 1978 Abrostola triplasia Dark Spectacle 1972 Acasis viretata Yellow-barred Brindle 1981 Acronicta rumicis Knot Grass SPIE 1970 Acronicta tridens Dark Dagger 1982 Aethalura punctulata Grey Birch 1969 Agriopis aurantiaria Scarce Umber 1982 Agriopis leucophaearia Spring Usher 1982 Agriopis marginaria Dotted Border 1982 Agriphila geniculea 2018 Agrochola circellaris Brick 1978 Agrochola helvola Flounced Chestnut SPIE 1980 Agrochola litura Brown-spot Pinion SPIE 1982 Agrochola lota Red-line Quaker 1982 Agrochola lychnidis Beaded Chestnut SPIE 1982 Agrochola macilenta Yellow-line Quaker 1982

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Agrotis clavis Heart and Club 1971 Agrotis exclamationis Heart and Dart 1982 Agrotis ipsilon Dark Sword-grass 1976 Agrotis puta Shuttle-shaped Dart 2018 Agrotis segetum Turnip Moth 2018 Alcis repandata Mottled Beauty 1982 Aleucis distinctata Sloe Carpet SPIE; ERDL 1982 Allophyes oxyacanthae Green-brindled Crescent SPIE 1982 Alsophila aescularia March Moth 1982 Amphipoea oculea agg. Ear Moth agg. ERDL 1981 Amphipyra pyramidea Copper Underwing 2018 Amphipyra tragopoginis Mouse Moth SPIE 1982 Anarta trifolii Nutmeg 1982 Angerona prunaria Orange Moth 1975 Anorthoa munda Twin-spotted Quaker 1982 Anticlea derivata Streamer 1982 Apamea anceps Large Nutmeg SPIE 1981 Apamea lithoxylaea Light Arches 1982 Apamea monoglypha Dark Arches 1982 Apamea remissa Dusky Brocade SPIE 1981 Apamea sordens Rustic Shoulder-knot 1982 Apeira syringaria Lilac Beauty 1982 Aplocera efformata Lesser Treble-bar ERDL 1982 Aplocera plagiata Treble-bar 1981 Aporophyla lutulenta Deep-brown Dart SPIE 2018 Aporophyla nigra Black Rustic 2018 Apterogenum ypsillon Dingy Shears 1969 Archips podana Large Fruit-tree Tortrix 2018

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Arctia caja Garden Tiger SPIE; ERDL 1976 Aspitates ochrearia Yellow Belle 1982 Asteroscopus sphinx Sprawler SPIE 1982 Atethmia centrago Centre-barred Sallow SPIE 1982 Athrips mouffetella a moth 1980 Autographa gamma Silver Y 1982 Autographa jota Plain Golden Y 1982 Autographa pulchrina Beautiful Golden Y 1982 Axylia putris Flame 1982 Bena bicolorana Scarce Silver-lines 1975 Biston betularia Peppered Moth 1982 Biston strataria Oak Beauty 1982 Bryophila domestica Marbled Beauty 1982 Cabera exanthemata Common Wave 1982 Cabera pusaria Common White Wave 1982 Calliteara pudibunda Pale Tussock 1980 Campaea margaritaria Light Emerald 2018 Camptogramma bilineata Yellow Shell 1995 Caradrina clavipalpis Pale Mottled Willow 2018 Caradrina morpheus Mottled Rustic SPIE 1982 Catarhoe rubidata Ruddy Carpet ERDL 1976 Catocala nupta Red Underwing 1982 Celypha lacunana 2018 Ceramica pisi Broom Moth 1982 Cerapteryx graminis Antler Moth 1982 Cerastis rubricosa Red Chestnut 1982 Charanyca trigrammica Treble Lines 1974 Chesias legatella Streak SPIE 1982

