THE BOSTONIANS Jackson Davidow

Home , The Bostonians

READING Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 THE BOSTONIANS

BOSTON

Jackson Davidow

66 Davidow Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021

After moving back to Boston, I had to peruse several bookshops in search of Henry James’ 1886 novel The Bostonians. How could the book be so hard to locate in its city of inspiration? Every other major James novel was always in stock, yet The Bostonians, the classic feminist killjoy, was notably absent. Wasn’t it a staple of local history and literature? Against the backdrop of Boston’s burgeoning feminist movement in the 1870s, The Bostonians pivots around Olive Chancellor, an upper-class suffragist; her estranged cousin Basil Ransom, a conservative lawyer from Mississippi; and Verena Tarrant, Olive’s gifted pupil and companion who is also courted by Basil. After promising never to marry, Verena moves into Olive’s Back Bay home, where they focus on emancipating women in law and society. Over the course of the novel, Olive and Basil vie for Verena’s love and loyalty. Whereas Olive longs to turn her protégée into the voice of the feminist movement, Basil wants to marry her and put an end to her activism. The Bostonians gave rise to the term “Boston marriage,” describing two women like Olive and

Davidow 67 Verena living together in a monogamous partnership, fnancially independent of men. Boston marriage does not necessarily denote a lesbian relationship, yet the novel is teeming with same-sex erotics. Olive is very much enamored of angelic Verena, though it is unclear to what degree her love is requited. For both women, however, at times it’s

hard to distinguish their commitment to feminism Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 from their deep affection for each other.

Right after I found out I’d be returning to Boston for grad school, the terrible Marathon bombings took place. From Toronto, I anxiously kept track of the American news coverage with diligence. It was the frst time in a while that I felt something for Boston, that I cared about it in some capacity. That maybe after all these years I could stop pretending to be Canadian and embrace my four generations of Bostonian roots once and for all. After the city-wide lockdown and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev’s arrest in the pit of a sailboat, I watched online as Bostonians emerged to celebrate the wounded suspect’s captivity. In horror I observed hundreds of white men assembling in the dark at the Parkman Bandstand on the Common. Just four days after the tragic bombings, they gleefully banged their shirtless chests, drunkenly belting patriotic songs like “The Star-Spangled Banner” and “Sweet Caroline.” As the mainstream media generated racist

68 Davidow reports on terrorism, a white man physically assaulted a random woman wearing a hijab. He screamed, “Fuck you Muslims! You are terrorists! I hate you! You are involved in the Boston explosions! Fuck you!”1 In the subsequent months, article after article was published in “liberal” newspapers and magazines

about how white men and sometimes women Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 are exemplary Bostonians because they are heroic and resilient in the face of terrorism.2 The mantras “Boston Strong” and “Boston Pride” continue to be ubiquitous. They follow me everywhere I turn — advertised on Facebook, printed onto cocktail napkins, scratched into bathroom stalls. “Boston Strong” reeks of “Army Strong,” the U.S. Army’s recruiting campaign of the past decade. One has to admit how linguistically puzzling this noun-adjective brand is — why not “Strong Army”? Or perhaps it’s the other way around: “Army” modifes “Strong.” As if we live in an age when “Army” simply describes an everyday mode of living, feeling, and belonging to the strong nation. “Army” — rife with its imperialist, racist, sexist, and homophobic ideologies — is the only way we can be “Strong.” “Boston” easily replaces “Army.” For me, the army of white frat boy go-go dancers decking the Parkman Bandstand inimitably encapsulated what it means to be Bostonian. The phrase “Boston Pride,” on the other hand, is certainly borrowed from the city’s gay pride celebration. In high school I used to live for these annual festivities. I planned my outfts months in advance and prayed that my acne wouldn’t be too atrocious. Marching in the parades around the

Davidow 69 Common in my tightest skinny jeans (my “come- fuck-me pants” according to my disapproving mother), I was indeed desperate to get laid or fnd true love or both. Now I couldn’t care less about Pride. I just use it as an opportunity to rant about queer shame or protest intersectional political issues I consider

pressing. I cannot celebrate my queer identifcation Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 at these corporate festivals. And I surely cannot celebrate being Bostonian.

