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The George Wright Forum Global Change and the World's Iconic Protected Areas The George Wright Forum The GWS Journal of Parks, Protected Areas & Cultural Sites volume 31 number 3 • 2014 Mission The George Wright Society promotes protected area stewardship by bring­ ing practitioners together to share their expertise. Our Goal The Society strives to be the premier organization connecting people, plac­ es, knowledge, and ideas to foster excellence in natural and cultural resource management, research, protection, and interpretation in parks and equivalent reserves. Board of Directors Gary E. Davis, President • Thousand Oaks, California Nathalie Gagnon, Vice President • Ottawa, Ontario David J. Parsons, Secretary • Florence, Montana Ryan Sharp, Treasurer • Richmond, Kentucky Melia Lane-Kamahele • Honolulu, Hawaii Barrett Kennedy • Baton Rouge, Louisiana Jerry M. Mitchell • Littleton, Colorado Frank J. Priznar • Laytonsville, Maryland Chris Spence • Mill Valley, California Jan W. van Wagtendonk • El Portal, California Lynn Wilson • Cobble Hill, British Columbia Graduate Student Liaison to the Board Matthew Browning • Blacksburg, Virginia Executive Office David Harmon, Executive Director/ Co-editor, The George Wright Forum Emily Dekker-Fiala, Conference Coordinator Rebecca Conard, Co-editor, The George Wright Forum P. O. Box 65 • Hancock, Michigan 49930-0065 USA 1-906-487-9722 • [email protected] • www.georgewright.org © 2014 The George Wright Society. All rights reserved (No copyright is claimed for previously published material reprinted herein.) ISSN 0732-4715. Editorial and manuscript submission guidelines may be found at www.georgewright.org/forum. Text paper is made of 50% recycled fi­ bers. Printed by Book Concern Printers, Hancock, Michigan. The George Wright Society is a member of IUCN (International Union for Con­ servation of Nature) and US/ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites—U.S. Committee). The George Wright Forum The GWS Journal of Parks, Protected Areas & Cultural Sites volume 31 number 3 • 2014 Society News, Notes & Mail • 225 The National Park Service Centennial Essay Series Making the Transition to the Third Era of Natural Resources Management Nathan L. Stephenson • 227 Letter from Woodstock When Will We Really Have a System of National Parks? Rolf Diamant • 236 Global Change and the World’s Iconic Protected Areas Paul J. Eagles and Patricia A. Taylor, guest editors Iconic Parks as Environmental Arks Patricia A. Taylor • 240 Global Change and Human Impact Challenges in Managing Iconic National Parks R.W. (Bill) Carter, Stephen J. Walsh, Chris Jacobson, and Marc L. Miller • 245 A Conceptual Framework for Studying Global Change, Tourism, and the Sustainability of Iconic National Parks Marc L. Miller, R.W. (Bill) Carter, Stephen J. Walsh, and Sheila Peake • 256 Climate Change Adaptation in the Great Barrier Reef Iconic National Park System Pedro I.J. Fidelman • 270 Ecotourism in the Galapagos: Management of a Dynamic Emergent System Diego Quiroga • 280 Sociopolitical Change and Interpretation Emphasis in Kruger National Park, South Africa Sheila Peake and R.W. (Bill) Carter • 290 Viewing an Iconic Animal in an Iconic National Park: Bears and People in Yellowstone Patricia A. Taylor, Kerry A. Gunther, and Burke D. Grandjean • 300 Examining Threats to Iconic National Parks through Modeling Global Change, Biocomplexity, and Human Dynamics Stephen J. Walsh, R.W. (Bill) Carter, Scott Lieske, Diego Quiroga, and Carlos F. Mena • 311 The Antiquities Act and How Theodore Roosevelt Shaped It Francis P. McManamon • 324 Principles of Sustainable Transportation in the National Parks Robert Manning, Steven Lawson, Peter Newman, Jeffrey Hallo, and Christopher Monz • 345 Nature Needs Half: A Necessary and Hopeful New Agenda for Protected Areas in North America and around the World Harvey Locke • 359 On the cover: Tortoises on Alcedo Volcano, Isabela Island, Galapagos National Park, Ecuador, one of the internationally recognized “iconic parks” that a group of scholars is studying as bell- wethers of global change. See the set of articles guest-edited by Eagles and Taylor in this issue. Photograph courtesy of Stephen Walsh. 