DOCSLIB.ORG

Wastewater Treatment and Renewable Energy Technologies for Rural Communities in Scotland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wastewater Treatment and Renewable Energy Technologies for Rural Communities in Scotland Technology Scan: Wastewater Treatment and Renewable Energy Technologies for Rural Communities in Scotland Published by CREW – Scotland’s Centre of Expertise for Waters. CREW connects research and policy, delivering objective and robust research and expert opinion to support the development and implementation of water policy in Scotland. CREW is a partnership between the James Hutton Institute and all Scottish Higher Education Institutes supported by MASTS. The Centre is funded by the Scottish Government. This document was produced by: Katina Tam The James Hutton Institute Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH Scotland, UK Please reference this report as follows: Tam, K. (2013) Wastewater Treatment and Renewable Energy Technologies for Rural Communities in Scotland. CREW report 2013, CD2013_20. Available at www.crew.ac.uk/publications Dissemination status: Unrestricted All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, modified or stored in a retrieval system without the prior written permission of CREW management. While every effort is made to ensure that the information given here is accurate, no legal responsibility is accepted for any errors, omissions or misleading statements. All statements, views and opinions expressed in this paper are attributable to the author(s) who contribute to the activities of CREW and do not necessarily represent those of the host institutions or funders. Cover photograph courtesy of: Katina Tam, James Hutton Institute Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 2 2.0 TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATING WASTEWATER .................................................................................... 2 2.1 ATLANTIC WATER FRESHWATER GENERATOR .................................................................................................. 2 2.2 ENDOSAN ................................................................................................................................................. 3 2.3 AQUALOGIX DRINKING WATER PROCESSOR ..................................................................................................... 4 2.4 DUTCH RAINMAKER .................................................................................................................................... 5 2.5 AQUALOOP ............................................................................................................................................ 6 2.6 BIOMATRIX WATER POND BASED PREFABRICATED SYSTEMS ............................................................................... 7 2.7 BIOMATRIX WATER LAND BASED MULTI-STAGE RECIRCULATING WETLAND .......................................................... 9 2.8 LIVING MACHINE ..................................................................................................................................... 10 2.9 MICROBAC PACKAGE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS ........................................................................................ 11 2.10 SEPTIC WIZARD ....................................................................................................................................... 13 2.11 AQUACRITOX .......................................................................................................................................... 13 3.0 TECHNOLOGIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION .................................................................. 14 3.1 CLEARFLEAU ANAEROBIC DIGESTION ............................................................................................................ 14 3.2 WILLOW SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................................... 15 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16 4.0 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 17 4.1 LIMITATIONS OF THIS REPORT ..................................................................................................................... 17 4.2 NEXT STEPS ............................................................................................................................................. 17 5.0 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 18 Executive Summary Background to research This report responds to a CREW call down request submitted by Scottish Water to carry out an initial review of technologies for treating water and wastewater, and for producing renewable energy from water in rural Scottish communities. The technologies included in this report are either on the market or are close to market. Objectives of research 1. To identify and summarise water and wastewater treatment systems that utilise reclaimed effluent for drinking water, toilet flushing, irrigation, and other purposes. 