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EC-19-Dones-I-Ciència.Pdf QUADERNS DE LA FUNDACIÓ DR. ANTONI ESTEVE Nº 19 Dotze dones en la biomedicina del segle XX Coordinadora: Roser Gonzàlez-Duarte La Fundació Dr. Antoni Esteve agraeix als autors d’aquest quadern per permetre la traducció dels seus textos de l’obra original: González-Duarte R, coord. Doce mujeres en la biomedicina del siglo XX. Cuader- nos de la Fundación Dr. Antonio Esteve, nº 13. Barcelona: Fundación Dr. Antonio Esteve, 2007. També vol destacar la contribució de Marta Pagans en la traducció i revisió dels textos en català. © 2009, Fundació Dr. Antoni Esteve Llobet i Vall-Llosera 2. E-08032 Barcelona Telèfon: 93 433 53 20; fax: 93 450 48 99 Adreça electrònica: [email protected] http://www.esteve.org Dipòsit legal: B- ISBN: La Fundació Dr. Antoni Esteve, establerta el 1983, contempla com a objectiu prioritari l’estímul del progrés de la farmacoterapèutica mitjançant la comunicació i la discussió científica. La Fundació organitza reunions internacionals multidisciplinàries, on grups reduïts d’investigadors discu- teixen els resultats dels seus treballs. Aquestes discussions es recullen en la col·lecció Esteve Foundation Symposia. També organitza taules rodones amb la participació d’investigadors espanyols, que constitu- eixen la sèrie Monografías Dr. Antonio Esteve, així com altres formes de suport a les ciències mèdiques, farmacèutiques i biològiques, entre les quals cal fer esment del Premi d’Investigació que es concedeix amb caràcter biennal. Pel que fa a les publicacions, cal destacar entre d’altres, la sèrie Pharmacotherapy Revisited: An Esteve Foundation Series, on a través de diferents volums es recopilen, en edició facsímil, els principals articles que establiren les bases d’una determinada disciplina. Nº 19 Índex QUADERNS DE LA FUNDACIÓ DR. ANTONI ESTEVE Pròleg Roser Gonzàlez-Duarte .................................................................................................................... VII Elizabeth Helen Blackburn Diogo Lopes de Oliveira .................................................................................................................... 1 Gerty Theresa Cori Marta Giralt Oms .............................................................................................................................. 5 Gertrude Belle Elion Laia Rosich Moya i Fèlix Bosch Llonch ............................................................................................. 13 Rosalind Franklin Roser Gonzàlez-Duarte .................................................................................................................... 19 Dorothy Hodgkin Jordi Benach Andreu ........................................................................................................................ 25 Rita Levi-Montalcini Pol Morales Vidal .............................................................................................................................. 33 Barbara McClintock Roser Gonzàlez-Duarte .................................................................................................................... 39 Elizabeth Fondal Neufeld Gemma Marfany Nadal ..................................................................................................................... 45 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Jaume Baguñà Monjo ...................................................................................................................... 49 Janet Rowley Gemma Marfany Nadal ..................................................................................................................... 55 Helen Brooke Taussig Jon Permanyer Ugartemendia .......................................................................................................... 61 Rosalyn Yalow Neus Cols Coll .................................................................................................................................. 67 -V- Nº 19 Pròleg QUADERNS DE LA FUNDACIÓ DR. ANTONI ESTEVE Presentem a continuació, per iniciativa de la Fun- realitzat una tasca molt valuosa, com si l’èxit dació Dr. Antoni Esteve, la contribució científica aconseguit després d’un gran esforç no pogu- de dotze investigadores brillants que han desta- és cristal·litzar consolidant un nivell professional. cat per les seves aportacions a la biomedicina Aquest és un altre factor diferencial respecte als del segle XX. Agraïm el suport de la Fundació i científics (en masculí), que accedeixen a les cotes l’oportunitat que ens dóna de presentar unes ci- d’èxit i les mantenen amb més facilitat i no han entífiques extraordinàries. No només ens ha in- de reiniciar repetidament la seva carrera científi- teressat subratllar els seus descobriments en el ca. A més, les situacions adverses que es creen món científic del moment sinó també destacar