In Boston, I resort to literature and history in search of feminist and queer role models: strong Bostonians who fll me with pride. Though I know little about American literature, I initially sought out The Bostonians because it’s about feminism. Plus, Merchant Ivory Productions turned it into a mediocre flm. At frst, reading The Bostonians in Boston seemed like a scandalous political act, a big fuck you to my present-day hometown. It was a way to dissent from reactionary public discourse. According to James, the book’s title refers not to every Bostonian but specifcally to Olive and Verena, the feminists who embodied the city’s zeitgeist in the eyes of Basil. 3 (How might we characterize Boston’s zeitgeist today?) Before it got too cold, I made a point to read the

70 Davidow novel in public places, particularly on the Common, the oldest city park in the country. The common ground for all Bostonians. Here Ann Hibbins was hanged from an oak tree in 1656 for witchcraft almost forty years before the frst Salem witch trials. Two centuries later she inspired the creepy witch Mistress Hibbins who

tries to further corrupt Hester Prynne in Nathaniel Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter. In addition to public executions, the Common has historically served as an important site of demonstration, from abolitionist meetings to Vietnam and ACT UP riots. In Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar Esther Greenwood schleps here from the suburbs to see her psychiatrist. Between appointments she sits on the benches along the Common and reads “scandal sheets” — popular little papers announcing suicides, murders, and robberies. “I didn’t know why I had never bought any of these papers before,” Esther claims. “They were the only things I could read.”4 Reading The Bostonians became a performance, my point of entry to the past. I started to identify with Esther as I sat on the same park benches, reading madly to make sense of my role as a political subject in the contemporary city. What happened to the days when Boston was the international hub of abolitionism and feminism? What does it mean to be Bostonian today? How should a Bostonian be?

Davidow 71 Though about feminists, The Bostonians is not feminist. To my dismay, reading The Bostonians in Boston was not in the least a radical gesture. Written by a male novelist who was, to be generous, wary of the women’s rights movement, the book is a literary attempt to fossilize and satirize a particular narrative

of political struggle. Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 For the most part, Verena is totally vapid. Her oracle-like ability to speak is constantly upstaged by her good looks and charm. She is caught in the middle of a vicious tug-of-war between Olive and Basil, who both manipulate her naiveté to their liking. Since Verena needs to please everyone, she is always on the verge of tears. Olive, on the other hand, still strikes me as strong-willed. Dry and awkward and man-hating, she dedicates herself to female emancipation and rails against the institution of marriage. Vanessa Redgrave’s depiction of her in the flm is far too lovely. Despite her discomfort talking in public, Olive approaches theorist Sara Ahmed’s fgure of the feminist killjoy who ruins everybody’s fun and happiness by speaking her mind. As Ahmed writes, “feminists are read as being unhappy, such that situations of confict, violence, and power are read as about the unhappiness of feminists, rather than being what feminists are unhappy about.”5 Olive incessantly points out the relationship between female suffering and suffrage, but her politics don’t get much more advanced than that. For James, the feminist movement thus functioned as a novelistic tool to portray women as unhappy rather than to designate why they’re unhappy. As

72 Davidow suffragist Lucia True Ames penned in her 1886 review of the novel in Woman’s Journal, “We hear a great deal about the great ‘cause’ for which all are laboring, but exactly what the ‘cause’ is, does not seem apparent.”6 Every now and then James vaguely alludes to how, for example, suffragists want “certain laws to be repealed by Congress and by the State legislatures, and others to be enacted,” but Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 on the whole the novelist is completely disengaged from the political discourse and activism of 1870s Boston.7 The book therefore isn’t really about feminism. It’s a novel about a vulnerable heroine torn apart by desire and politics. Since she’s a woman, she can’t subscribe to both. She can only dwell in her negative feelings.