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Chesias rufata Broom-tip SPIE; ERDL 1978 Chiasmia clathrata Latticed Heath SPIE 2015 Chilodes maritima Silky Wainscot 1976 Chionodes fumatella a moth ERDL 1984 Chloroclystis v-ata V-Pug 1981 Cidaria fulvata Barred Yellow 1982 Cilix glaucata Chinese Character 1982 Cirrhia gilvago Dusky-lemon Sallow SPIE 1971 Cirrhia icteritia Sallow SPIE 2018 Clepsis consimilana 2018 Clostera curtula Chocolate-tip 1975 Colocasia coryli Nut-tree Tussock 1982 Colostygia pectinataria Green Carpet 1975 Colotois pennaria Feathered Thorn 1982 Comibaena bajularia Blotched Emerald 1981 Conistra ligula Dark Chestnut 1982 Conistra vaccinii Chestnut 2018 Cosmia affinis Lesser-spotted Pinion 1969 Cosmia pyralina Lunar-spotted Pinion 1982 Cosmia trapezina Dun-bar 1982 Cosmorhoe ocellata Purple Bar 1982 Crocallis elinguaria Scalloped Oak 1982 Cyclophora punctaria Maiden's Blush 2018 Deilephila elpenor Elephant Hawk-moth 1982 Deltote pygarga Marbled White Spot 1971 Denticucullus pygmina Small Wainscot 1976 Diachrysia chrysitis Burnished Brass 1982 Diaphora mendica Muslin Moth 1982

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Diarsia mendica Ingrailed Clay 1982 Diarsia rubi Small Square-spot SPIE 1982 Diloba caeruleocephala Figure of Eight SPIE 1982 Dioryctria simplicella 2018 Drepana falcataria Pebble Hook-tip 1972 Drymonia ruficornis Lunar Marbled Brown 1982 Dryobotodes eremita Brindled Green 1980 Dryobotodes eremita Brindled Green 2018 Dypterygia scabriuscula Bird's Wing 1981 Dysstroma truncata Common Marbled Carpet 2018 Earophila badiata Shoulder Stripe 1982 Ecliptopera silaceata Small Phoenix SPIE 1982 Ectropis crepuscularia Engrailed 1970 Eilema complana Scarce Footman 1982 Eilema griseola Dingy Footman 1971 Eilema lurideola Common Footman 1982 Electrophaes corylata Broken-barred Carpet 1982 Emmelina monodactyla Common Plume 2018 Ennomos alniaria Canary-shouldered Thorn 1982 Ennomos autumnaria Large Thorn ERDL 1978 Ennomos erosaria September Thorn SPIE 1982 Ennomos fuscantaria Dusky Thorn SPIE 2018 Ennomos quercinaria August Thorn SPIE 1981 Epione repandaria Bordered Beauty 1982 Epiphyas postvittana Light Brown Apple Moth 2018 Epirrhoe alternata Common Carpet 1982 Epirrhoe rivata Wood Carpet 1975 Epirrita christyi Pale November Moth 1982

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Epirrita dilutata agg. November Moth agg. 1982 Epirrita sp. Epirrita species 1982 Erannis defoliaria Mottled Umber 1982 Eremobia ochroleuca Dusky Sallow 1982 Euchoeca nebulata Dingy Shell 1969 Eudonia angustea 2018 Eugnorisma glareosa Autumnal Rustic SPIE 2018 Eulithis mellinata Spinach SPIE 1982 Eulithis prunata Phoenix 1976 Eulithis testata Chevron 1982 Euphyia unangulata Sharp-angled Carpet 1978 Eupithecia abbreviata Brindled Pug 1982 Eupithecia absinthiata Wormwood Pug 1982 Eupithecia assimilata Currant Pug 1981 Eupithecia centaureata Lime-speck Pug 2018 Eupithecia dodoneata Oak-tree Pug 1978 Eupithecia exiguata Mottled Pug 1982 Eupithecia haworthiata Haworth's Pug ERDL 1981 Eupithecia icterata Tawny Speckled Pug 1982 Eupithecia innotata Angle-barred Pug 1981 Eupithecia intricata Edinburgh Pug 1982 Eupithecia inturbata Maple Pug ERDL 1982 Eupithecia linariata Toadflax Pug 1976 Eupithecia pulchellata Foxglove Pug 1974 Eupithecia pusillata Juniper Pug 1982 Eupithecia simpliciata Plain Pug 1981 Eupithecia subfuscata Grey Pug 1982 Eupithecia succenturiata Bordered Pug 1982