2. To identify and summarise renewable energy systems that utilise water, wastewater, and waste products. Key findings We include details of eleven technologies that reclaim rainwater and wastewater for household and community uses: Atlantic Freshwater Generator utilises a heat plate exchanger and concepts of evaporation and condensation to produce freshwater. EndoSan disinfects domestic water as an alternative to chlorine. Aqualogix Drinking Water Processor uses ultrafiltration and activated carbon for purifying water. Dutch Rainwater uses wind turbines to produce water. AQUALOOP may be installed in households for greywater recycling, wastewater treatment, and surface and groundwater treatment. Biomatrix Water Pond Based Prefabricated Systems uses a cascade floating platform system for treating wastewater. Biomatrix Land Based Multi-Stage Recirculating Wetland utilises biofilms and principles of wetland ecologies for treating wastewater. Living Machine is similar to Biomatrix and builds natural ecosystems for treating wastewater. Microbac Biomass Wastewater Treatment markets bioreactors and membrane bioreactors. Septic Wizard uses principles of vermifiltration to treat wastewater. AquaCritox uses principles of super critical water oxidation to treat wastewater and to produce energy. We include details of three technologies that generate renewable energy from waste and wastewater: Clearfleau markets anaerobic digestion systems for biogas and electricity production. A willow systems project is investigating wastewater treatment and biofuel production from willow crops. AquaCritox uses principles of super critical water oxidation to treat wastewater and produce energy. Independent evaluation of each technology is required to fully understand each of the products and their suitability to use in rural communities in Scotland. Key words: wastewater treatment; renewable energy; sustainable rural communities Page | 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION This report responds to a CREW call down request submitted by Scottish Water to carry out an initial review of technologies for treating water and wastewater, and for producing renewable energy from water. The technologies included in this report are either on the market or close to the market. This scan feeds into Scottish Water’s strategic vision to develop Sustainable Rural Communities. This report is presented in two parts: 1. Technologies for treating wastewater: an overview of eleven technologies that reclaim rainwater and wastewater for household and community uses. Relevant case studies are presented for certain technologies, where information was available. 2. Technologies for producing renewable energy: an overview of three technologies that generate renewable energy from waste, water, and wastewater. Relevant case studies are presented for certain technologies. The information presented in this report is sourced directly from the company or product websites, or is taken from product brochures and leaflets. The data presented is based on the research conducted by the companies, and has not been verified externally. 2.0 TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATING WASTEWATER 2.1 Atlantic Water Freshwater Generator Company: Atlantic Water Location: Newmachar, Aberdeenshire Technology status: On the market Output: Potable The Atlantic Water (AW) Freshwater Generator uses a flat surface heat exchanger or a shell and tube heat exchanger for producing drinking water standard freshwater from water and contaminated water sources. Water is passed through the generator and is evaporated, while condensation of the steam subsequently produces freshwater (Atlantic Water, 2013). Further information on the operation of a standard freshwater generator is available through Alfa Laval, which markets a similar generator called AQUA Freshwater Generator. Water flows through the bottom evaporator section of a heated plate pack and is evaporated at 40-60°C. The vapour rises between the plates into the separator section of the plate pack, which causes residual droplets to fall into the bottom of the generator. The pure vapour enters the top condenser section of the plate pack and the vapour is condensed into freshwater, which is released by a freshwater pump (Alfa Laval, undated). The AW Generator
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (MBR) Technology for Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: Membrane Fouling
    membranes Review Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Technology for Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: Membrane Fouling Oliver Terna Iorhemen *, Rania Ahmed Hamza and Joo Hwa Tay Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; [email protected] (R.A.H.); [email protected] (J.H.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-403-714-7451 Academic Editor: Marco Stoller Received: 14 April 2016; Accepted: 12 June 2016; Published: 15 June 2016 Abstract: The membrane bioreactor (MBR) has emerged as an efficient compact technology for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. The major drawback impeding wider application of MBRs is membrane fouling, which significantly reduces membrane performance and lifespan, resulting in a significant increase in maintenance and operating costs. Finding sustainable membrane fouling mitigation strategies in MBRs has been one of the main concerns over the last two decades. This paper provides an overview of membrane fouling and studies conducted to identify mitigating strategies for fouling in MBRs. Classes of foulants, including biofoulants, organic foulants and inorganic foulants, as well as factors influencing membrane fouling are outlined. Recent research attempts on fouling control, including addition of coagulants and adsorbents, combination of aerobic granulation with MBRs, introduction of granular materials with air scouring in the MBR tank, and quorum quenching are presented. The addition of coagulants and adsorbents shows a significant membrane fouling reduction, but further research is needed to establish optimum dosages of the various coagulants/adsorbents. Similarly, the integration of aerobic granulation with MBRs, which targets biofoulants and organic foulants, shows outstanding filtration performance and a significant reduction in fouling rate, as well as excellent nutrients removal.