224 • The George Wright Forum • vol. 31 no. 3 (2014) Society News, Notes & Mail Registration now open for GWS2015 Preparations are in high gear for “Engagement, Education, and Expectations: The Future of Parks and Protected Areas,” the 2015 George Wright Society Conference on Parks, Protect- ed Areas, and Cultural Sites. We’ll be meeting March 29–April 3, gathering in the Bay Area for the first time. The conference venue is the Oakland Marriott City Center. The initial pro- gram features two plenary sessions, seven focus sessions, over 100 concurrent sessions, and a four-day poster/exhibit session with over 150 presentations. Because of tight US federal travel budgets, once final travel approvals come through we expect the final numbers to be somewhat lower than this, but we are on target for another vibrant week of interchange. And we have some special events in the works that will make the GWS conference experience even more valuable. Don’t miss out—plan to join us in Oakland! You can sign up today by going to http://www.georgewright.org/gws2015 and selecting the “Register” link. Complete details are on the website. See you in the East Bay! Gagnon reappointed to Board, assumes presidency At the annual in-person meeting of the GWS Board in early November, Nathalie Gagnon, senior analyst with the Aboriginal Affairs Secretariat of Parks Canada, was reappointed to a three-year term. Nathalie was then elected president of the Board, and so will preside over the conference in Oakland. She is the first Canadian, and the first Indigenous person, to lead the Society. The other officers for 2015 are Jerry Mitchell, vice president; Ryan Sharp, treasurer; and Dave Parsons, secretary. As noted in an earlier email to members, on January 1 David Graber will begin a three-year term, and Lynn Wilson will start serving a second three-year term, as a result of this year’s Board election process. GWS signs MOU with Clemson; first Student Chapter launched; Harmon honored In September, GWS Executive Director Dave Harmon traveled to Clemson University to sign a memorandum of understanding with the university’s Institute for Parks, one of the USA’s leading academic institutions in the world of protected area education, management, and development. This is a major agreement that pledges GWS and Clemson to work togeth- er in six areas: • Development of Clemson’s Open Parks Network (https://www.openparksnetwork.org/) as an information and knowledge platform to facilitate better communication between GWS, among its members, and with the general public. • Collaborative education and training development for conservation professionals. • Collaborative research projects, workshops, or conferences. • Mapping and analytical services. The George Wright Forum • vol. 31 no. 3 (2014) • 225 • Development of the Biosphere Associates chapter of GWS and the “BRInfo” biosphere reserve information portal on the GWS website. • Digital archiving of materials related to the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program, and to biosphere reserves in general. • Development of a Clemson Student Chapter of GWS. The first steps toward the last point were made during Dave’s visit when the members of an existing campus parks club decided to convert their activities into being a GWS Student Chapter. We are in the process of developing a blueprint set of bylaws for Clemson to use, and which can be used for other campus chapters. Finally, while in Clemson Dave was honored with the Walter T. Cox Award for Public Service, which he accepted on behalf of the entire GWS team. The Cox Award is part of a series administered by the Clemson University Insti- tute of Parks honoring the renowned National Park Service director, George P. Hartzog, Jr. Latourelle heads up roster of 2015 GWS Awards winners Alan Latourelle, chief executive officer of Parks Canada, will receive the Society’s highest honor, the George Melendez Wright Award for Excellence, at the conference in Oakland. Latourelle has led Parks Canada Agency since 2002 and is being cited for his key role in increasing the size and coverage of the Canadian national protected area system, and for re- tooling the agency so it is more collaborative and inclusive. The other winners are: • GWS Social Science Achievement Award: James Gramann, for his work developing the social science program of the National Park Service; • GWS Cultural Resource Achievement Award: Mark Michel, for his leadership of The Archaeological Conservancy; • GWS Natural Resource Achievement Award: Karen Treviño, for her work building the National Park Service Natural Sound and Night Sky Division; and • GWS Communication Award: Kurt Repanshek, for original news reporting on his influ- ential website “National Parks Traveler.” The awards will be presented at a gala reception the evening of Thursday, April 2, at the conference hotel, the Oakland Marriott. 226 • The George Wright Forum • vol. 31 no. 3 (2014) Making the Transition to the Third Era of Natural Resources Management Nathan L. Stephenson We are entering the third era of National Park Service (NPS) natural resources manage- ment—an era defined by rapid and unprecedented global changes. This third era promises to overturn not only some of our most fundamental assumptions about parks and protected areas, but also many of the ideals we currently hold dear. A common initial reaction to the diverse challenges
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