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Eupithecia tripunctaria White-spotted Pug 1982 Eupithecia venosata Netted Pug ERDL 1974 Eupithecia virgaureata Golden-rod Pug ERDL 1978 Eupithecia vulgata Common Pug 1982 Euplexia lucipara Small Angle Shades 1982 Euproctis chrysorrhoea Brown-tail 1982 Euproctis similis Yellow-tail 1982 Eupsilia transversa Satellite 1982 Euthrix potatoria Drinker 1982 Euxoa nigricans Garden Dart SPIE 1972 Falcaria lacertinaria Scalloped Hook-tip 1981 Furcula bifida Poplar Kitten 1969 Gandaritis pyraliata Barred Straw 1982 Gelechia rhombella a moth ERDL 1980 Geometra papilionaria Large Emerald 1981 Gortyna flavago Frosted Orange 1981 Graphiphora augur Double Dart SPIE 1978 Gymnoscelis rufifasciata Double-striped Pug 1982 Habrosyne pyritoides Buff Arches 1982 Hada plebeja Shears 1981 Hadena bicruris Lychnis 1978 Hecatera bicolorata Broad-barred White 1974 Hemistola chrysoprasaria Small Emerald SPIE 1976 Hemithea aestivaria Common Emerald 1982 Hepialus humuli Ghost Moth SPIE 1982 Herminia grisealis Small Fan-foot 1981 Herminia tarsipennalis Fan-foot 1982 Hoplodrina ambigua Vine's Rustic 2018

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Hoplodrina blanda Rustic SPIE 1975 Hoplodrina octogenaria Uncertain 1982 Horisme tersata Fern 1976 Horisme vitalbata Small Waved Umber 1972 Hydraecia micacea Rosy Rustic SPIE 2018 Hydrelia flammeolaria Small Yellow Wave 1976 Hydria cervinalis Scarce Tissue 1981 Hydriomena furcata July Highflier 1982 Hydriomena impluviata May Highflier 1976 Hylaea fasciaria Barred Red 1982 Hypena proboscidalis Snout 1982 Hypomecis punctinalis Pale Oak Beauty 1970 Hypsopygia costalis Gold Triangle 2018 Idaea aversata Riband Wave 2018 Idaea biselata Small Fan-footed Wave 1982 Idaea dimidiata Single-dotted Wave 1982 Idaea emarginata Small Scallop 1982 Idaea fuscovenosa Dwarf Cream Wave 1982 Idaea rusticata Least Carpet 1982 Idaea seriata Small Dusty Wave 1982 Idaea straminata Plain Wave 1976 Idaea subsericeata Satin Wave 1971 Idaea trigeminata Treble Brown Spot 1982 Jodis lactearia Little Emerald 1982 Korscheltellus lupulina Common Swift 1982 Lacanobia oleracea Bright-line Brown-eye 2018 Lacanobia thalassina Pale-shouldered Brocade 1982 Lampropteryx suffumata Water Carpet 1982

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Laothoe populi Poplar Hawk-moth 1982 Larentia clavaria Mallow 1982 Lasiocampa quercus Oak Eggar 1976 Laspeyria flexula Beautiful Hook-tip ERDL 1982 Leucania comma Shoulder-striped Wainscot SPIE 1981 Ligdia adustata Scorched Carpet 1976 Lithophane ornitopus Grey Shoulder-knot 1969 Litoligia literosa Rosy Minor SPIE 1980 Lobophora halterata Seraphim 1980 Lomaspilis marginata Clouded Border 1982 Lomographa bimaculata White-pinion Spotted 1970 Lomographa temerata Clouded Silver 1982 Luperina testacea Flounced Rustic 2018 Lycia hirtaria Brindled Beauty SPIE 1982 Lycophotia porphyrea True Lover's Knot 1969 Macaria alternata Sharp-angled Peacock 1970 Macaria liturata Tawny-barred Angle 1978 Macaria wauaria V-Moth SPIE 1974 Macroglossum stellatarum Humming-bird Hawk-moth 2010 Malacosoma neustria Lackey SPIE 1981 Mamestra brassicae Cabbage Moth 1978 Meganola albula Kent Black Arches ERDL 1982 Melanchra persicariae Dot Moth SPIE 1982 Melanthia procellata Pretty Chalk Carpet SPIE 1975 Menophra abruptaria Waved Umber 1978 Mesapamea secalis agg. Common Rustic agg. 1982 Mesoleuca albicillata Beautiful Carpet 1970 Mesoligia furuncula Cloaked Minor 1982