    [Show full text]
  • EPPH2009's Guide 2
    Part I Conference Schedule June 14 ~ June 16, 2009 09:00-20:00 Registration Location: Lobby, Friendship Palace, Beijing Friendship Hotel, Beijing Note: You can register at any time during the conference Monday Morning, June 15 Time Activity Location: 2nd floor, Ju Ying Ting in Friendship Palace, Beijing Friendship Hotel 08:30-09:00 Opening Ceremony Plenary Speech 1: Combining Data and Numerical Modeling for Improving the Predictive Ability of Eco- 09:00-09:45 system and Water Quality Model of the Chesapeake Bay and Virginia Tributaries, USA , Prof. Jian Shen, College of William and Mary, USA Plenary Speech 2: Environment and Human Health: Integrating Scientific Developments into Practical En- 09:45-10:30 vironmental Applications for the Improvement of Human Health , Dr. Yue Ge , US Environmental Protection Agency, USA 10:30-10:50 Coffee Break 10:50-11:35 Plenary Speech 3: The 21st Century Water Quality, Safety and Monitoring Issues , Prof. George Zhaoguang Yang , Centre for Advanced Water Technology, Singapore Public Utilities Board, Singapore Monday Noon, June 15 12:00-13:30 Lunch Location: 1st floor, restaurant in Friendship Palace, Beijing Friendship Hotel Monday Afternoon, June 15 Location (1 st floor, Beijing Time Activity Friendship Hotel) Oral_1: Modeling and Measuring of Water Pollution Room 1 in Meeting Hall 14:00 - 15:30 Oral_2: New Wastewater Treatment Technologies Room 2 in Meeting Hall Coffee Break Oral_3: Treatment, Disposal and Discharge of Wastewater Room 3 in Meeting Hall Oral_4: Methods of Monitoring Water Quality Room
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison Between Continuous and Intermittent Model on the Performance of a Pilot-Scale Anoxic/Oxic Membrane Bioreactor for Toilet Wastewater Reuse System
    Research Article Adv Biotech & Micro Volume 4 Issue 3 - July 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Lijie Zhou DOI: 10.19080/AIBM.2017.04.555639 Comparison between Continuous and Intermittent Model on the Performance of a Pilot-Scale Anoxic/Oxic Membrane Bioreactor for Toilet Wastewater Reuse System Lijie Zhou1,2*, Shufang Yang3 and Xiufang Shen2 1College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, China 2State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, China 3Shenzhen Municipal Design & Research Institute Co. Ltd, China Submission: May 25, 2017; Published: July 25, 2017 *Corresponding author: Lijie Zhou, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Shenzhen, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Safety Control, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection & Control in Water Environment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Guangdong Shenzhen 518001, China, Tel: ; Fax: ; Email: Abstract Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a novel and effective technology, which is widely applied in wastewater treatment and water reuse. A generation, continuous and intermittent models were applied, respectively, for this reuse system. This study aimed to identify the comparison betweenpilot-scale continuous anoxic/oxic and MBR intermittent (A/O-MBR) model was on set the up performance to reuse toilet of A/O-MBRwastewater for for toilet a 5-floor wastewater lab building. reuse system. Because Due of tolow remaining volume wastewater sludge and high DO, both continuous and intermittent model showed a great performance on CODCr and NH4+-N removal.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Anaerobic Landfill Leachate Treatability by Membrane Bioreactor
    2010 International Conference on Biology, Environment and Chemistry IPCBEE vol.1 (2011) © (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore Study on Anaerobic Landfill Leachate Treatability by Membrane Bioreactor Rouhallah Mahmoudkhani, Amir Hessam Hassani, Ali Torabian Seyed Mahdi Borghei Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Department of Environmental and Energy University of Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran Tehran, Iran E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Abstract— This study was undertaken to examine feasibility of of contaminants, it cannot be easily treated by conventional biological treating of landfill leachate that was collected from methods. Therefore, a number of scientists around the world Tehran municipal landfill with about 0.5 – 1 year old. Average have intensively focused on the combination of biological COD of the leachate in aerobic submerged membrane and physico-chemical treatment systems for effective bioreactor is 68000 mg/L. The reactor with a working volume leachate treatment [18, 1]. of 175 L, having membrane module (Hollow fiber) with pore Alternative treatments have been reviewed. Briefly, size of 0.1 µm was used in this study. The dissolved oxygen leachate can be recirculated to the same landfill or treated by concentration (DO) was maintained at 3.2 mg/L and solid different methods: biological, aerobic, anaerobic methods retention times (SRTs) and hydraulic retention times (HRT) and/or nitrification–denitrification to remove organic matter were controlled at 55 and 15 days respectively. Following that and ammonium nitrogen. Biological processes to remove the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) was stabilized at 6.3 organic matter can be effective for young leachate with a g/l.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Effects
