DOCSLIB.ORG

Line Voltage Connected Thermostats

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Line Voltage Connected Thermostats B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N Line Voltage Connected Thermostats June 2017 Updated February 2018 A Report of BPA’s Emerging Technologies Initiative Prepared for Bonneville Power Administration Prepared by Washington State University Energy Program Contract 71419 TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary ............................................................................................................................... 4 Background ........................................................................................................................... 4 Research Methods ................................................................................................................. 5 Technology Overview ............................................................................................................ 5 Thermostat Definitions ............................................................................................................................. 5 Thermostat Features ................................................................................................................................. 8 Electric Resistance Heaters ....................................................................................................................... 9 Product Overview ................................................................................................................ 10 Product Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Product Comparison ............................................................................................................................... 12 Quality Standards .................................................................................................................................... 13 Market Assessment ............................................................................................................. 13 ER Heated Homes in the PNW ................................................................................................................ 13 Market Sales ........................................................................................................................................... 14 Number of Manufacturers ...................................................................................................................... 14 Energy Savings..................................................................................................................... 15 Regional Technical Potential ................................................................................................................... 17 Cost Effectiveness ................................................................................................................................... 18 Measure Development ........................................................................................................ 20 Product Readiness................................................................................................................................... 20 Barriers .................................................................................................................................................... 20 Customer uptake..................................................................................................................................... 21 Non Energy Benefits................................................................................................................................ 21 Demand Response .................................................................................................................................. 21 Current Measures ................................................................................................................................... 22 Research .................................................................................................................................................. 23 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 25 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 26 Perform Field Studies and/or Modeling ................................................................................................. 26 BONNEVIL LE P OWER ADMINISTRATION 2 Upgrade BPA Measure for Electronic Thermostats ................................................................................ 26 Promote Non-Energy Benefits ................................................................................................................ 26 Engage Manufacturers ............................................................................................................................ 27 Support National Recognition of Line-Voltage Connected Thermostats ................................................ 27 Appendix A. References ....................................................................................................... 28 Appendix C. Research Studies .............................................................................................. 34 Eugene Water and Electric Board (EWEB) .............................................................................................. 34 University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres .................................................................................................... 34 Hydro Quebec ......................................................................................................................................... 34 The Institute of Research at Hydro Quebec (IREQ-LTE) .......................................................................... 35 Appendix D. Product Details ................................................................................................ 37 Line-Voltage Thermostats ....................................................................................................................... 37 Appendix E. BPA Product Readiness Levels .......................................................................... 41 TABLES Table 1. Comparison of Line-voltage thermostat products ........................................................................ 12 Table 2. Baseboard Heating as Primary and Secondary Heating Source in Various Housing Types........... 14 Table 3. Estimated Energy Savings Results per Research Study* ............................................................... 16 Table 4. Annual Heating Energy Use (kWh/year) for ER Homes Estimated with SEEM in the BPA region. 17 Table 5. Regional Technical Potential (RTP)* .............................................................................................. 18 Table 6. Benefit Cost Ratio of Electronic Line-Voltage Thermostats .......................................................... 19 Table 7: BPA Technology Readiness Criteria and Scores for line-voltage connected thermostats ............ 20 FIGURES Figure 1. Bimetallic, mechanical, thermostat ............................................................................................... 5 Figure 2. Example of Comparison of Thermostat Deadbands ...................................................................... 6 Figure 3. Example of Energy Use Reporting per Zone .................................................................................. 9 Figure 4. RTF Heating Zone Map ................................................................................................................. 