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Mesotype didymata Twin-spot Carpet 1982 Miltochrista miniata Rosy Footman 1971 Mompha epilobiella a moth 2002 Mompha subbistrigella a moth 2002 Mormo maura Old Lady 2018 Mythimna albipuncta White-point 2018 Mythimna conigera Brown-line Bright-eye 1982 Mythimna ferrago Clay 1982 Mythimna impura Smoky Wainscot 1982 Mythimna pallens Common Wainscot 2018 Mythimna vitellina Delicate 2018 Naenia typica Gothic 1970 Noctua comes Lesser Yellow Underwing 2018 Noctua fimbriata Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing 2018 Noctua janthe Lesser Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing 2018 Noctua orbona Lunar Yellow Underwing NS 2018 Noctua pronuba Large Yellow Underwing 2018 Nola cucullatella Short-cloaked Moth 1982 Nomophila noctuella Rush Veneer 1969 Notodonta dromedarius Iron Prominent 1970 Notodonta ziczac Pebble Prominent 1974 Nudaria mundana Muslin Footman ERDL 1971 Nycteola revayana Oak Nycteoline 1981 Ochropacha duplaris Common Lutestring 1976 Ochropleura plecta Flame Shoulder 1982 Odontopera bidentata Scalloped Hazel 1982 Oligia fasciuncula Middle-barred Minor 1982 Oligia latruncula Tawny Marbled Minor 1982

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Oligia strigilis agg. Marbled Minor agg. 1982 Oligia versicolor Rufous Minor 1982 Omphaloscelis lunosa Lunar Underwing 2018 Operophtera brumata Winter Moth 1995 Opisthograptis luteolata Brimstone Moth 1982 Orgyia antiqua Vapourer 1981 Orthosia cerasi Common Quaker 1982 Orthosia cruda Small Quaker 1982 Orthosia gothica Hebrew Character 1982 Orthosia gracilis Powdered Quaker SPIE 1982 Orthosia incerta Clouded Drab 1982 Orthosia populeti Lead-coloured Drab 1982 Ourapteryx sambucaria Swallow-tailed Moth 1982 Panolis flammea Pine Beauty 1974 Parectropis similaria Brindled White-spot 1970 Pasiphila chloerata Sloe Pug 1982 Pasiphila rectangulata Green Pug 1982 Pelurga comitata Dark Spinach SPIE 1982 Peribatodes rhomboidaria Willow Beauty 1982 Perizoma affinitata Rivulet 1982 Perizoma alchemillata Small Rivulet 1982 Perizoma bifaciata Barred Rivulet 1976 Perizoma flavofasciata Sandy Carpet 1982 Petrophora chlorosata Brown Silver-line 1982 Phalera bucephala Buff-tip 1982 Pheosia gnoma Lesser Swallow Prominent 1982 Pheosia tremula Swallow Prominent 1972 Phigalia pilosaria Pale Brindled Beauty 1982

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Philereme transversata Dark Umber 1981 Phlogophora meticulosa Angle Shades 2018 Photedes minima Small Dotted Buff 1982 Phragmatobia fuliginosa Ruby Tiger 1982 Plagodis dolabraria Scorched Wing 1976 Platyptilia calodactyla Goldenrod Plume ERDL 1984 Plemyria rubiginata Blue-bordered Carpet 1969 Plutella xylostella Diamond-back Moth 1982 Poecilocampa populi December Moth 1982 Polia bombycina Pale Shining Brown SPIE; ERDL 1972 Polia nebulosa Grey Arches 1969 Polychrysia moneta Golden Plusia 1976 Polyploca ridens Frosted Green 1982 Pseudoips prasinana Green Silver-lines 1995 Pseudoterpna pruinata Grass Emerald 1978 Pterostoma palpina Pale Prominent 1982 Ptilodon capucina Coxcomb Prominent 1982 Rivula sericealis Straw Dot 1982 Rusina ferruginea Brown Rustic 1982 Saturnia pavonia Emperor Moth 1981 Scoliopteryx libatrix Herald 1982 Scopula floslactata Cream Wave 1976 Scopula imitaria Small Blood-vein 1982 Scopula marginepunctata Mullein Wave SPIE 1982 Scopula ornata Lace Border ERDL 1976 Scotopteryx chenopodiata Shaded Broad-bar SPIE 1982 Selenia dentaria Early Thorn 1982 Selenia lunularia Lunar Thorn 1982