    Thermal Effects Ming Yan1,2,*, Panyue Zhang1,2, Guangming Zeng1,2 ABSTRACT: This review focuses on the research Biological Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal literatures published in 2015 relating to topics of thermal The short-term effect of temperature on the effects in water pollution control. This review is divided maximum biomass specific activity of anaerobic into the following sections: biological nitrogen and ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria was reported by phosphorus removal, wastewater treatment for organic Lotti et al. (2015). The results indicated that for the conversion, industrial wastewater treatment, anaerobic anammox conversion, the temperature dependency could digestion of sewage sludge and solid waste, sludge biochar not be accurately modeled by one single Arrhenius preparation and application, pyrolysis of sewage sludge, coefficient as typically applied for other biological reduction heavy metal in sewage sludge and soil, and other processes. The temperature effect increased at lower issues of wastewater and sludge treatment. temperatures. Adapted anammox sludge had a higher specific rate at lower temperature. Anammox sludge KEYWORDS: thermal effects, biological nitrogen and cultivated in an aerated partial nitritation/anammox process phosphorus removal, wastewater treatment for organic and/or in biofilm seemed to be less influenced be a conversion, industrial wastewater treatment, anaerobic decrease in temperature than anammox sludge grown under digestion of sewage sludge and solid waste, sludge biochar non-arated conditions and/or in suspension. preparation and application, pyrolysis of sewage sludge, Lackner et al. (2015) compared partial nitritation- reduction heavy metal in sewage sludge and soil. anammox in two laboratory-scale reactors, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and a moving bed biofilm reactor doi: 10.2175/106143016X14696400495730 (MBBR).
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Membrane Bioreactors and Constructed Wetlands for Treatment of Pre Processed Animal Rendering Plant Waste
    Novel membrane bioreactors and constructed wetlands for treatment of pre- processed animal rendering plant wastewater in Scotland Scholz, M Title Novel membrane bioreactors and constructed wetlands for treatment of pre-processed animal rendering plant wastewater in Scotland Authors Scholz, M Type Article URL This version is available at: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/16529/ Published Date 2006 USIR is a digital collection of the research output of the University of Salford. Where copyright permits, full text material held in the repository is made freely available online and can be read, downloaded and copied for non-commercial private study or research purposes. Please check the manuscript for any further copyright restrictions. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. E-WAter Official Publication of the European Water Association (EWA) © EWA 2006 M. Scholz 1 Comparison of novel membrane bioreactors and constructed wetlands for treatment of pre-processed animal rendering plant wastewater in Scotland The performance of a novel industrial membrane bioreactor (MBR) comprising denitrification, nitrification and ultrafiltration for the secondary treatment of primary treated animal rendering wastewater has been compared with an experimental, low-cost and novel vertical-flow constructed treatment wetland planted with Typha latifolia L. The process wastewater followed pre-treatment by dissolved air flotation (DAF). The DAF effluent gave highly variable chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia of 5200 (± 2050) and 490 (± 270) mg/l, respectively. The MBR effluent for COD and ammonia was 45 and 63 mg/l, respectively. The treatment performance of the constructed wetland for COD, ammonia and suspended solids was 167, 63 and 15 mg/l, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of a Sequencing Batch Reactor Followed by Media Filtration for Organic and Nutrient Removal from Produced Water
    EVALUATION OF A SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR FOLLOWED BY MEDIA FILTRATION FOR ORGANIC AND NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM PRODUCED WATER by Emily R. Nicholas A thesis submitted to the Faculty and the Board of Trustees of the Colorado School of Mines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science (Civil and Environmental Engineering). Golden, Colorado Date ____________________________ Signed: ______________________________ Emily R. Nicholas Signed: ______________________________ Dr. Tzahi Y. Cath Thesis Advisor Golden, Colorado Date ____________________________ Signed: _______________________________ Dr. John McCray Professor and Head Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering ii ABSTRACT With technological advances such as hydraulic fracturing, the oil and gas industry now has access to petroleum reservoirs that were previously uneconomical to develop. Some of the reservoirs are located in areas that already have scarce water resources due to drought, climate change, or population. Oilfield operations introduce additional water stress and create a highly complex and variable waste stream called produced water. Produced water contains high concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), metals, organic matter, and in some cases naturally occurring radioactive material. In areas of high water stress, beneficial reuse of produced water needs to be considered. Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) have been used to facilitate biological organic and nutrient removal from domestic waste streams. Although the bacteria responsible for the treatment of domestic sources cannot tolerate the high TDS concentrations in produced water, the microorganisms native to produced water have the functional potential to treat produced water. In a bench scale bioreactor jar test using produced water from the Denver-Julesburg Basin, the produced water collected was determined to be nutrient limited with respect to phosphorus.