la en el context professional no es resolen gairebé receptivitat dels investigadors davant dels seus mai a favor de la dona, probablement per una assoliments i valorar els costos de la seva voca- presència institucional menor i per la falta de su- ció científica. No hi ha dubte sobre la qualitat de port dels directors i dels responsables científics i les seves aportacions biomèdiques, totes de pri- acadèmics. mer nivell, el que demostra que la intel·ligència, Totes aquestes científiques han destacat per la capacitat d’abstracció, la perseverança i la un conjunt de qualitats intel·lectuals senzillament imaginació, qualitats imprescindibles en un bon extraordinàries, que ja es van manifestar en les científic, i sovint qüestionades en les dones, no etapes escolars i no van merèixer ni tan sols un són prerrogatives exclusives del gènere masculí. suport familiar incondicional i decidit. De fet, da- És freqüent que els descobriments científics vant d’aquesta dosi de talent que reclama estudis contradiguin hipòtesis defensades per col·lectius universitaris, sovint la família té un paper dissua- que es mostren poc inclinats a acceptar la no- siu, actitud que posa a prova la voluntat ferma i vetat. Davant d’un concepte nou, el menyspreu apassionada de les futures investigadores i que i el rebuig han estat ingredients freqüents en la condueix a un compromís vital molt elevat. història de la ciència. No obstant això, després L’anàlisi de les vides d’aquestes investiga- de conèixer de prop els assoliments intel·lectuals dores ofereix a més altres aspectes enriquidors. d’aquestes dones es perceben judicis que impli- Darrere la seva activitat professional s’albira una quen un oblit injust o valoracions amb una cota actitud d’autoexigència, honestedat i projecció d’agressivitat superior a la usual, adobada amb social que sobrepassa el valor de l’ego intel- comentaris personals menyspreadors. Quelcom lectual. En cap cas no podem afirmar que els impensable si l’autor hagués estat un home. premis rebuts les hagin allunyat de la realitat o En la vida de gairebé totes aquestes científi- encimbellat en el cim de la vanitat i l’autocom- ques destaca la duríssima discriminació que han plaença. Ben al contrari, el reconeixement sovint de vèncer per ingressar a la universitat i acon- ha estat utilitzat per projectar els beneficis sobre seguir el reconeixement com a bones alumnes els altres. i investigadores excel·lents. Sorprèn, a més, la Finalment, volem explicitar que per a aquesta fragilitat de les posicions assolides quan ja han publicació, una vegada escollits els noms de les -VII- Pròleg científiques «model», els autors i les autores han «model» ha crescut després d’escriure l’article i gaudit de llibertat total per valorar-ne els desco- que les seves vides els han emocionat. Han con- briments i explicar els moments clau de les se- templat de prop heroïnes que commouen per la ves vides. A més, hem deixat a la seva elecció seva qualitat, autenticitat i austeritat, models que la introducció d’una bibliografia recomanada als perduren i sobreviuen a l’avanç de la ciència. lectors, així com el tipus i la llargada d’aquesta bibliografia. Finalment, recollint els seus comen- Roser Gonzàlez-Duarte taris hem de confessar que la seva admiració pel Barcelona, setembre de 2007 -VIII- Nº 19 Elizabeth Helen Blackburn: el camí al telòmer Diogo Lopes de Oliveira QUADERNS DE LA FUNDACIÓ DR. ANTONI ESTEVE Màster en Comunicació Científica, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona «Aquesta nena arribarà lluny!» Paraules d’un mestre d’una escola rural anglesa sobre E.H. Blackburn quan tenia sis anys Al llarg dels seus trenta-set anys de recerca, la canceroses disposen de mecanismes que els doctora Elizabeth H. Blackburn ha aportat conei- permeten conservar intacta la longitud dels telò- xements clau sobre l’estructura i el comportament mers, el que en facilita la multiplicació indefinida. dels cromosomes i ha obert noves perspectives Disposem ja d’evidències que apunten que l’ex- per a recerques futures sobre aquest tema. Les tensió dels telòmers pot ésser clau en el procés seves contribucions a la biomedicina no només de l’envelliment i del tractament del càncer. són molt rellevants en el context bàsic de la multi- Companys importants en el llarg camí pro- plicació cel·lular sinó que tenen implicacions cla- fessional d’Elizabeth H. Blackburn han estat res en el camp de la biomedicina actual. John Gall, Jack W. Szostak i Carol Greider, no Elizabeth H. Blackburn estudia la morfologia només col·legues en l’estudi de la funció i la re- cromosòmica i defineix l’estructura dels telòmers. gulació dels telòmers sinó científics amb grans Es tracta d’unes estructures especialitzades als qualitats professionals i humanes. Per aquesta extrems dels cromosomes eucariotes que, a tasca
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