We all know history is a political project, a stringing together of violently hegemonic and teleological narratives. Foucault teaches us that history relies on and exacerbates the link between knowledge and power. To rewrite history, we must turn to critical theory. Doing so is an ethical act, a political practice, an ambition to make the world hurt slightly less than it already does. While learning history has the potential to be abolitionist, it’s impossible to become emancipated from history’s shackles. We cannot strive for emancipation. But as feminists and queers, we can

Davidow 73 endeavor to be abolitionist, to spurn practices and institutions that are wrong. We can be killjoys. Despite being embedded in disparate ideologies ourselves, we must approach history — through writing, activism, and art — with an abolitionist commitment to continuing the fght. Can we move on while looking backward? We’re

stuck in this wretched impasse: the past hovers Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 behind and the future in front. I want to be stuck, and I don’t want to be stuck. It’s infuriating. Instead of moving on, we need to look backward to contemplate how history affects us in vital ways now — what theorist Heather Love calls “feeling backward.”8 In the gay progress narrative, feeling backward rouses too many ugly and negative emotions to be comfortable. Today most gays don’t like to feel backward to times when they weren’t as powerful or rich or healthy. It’s far easier to talk about pride than shame, despair, or loneliness. The frst time I heard of a Boston marriage was in high school. Some Boston-based LGBT history or rights organization randomly sent not one but two copies of a glossy coffee-table book about Massachusetts’ fght for marriage equality to my high school’s Gay-Straight Alliance. On the cover there were two white gay men kissing in front of the Statehouse, showing off their wedding rings like idiots. The book traced the fght for marriage back to the Boston marriage, vividly chronicling in photographs gay and lesbian couples from the past hundred years. Bullshit. The Boston marriage — a very queer partnership — was by no means the forebear to today’s normative model of gay marriage. It was

74 Davidow outstanding precisely because it wasn’t a marriage. Naturally, the book came to a halt in 2004 with Massachusetts’ legalization of gay marriage: white middle-class cisgender gay men and lesbians were basically just as privileged as their straight counterparts. After all, with the exception of gay adoption and military service, and perhaps

legalize gay marriage. But why should gay freedoms

blackmail and bullying deterred them from the exhilarating exhilarating the from them deterred bullying and blackmail 76

ative to protect public space. No amount of subsequent subsequent of amount No space. public protect to ative Republished by permission of the copyright holder. www.dukeupress.edu. holder. copyright the of permission by Republished

constitute a barometer of forward movement? imper ethical an is It despair. past pressing for reason pp. 73–80. Copyright, 2014, Duke University Press. All rights reserved. reserved. rights All Press. University Duke 2014, Copyright, 73–80. pp.

tical project. They also acknowledge another—extra-artistic— acknowledge also They project. tical

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called “Lietuva” (Lithuania) into an art project. That way No- way That project. art an into (Lithuania) “Lietuva” called

to developers. So two local artists made saving the cinema cinema the saving made artists local two So developers. to

thorities in Vilnius had already sold the last movie theater theater movie last the sold already had Vilnius in thorities Pride, two months after the Marathon bombings. Au hall. city fight to impossible be would it figured They

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Liv’s funeral. I got off the bus from Canada with AND ACUPUNCTURE ACUPUNCTURE

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my big duffel bags and headed directly to the PRESS candlelight vigil in Copley Square. It was touching to

see familiar faces of old friends and local activists and to mourn together. I can’t stop watching Liv’s YouTube poetry from years ago, the video where he says, “a strong woman 1

once told me, there needs to be more of us. Strong

women who stay and fght, who don’t1 get hit, stuck to the pavement.”9

Davidow 317

SOMMER

- DORIS guarantees the right of citizens to participate in decisions about environmental use. endeavor to be abolitionist, to spurn practices and Lithuania, thoughinstitutions the country that had are signed 11wrong. This the right We convention, was can a surprisebe killjoys. to translatedDespite from a being mistranslated embedded Russian in disparate version. ideologies For ex ourselves, we must approach history — through ample, “environment” tur ned into “nature;” “transparency” writing, activism, and art — with an abolitionist became “publicity;”commitment “sustainable” to continuing translated as the “balanced.” fght. - The document hadCan never we been move cited on in while Lithuanian looking courts backward? We’re