    [Show full text]
  • E-Water Comparison of Novel Membrane Bioreactors and Constructed Wetlands for Treatment of Pre-Processed Animal Rendering Plant
    E-WAter Official Publication of the European Water Association (EWA) © EWA 2006 M. Scholz 1 Comparison of novel membrane bioreactors and constructed wetlands for treatment of pre-processed animal rendering plant wastewater in Scotland The performance of a novel industrial membrane bioreactor (MBR) comprising denitrification, nitrification and ultrafiltration for the secondary treatment of primary treated animal rendering wastewater has been compared with an experimental, low-cost and novel vertical-flow constructed treatment wetland planted with Typha latifolia L. The process wastewater followed pre-treatment by dissolved air flotation (DAF). The DAF effluent gave highly variable chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia of 5200 (± 2050) and 490 (± 270) mg/l, respectively. The MBR effluent for COD and ammonia was 45 and 63 mg/l, respectively. The treatment performance of the constructed wetland for COD, ammonia and suspended solids was 167, 63 and 15 mg/l, respectively. Keywords: rendering plant effluent; constructed wetland; denitrification; nitrification; ultrafiltration; water quality. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Treatment of rendering plant effluent Primary rendering plant effluent treatment technologies include screening, settling and DAF as discussed elsewhere1,2. The purpose is to reduce suspended solids (SS), fats, oils and greases. Dissolved air flotation systems have good five-day at 20°C biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies. However, system operational problems including long retention times and low surface-overflow rates are common1. Therefore, most DAF systems are only operated at a primary treatment level (e.g., Fig. 1). Secondary treatment of rendering plant wastewater is by some combination of aerobic and anaerobic wastewater ponds1, anaerobic digestion technologies1,3,4, activated sludge plants1, trickling filters1 and constructed treatment wetlands1,3.
    [Show full text]
  • Membrane Bioreactors Factsheet
    Wastewater Management Fact Sheet Membrane Bioreactors INTRODUCTION water discharge applications requiring extensive nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) removal. The technologies most commonly used for per- forming secondary treatment of municipal ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES wastewater rely on microorganisms suspended in the wastewater to treat it. Although these tech- The advantages of MBR systems over conven- nologies work well in many situations, they have tional biological systems include better effluent several drawbacks, including the difficulty of quality, smaller space requirements, and ease of growing the right types of microorganisms and automation. Specifically, MBRs operate at the physical requirement of a large site. The use higher volumetric loading rates which result in of microfiltration membrane bioreactors lower hydraulic retention times. The low reten- (MBRs), a technology that has become increas- tion times mean that less space is required ingly used in the past 10 years, overcomes many compared to a conventional system. MBRs have of the limitations of conventional systems. These often been operated with longer solids residence systems have the advantage of combining a sus- times (SRTs), which results in lower sludge pro- pended growth biological reactor with solids duction; but this is not a requirement, and more removal via filtration. The membranes can be conventional SRTs have been used (Crawford et designed for and operated in small spaces and al. 2000). The effluent from MBRs contains low with high removal efficiency of contaminants concentrations of bacteria, total suspended solids such as nitrogen, phosphorus, bacteria, bio- (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended phosphorus. This facilitates high-level disinfec- solids.