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Selenia tetralunaria Purple Thorn 1981 Sphinx ligustri Privet Hawk-moth 1974 Spilosoma lubricipeda White Ermine SPIE 1982 Spilosoma lutea Buff Ermine SPIE 1982 Spilosoma urticae Water Ermine ERDL 1970 Stauropus fagi Lobster Moth 1976 Teleiopsis diffinis a moth ERDL 1980 Thalpophila matura Straw Underwing 1982 Thera britannica Spruce Carpet 1970 Thera juniperata Juniper Carpet 1975 Thera obeliscata Grey Pine Carpet 1978 Theria primaria Early Moth 1982 Tholera cespitis Hedge Rustic SPIE 1976 Tholera decimalis Feathered Gothic SPIE 1982 Thumatha senex Round-winged Muslin 1981 Thyatira batis Peach Blossom 1980 Tiliacea aurago Barred Sallow 1978 Timandra comae Blood-Vein SPIE 1982 Trichiura crataegi Pale Eggar SPIE 1982 Triodia sylvina Orange Swift 1982 Triphosa dubitata Tissue ERDL 1975 Tyria jacobaeae Cinnabar SPIE 1981 Udea ferrugalis Rusty-dot Pearl 1969 Watsonalla binaria Oak Hook-tip SPIE 2018 Watsonalla cultraria Barred Hook-tip 1978 Xanthia togata Pink-barred Sallow 2018 Xanthorhoe ferrugata Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet SPIE 1982 Xanthorhoe fluctuata Garden Carpet 1982

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Xanthorhoe montanata Silver-ground Carpet 1982 Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata Large Twin-spot Carpet 1982 Xanthorhoe spadicearia Red Twin-spot Carpet 1982 Xestia baja Dotted Clay ERDL 1974 Xestia c-nigrum Setaceous Hebrew Character 2018 Xestia sexstrigata Six-striped Rustic 1982 Xestia triangulum Double Square-spot 1982 Xestia xanthographa Square-spot Rustic 2018 Xylocampa areola Early Grey 1982

Dragonflies and Damselflies Aeshna mixta Migrant Hawker 2000 Calopteryx splendens Banded Demoiselle 2015 Coenagrion puella Azure Damselfly 2000

Bees, Wasps and Ants Bombus lapidarius Red-tailed Bumblebee 2000 Bombus pascuorum Common Carder-bee 2000 Bombus hypnorum a bumblebee 2014 Bombus terrestris Buff-tailed Bumble Bee 2016 Formica rufa an ant ERDL 2000 Myrmica rubra an ant 1994 Myrmica ruginodis an ant 2000 Vespa crabro The Hornet 2015

Bugs Corixa punctata a water-boatman 2000 Dolycoris baccarum Hairy Shieldbug 2011

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Gerris lacustris a pond skater 2000 Hesperocorixa linnaea a water-boatman 2000 Hesperocorixa sahlbergi a water-boatman 2000 Ledrus aurita a leafhopper 2000 Liocoris tripustulatus a mirid bug 2000 Micronecta scholtzi a water-boatman 2000 Notonecta glauca a water-boatman 2000 Plea leachi a water-bug 2000 Sigara distincta a water-boatman 2000

Flies Bombylius major 2013 Camarota curvipennis 2004 Cheilosia albitarsis a hoverfly 2000 Melanostoma scalare a hoverfly 2000 Ornithomya avicularia ERDL 2004 Xanthogramma pedisequum a hoverfly 2000

Snails Cepaea hortensis White-lipped Snail 2007 Cornu aspersum Garden Snail 2010 Discus rotundatus Rounded Snail 2007 Limax maximus Leopard Slug 2010 Monacha cantiana Kentish Snail 2007 Physella acuta 2011 Sphaerium corneum Horny Orb Mussel 2011

Spiders and Harvestmen

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Achaearanea lunata 1991 Anyphaena accentuata 2000 Araniella cucurbitina 1991 Clubiona brevipes 2000 Clubiona corticalis 1991 Dictyna uncinata 1991 Erigone dentipalpis 1991 Larinioides cornutus 1991 Lathys humilis 1991 Neottiura bimaculata 1991 Pardosa amentata 1991 Philodromus albidus NS 1991 Philodromus aureolus 1991 Philodromus dispar 1991 Platnickina tincta 1991 Robertus lividus 2000 Tenuiphantes flavipes 2000 Tetragnatha montana 1991 Tetragnatha obtusa 1991 Theridion varians 1991

Woodlice Oniscus asellus 2000 Philoscia muscorum 2000 Porcellio scaber 2000 Trichoniscus pusillus 2000

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report

Scorpionflies Panorpa communis a scorpionfly 2000

KEY EPS: European Protected Species ERDL: Essex Red Data List NS: Nationally Scarce NT: Near Threatened RDB: Red Data Book species SPIE: Species of Principal Importance in England WACA Sch1: Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) Schedule 1 WACA Sch5: Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) Schedule 5 WACA Sch8: Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) Schedule 8

EECOS, May 2019 Wickham Bishops Parish Biodiversity Audit Final Report