stuck in this wretched impasse: the past hovers Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 and the artists’behind case and depended the future inon front. approval I want of to their be stuck, fresh translation, andwhich I don’t finally want came to be in stuck. January It’s 2009.infuriating. The devel Instead of moving on, we need to look backward opers retaliated to with contemplate a civil suit to demand how history compensation affects us in vital ways for compoundednow losses, — what alleging theorist that the Heather Lab experimented Love calls “feeling backward.”8 - with public resources,In the gayincluding progress the narrative, very courts feeling that backward were judging their pranks.rouses But the too artists many assured ugly andthe authorities negative emotions to be comfortable. Today most gays don’t like to feel that they were followingbackward the law to to times the letter, when an innovationthey weren’t as powerful or in Lithuania thatrich evidently or healthy. had It’s a far defamiliarizing easier to talk abouteffect. pride than shame, despair, or loneliness. The frst time I heard of a Boston marriage was in high school. Some Bostonbased BT history “ U n i t e d N a t i o n s E c o n o m i c C o n v e n t i o n o n A c c e s s t o I n f o r m11 a t i o n , P u b l i c P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n D e c i s i o n Mor a k i n grights a n d A c c e sorganization s t o J u s t i c e i n E n v i r o n m e nrandomly t a l sent not one but Matters.” Aarhus,two Denmark, copies on 25of Junea glossy 1998. coffeetable http://www.unece.org/env/ book about pp/treatytext.html.Massachusetts’ fght for marriage equality to my high school’s ayStraight Alliance. On the cover

there were two white gay men kissing in front of the Statehouse, showing off their wedding rings like idiots. The book traced the fght for marriage back to the Boston marriage, vividly chronicling in photographs gay and lesbian couples from the past hundred years. Bullshit. The Boston marriage — a very queer partnership — was by no means the forebear to today’s normative model of gay marriage. It was

74 Davidow Sommer 315 outstanding precisely because it wasn’t a marriage. Naturally, the book came to a halt in 2004 with Massachusetts’ legalization of gay marriage: white middleclass cisgender gay men and lesbians were basically just as privileged as their straight counterparts. After all, with the eception of gay adoption and military service, and perhaps

participation at Sochi, there wasn’t anything left Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 for them to fght for. What nerve the organization had to gift these books to us, the awkward queer kids. ere we supposed to look at the pictures of the happy white couples and share in their happiness, imagining that one day we too could be happy? That “it gets better”? We didn’t give a fuck about marriage. Did gay marriage make us feel safer and more accepted in or outside of school? When people want to talk about how progressive Boston is, the frst thing they say is that Massachusetts was the frst state to legalie gay marriage. But why should gay freedoms constitute a barometer of forward movement? I moved back here the same weekend as Boston Pride, two months after the Marathon bombings. The celebrations coincided with my high school friend Liv’s funeral. I got off the bus from Canada with my big duffel bags and headed directly to the candlelight vigil in opley Square. It was touching to see familiar faces of old friends and local activists and to mourn together. I can’t stop watching Liv’s YouTube poetry from years ago, the video where he says, “a strong woman once told me, there needs to be more of us. Strong women who stay and fght, who don’t get hit, stuck to the pavement.”9

Davidow 317 I can’t believe this is eactly what happened to him. Despite everything he did and went through. It was tough and terrifying in high school, but he was still brave and grounded and true to himself. It didn’t get better, but he got stronger. He became an important trans activist. The banality of a bike accident.

Sometimes I get furious about forms of social Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 inustice in Boston. I tend to romanticie political movements of bygone eras. Yet I know that many activists like Liv (particularly people of color, immigrants, women, and queers) are working hard to make life in Boston less grueling. iv belongs to a long lineage of strong Bostonians who stay and fght. And, yes, there needs to be more of them.