    [Show full text]
  • Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (Anmbr) for Treatment of Landfill Leachate and Removal of Micropollutants Anh Tien Do University of South Florida, [email protected]
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2011 Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Treatment of Landfill Leachate and Removal of Micropollutants Anh Tien Do University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Other Environmental Sciences Commons Scholar Commons Citation Do, Anh Tien, "Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Treatment of Landfill Leachate and Removal of Micropollutants" (2011). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3075 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Treatment of Landfill Leachate and Removal of Micropollutants by Anh T. Do A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering University of South Florida Major Professor: Daniel Yeh, Ph.D. Jeffrey Cunningham, Ph.D. Foday Jaward, Ph.D. Maya Trotz, Ph.D. John Wolan, Ph.D. Date of Approval: July 5, 2011 Keywords: wastewaters, estrogen, endocrine disrupting compounds, sorption, biotransformation Copyright © 2011, Anh T. Do I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my parents Do Xuan Cuong and Le Thi Lan For their ultimate love and support for me to accomplish my dreams 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The 5 years I have spent obtaining my PhD from the University of South Florida have been a long and winding road.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Membrane-Bio-Reactor in Waste-Water Treatment: a Review
    International Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. ISSN 2248-9924 Volume 3, Number 2 (2013), pp. 115-122 © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Application of Membrane-Bio-Reactor in Waste-Water Treatment: A Review Jain Jyoti, Dubey Alka and Singh Jitendra Kumar Department of Chemical Engineering, MNIT, Jaipur, Rajasthan. Abstract In the near future, the availability of fresh clean water will become increasingly limited in many areas of the world. Salinity intrusion into ground water supplies, nutrient eutrophication, endocrine disruptors, and heavy metals are just a few source of contamination that may be encountered in water supplies. One possible solution to these problems is the application of membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment and reuse. The recycling or reuse of wastewater is one way of supplementing available water supplies. The recent developments in membrane technology have made the recycling of wastewater a realistic possibility since the costs involved have reduced by 80% over the past 20 years. The membrane separation of microorganisms from the treated wastewater is discussed in detail. Problems of membrane fouling and membrane washing and regeneration, linked to activated sludge characteristics, are examined. This paper provides a literature review with special focus on comparing the principle, operation and performance of these four types of MBRs with respect to industrial effluent treatment elaborately. In conclusion, MBR represents an efficient and cost effective process that copes excellently with the growing needs for transforming wastewater into clean water that can be returned to the hydrological cycle without detrimental effects. Keywords: Membrane Bioreactor, Industrial Wastewater, Performance, Fouling. 1. Introduction The availability of fresh clean water is becoming increasingly limited in many areas of the world, at the same time an increasing quantity and quality of water is required to 116 Jain Jyoti et al maintain and support the growing population.
    [Show full text]
  • Mbrane Bioreactors
    PROPOSED DESIGN STANDARDS MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS 89 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) 89.1 General Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) combine conventional biological treatment processes with membrane filtration to provide an advanced level of organic and suspended solids removal, along with the capabilities of advanced level nutrient removal in wastewater. This process may be used to accomplish carbonaceous and/or nitrogenous oxygen demand reductions. The design should be based on experiences at other facilities and should meet the applicable requirements under Sections 40, 60, and 80. This chapter contains criteria for low-pressure, vacuum, and gravity ultrafiltration or microfiltration membrane bioreactors. Typical membrane system configurations include hollow fiber, tubular, or flat plate. Any other membrane system configuration should be considered innovative treatment technology and conduct a pilot study. 89.2 Pretreatment 89.21 General a. Pretreatment is critical in MBR plant design to ensure adequate protection of membranes from physical damage. All MBR systems require fine screening and grit removal to prevent membrane damage from abrasive particles common in influent sewage. b. Removal of fibrous or stringy material is also important. This material can become entangled and wrap around the hollow fibers or stuck within the gaps between membrane flat plates. This can plug the membrane scour aeration systems leading to problems with operation of and potential damage to the system. c. If the influent oil and grease concentration exceeds 100 mg/L, or if historic problems with fats, oils and grease (FOG) exist within the community, oil and grease removal may also be necessary to prevent membranes from being coated. 89.22 Bar Screens A mechanically cleaned bar screen with a manually cleaned emergency bypass bar screen or self-cleaning screening device should be provided.
    [Show full text]