Mostly based in Boston, the ames family was eceptionally intelligent and welloff. hereas enry’s father was a prominent theologian, his older brother William was a leading psychologist at Harvard. Out of the fve ames siblings, there was only one female, Alice, who was also the youngest. Though likely just as gifted a writer as her older brothers, like Shakespeare’s noneistent sister imagined by Virginia Woolf in A Room of One’s Own, she was conditioned by her family not to thrive because of her se. athologied, medicalied, and locked up by her male family members from an early age, Alice

318 Davidow developed a slew of bizarre mental and physical illnesses. ead at fortythree. Another woman condemned to a life of diary writing in bed. And she wrote brilliantly. hereas illiam was lauded for his ground breaking academic work on feeling, Henry is traditionally recognied as one of the frst novelists

to eplore in depth the psychology of characters. Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 specially his females like Isabel Archer, aisy Miller, as well as the suffragists Olive and Verena. Through their now canonical writings about — of all things — emotion, the ames brothers established themselves as great men of letters while their sad little sister withered away under the covers. Susan Sontag wrote a play called Alice in Bed about Alice ames’ tragic life. In one dreamlike scene inspired by Alice in onderland, the protagonist attends a mad tea party with the other late Massachusetts female writers Emily Dickinson and Margaret Fuller. Though a sharply innovative poet, Dickinson was barely able to publish anything during her lifetime. She became the quintessential spinster, never leaving her homestead so as to take charge of domestic operations and furtively labor away on her poetry. The other guest, Margaret uller, was a Bostonian writer and activist who published the foundational feminist tet Woman in the Nineteenth Century in . Also the frst woman to have access to the libraries at Harvard. In the play’s postscript, Sontag mentions, “I think I have been preparing to write Alice in Bed all my life.”10 After all, she was a Boston housewife at one point too before her rise to celebrity. Obviously her

Davidow 319 icy intelligence and glamour were always unrivaled, but Sontag lived in hilip Rieff’s shadow during their marriage. Though she was an avid diarist herself, one of the only periods from when we lack her ournals is , right after she married Rieff at seventeen when she graduated from the University of Chicago.

A single despondent entry from reads “I Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 marry Philip with full consciousness + fear of my will toward selfdestructiveness.”11 They moved to Cambridge so that he could take a position at Brandeis. Baby avid was born in 1952, the same year Sontag had to take the train all the way to the University of Connecticut to teach undergraduate writing courses. She was eighteen, probably the same age as her students. She started doctoral studies in philosophy at Harvard the following year. On top of that, she researched for and essentially coauthored Rieff’s frst book, for which she never received due credit.12 The marriage grew unbearable. An entry from 1956: “Whoever invented marriage was an ingenious tormentor. It is an institution committed to the dulling of the feelings.” 13 A year later Sontag took off for a better life to Oford, aris, and ew ork. She started dating women again and never came back to Boston. hy do all the queer feminists ditch Boston for New York? Adrienne Rich moved her three kids and arvard professor husband there to get involved in radical politics in 1966. They divorced in 1970; he shot himself in the woods but she continued to fourish, falling in love with amaican novelist Michelle liff. Eileen Myles left in 1974. Her Twitter suggests

320 Davidow she comes back to take her mother to the movies every now and then. an oldin beat it there in . I’m pretty sure she only returned to Boston for rehab. Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021

Maybe “Boston Strong” is more like an imperative. As in, a Bostonian should be strong. But here’s the thing the strong Bostonian is always a scandal.

In my graduate studies, I’m supposed to concentrate on the global, the theoretical, the big picture. It’s true, my new infatuation is cringeworthy. My apartment should be cluttered with books by ouis Althusser, not ouisa May Alcott. But who knew that Alcott too was probably queer Most people compare Alcott to her astute heroine o March from Little Women. o was such a tomboy; everybody thought she was a lesbian. But then she grew up, married the old erman professor, had kids. She became so depressingly maternal and boring. nlike o, Alcott never married, focusing instead on her career. From a young age she took to writing to support her family.

Davidow 321 Their fnancial situation was actually much worse than the March’s. In eona Rostenberg and Madeleine Stern were leafng through Alcott’s papers in arvard’s Houghton Library when they discovered that in the mids she used the pen name A.M. Barnard to publish several sensational queer tets about

sadomasochism, transvestitism, drugs, and feminism. Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 In an interview Alcott even stated, “I am more than halfpersuaded that I am a man’s soul put by some freak of nature into a woman’s body... because I have fallen in love with so many pretty girls and never once the least bit with any man.”14 To out Alcott, Rostenberg and Stern likely had to stay in the closet themselves to be taken seriously. Or so it seems to me. The two women were partners and housemates for over sity years. According to Rostenberg’s obituary, “They disavowed any lesbian relationships... but epressed a deep, deep love’ as friends, scholars, business partners and rare book sleuths.”15 Regardless, it was the perfect Boston marriage.

In ileen Myles’ “An American oem,” she talks about her upbringing in Boston, famously declaring that she is a Kennedy — a fact she claims to have kept secret her whole life. To escape the fate of her renowned family, she moves to New York and becomes both a lesbian and a poet. By professing to

322 Davidow be a Kennedy, Myles can use her privilege to attend to the urgent social and political issues of her day. This is all makebelieve, though it might as well be true. To be honest, Myles kind of does look like a ennedy. But the whole point is there’s no such thing as Eileen Myles. Eileen Myles is a Myth. This poem is the frst in her aptlynamed collection Not

Me. Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 The poet concludes that not only is she a ennedy, but we’re all ennedys. “And I am your President,” she playfully adds.16 If writing allows Myles to be a Kennedy or the resident, then I can be a Bostonian. A lesson from literature and history should be a wakeup call for all of us, especially myself e must be our own Bostonians.17

Davidow 323 eba Abolaban, quoted in hris aesar, “Muslim oman escribes Assault, Harassment near Malden Center,” Malden Patch May , ) accessed October , 2014, http://patch.com/massachusetts/ maldenmuslimwomanassaulted harassednearmaldencenterphoto 14046503. Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 or eample, see eil Swidey, “ Bostonians of the ear,” Boston lobe Magazine December 22, 2013.

enry ames in illiam and enry ames Selected Letters, ed. Ignas Skrupskelis and liabeth Berkeley harlottesville niversity ress of Virginia, ), .

4 Sylvia Plath, The Bell ar (New York: Harper Row, ), .

Sara Ahmed, “eminist illoys And Other illful Subects),” The Scholar and eminist Online , no. ), accessed October , , httpsfonline.barnard. edu/polyphonic/print_ahmed.htm.

.T.A. ucia True Ames, “The Bostonians,” oman’s ournal March , ), 82–83.

enry ames, The Bostonians (1886; rpt. ew ork Modern ibrary, ), .

8 See Heather Love, eeling Backward Loss and the Politics of Queer History ambridge, MA arvard niversity ress, ).

324 Davidow 9 Liv Pangburn, “Penis Envy – Spoken Word,” YouTube April , ), accessed October , , httpswww.youtube. comwatchveBAMps.

10 Susan Sontag, Alice in Bed (New York: arrar, Strauss and irou, ), .

11 Ibid., Reborn ournals otebooks, Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/thld/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/thld_a_00056/1610842/thld_a_00056.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 1963 ew ork arrar, Strauss and irou, ), .

isa addock and arl Rollyson, Susan Sontag: The Making of an Icon (New York: .. orton ompany, ), .

ouisa May Alcott, quoted in laine Showalter, Sister’s Choice: Traditions and hange in American omen’s riting Oford Oford niversity ress, ), .

Myrna Oliver, “eona Rostenberg, iscovered Secret Racy Side of ouisa May Alcott,” os Angeles Times, March 31, 2005.

16 Eileen Myles, Not Me (New York: Semiotete), ), .

I selfconsciously import this concluding thought from “we must be our own heroines” in Kate Zambreno, Heroines os Angeles Semiotete), ), . Heroines inspired this piece; I respond with admiration and friction.

Davidow 325