17 BONNEVIL LE P OWER ADMINISTRATION 3 SUMMARY BPA is interested in exploring controls for electric resistance zonal heaters as an opportunity for regional efficiency improvements. Zonal electric resistance heat is used in many homes in the Pacific Northwest including multifamily homes. Its popularity is driven by its low first cost compared with other more efficient heating systems, lower price of electricity and reduced need for cooling in the region, and lack of natural gas availability in rural areas. Most line-voltage thermostats used to control electric resistance heat In the Bonneville Power Administration region are simple bimetallic mechanical thermostats. Preliminary studies show that replacing them with electronic connected line-voltage thermostats (line-voltage connected thermostats) may offer approximately 13% energy savings. This paper provides an overview of line-voltage thermostats that have connected features to control residential zonal electric resistance (ER) heat in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). It provides background on the various types of thermostats, their energy efficiency potential, non-energy benefits, and key features. Key findings include (1) there are at least 13 line-voltage connected thermostats on the market; (2) the market is introducing new features; (3) there is not much current data on energy savings potential but a conservative estimate is 13%; and (4) more research needs to be completed to determine the savings for single-family and multi-family applications. Based on inferences of energy savings and the number of ER heated homes in the PNW, the estimated regional potential is 120aMW. Payback, without any incentives, appears to be 5.2 years single-family and 8.2 for multifamily. Supporting adoption of line-voltage connected thermostats through field studies and modeling, engaging thermostat manufacturers,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Personalized Smart Residency with Human Activity Recognition a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment Of
    PERSONALIZED SMART RESIDENCY WITH HUMAN ACTIVITY RECOGNITION A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE MASTER IN COMPUTER SCIENCE BY SUDAD H. ABED DR. WU SHAOEN – ADVISOR BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA December 2016 DEDICATION To our greatest teacher, the person who took us out of the darkness to the light, the person who carried discomfort on his shoulders for our comfort, our prophet Mohammad; To the pulse of my heart, the secure and warm lap, the one who stayed up to ensure my wellness, my mother; To the man who devoted his life to me, my first friend, the one who I will always go to for advice, my father; To those whom I stood up miss every day, the companions who have stood by me through the good times and the bad, my brothers and sisters; I dedicate my work to you. i ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, and most importantly, I thank Allah for all the strength, blessings, and mercy he has been given me. I want to pay a special warm thanks to my teacher and thesis advisor Dr. Shaoen Wu for his guidance, answers, and patience every time I needed him during my work on the thesis. I want to acknowledge my appreciation to Dr. Shaoen Wu for all his effort and support in helping me complete this work. I want to thank my committee members, Dr. David Hua and Dr. Jeff Zhang for all their suggestions and recommendations. Also, I want to thank the chairperson of the Computer Science Department, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Cloud Computingcomputing
    NetworkingNetworking TechnologiesTechnologies forfor BigBig DataData andand InternetInternet ofof ThingsThings. Raj Jain Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis, MO 63130 [email protected] These slides and audio/video recordings of this lecture are at: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/tutorials/gitma15.htm Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/tutorials/gitma15.htm ©2015 Raj Jain 10-1 OverviewOverview 1. What are Things? 2. What’s Smart? 3. Why IoT Now? 4. Business/Research Opportunities in IoT 5. Why, What, and How of Big Data: It’s all because of advances in networking 6. Recent Developments in Networking and their role in Big Data (Virtualization, SDN, NFV) Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/tutorials/gitma15.htm ©2015 Raj Jain 10-2 CloudCloud ComputingComputing August 25, 2006: Amazon announced EC2 Birth of Cloud Computing in reality (Prior theoretical concepts of computing as a utility) Web Services To Drive Future Growth For Amazon ($2B in 2012, $7B in 2019) - Forbes, Aug 12, 2012 Cloud computing was made possible by computing virtualization Networking: Plumbing of computing IEEE: Virtual Bridging, … IETF: Virtual Routers, … ITU: Mobile Virtual Operators, … Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/tutorials/gitma15.htm ©2015 Raj Jain 10-3 WhatWhat areare Things?Things? Thing Not a computer Phone, watches, thermostats, cars, Electric Meters, sensors, clothing, band-aids, TV,… Anything, Anywhere, Anytime, Anyway, Anyhow (5 A’s) Ref: http://blog.smartthings.com/iot101/iot-adding-value-to-peoples-lives/ Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/tutorials/gitma15.htm ©2015 Raj Jain 10-4 InternetInternet ofof ThingsThings Less than 1% of things around us is connected.
    [Show full text]
  • DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 1: Residential Technologies DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 1: Residential Technologies
    IES RE LOG SIDE NO NT CH IA TE L L TE A C I H T N N E O D L I O S G E I R E S R DSML Pocket Guidebook E S A I I D VolumeT 1: Residential Technologies E N N E T D I I A S L E R T E S C E H I N G O O L L O O G N I H E C S E T R E L S A I I D T E N N E T D I I A S L E R T E S C E H I N G O O L Western Area Power Administration August 2007 DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 1: Residential Technologies DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 1: Residential Technologies Produced and funded by Western Area Power Administration P.O. Box 281213 Lakewood, CO 80228-8213 Prepared by National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, CO 80401 August 2007 Table of Contents List of Tables v List of Figures v Foreword vii Acknowledgements ix Introduction xi Energy Use and Energy Audits 1 Building Structure 9 Insulation 10 Windows, Glass Doors, and Sky lights 14 Air Sealing 18 Passive Solar Design 21 Heating and Cooling 25 Programmable Thermostats 26 Heat Pumps 28 Heat Storage 31 Zoned Heating 32 Duct Thermal Losses 33 Energy-Efficient Air Conditioning 35 Air Conditioning Cycling Control 40 Whole-House and Ceiling Fans 41 Evaporative Cooling 43 Distributed Photovoltaic Systems 45 Water Heating 49 Conventional Water Heating 51 Combination Space and Water Heaters 55 Demand Water Heaters 57 Heat Pump Water Heaters 60 Solar Water Heaters 62 Lighting 67 Incandescent Alternatives 69 Lighting Controls 76 Daylighting 79 Appliances 83 Energy-Efficient Refrigerators and Freezers 89 Energy-Efficient Dishwashers 92 Energy-Efficient Clothes Washers and Dryers 94 Home Offices
    [Show full text]
  • The Best Smart Home Devices for Your Google Home
    3/30/2018 The best Google Home devices: Philips Hue, Nest Cam IQ, and more - Business Insider The best smart home devices for your Google Home CHRISTIAN DE LOOPER, INSIDER PICKS JAN. 23, 2018, 3:00 PM The Insider Picks team writes about stuff we think you'll like. Business Insider has affiliate partnerships, so we get a share of the revenue from your purchase. Google/Business Insider The Insider Pick: http://www.businessinsider.com/best-google-home-devices?op=1&r=UK&IR=T/#the-best-light-bulbs-that-work-with-google-home-1 1/15 3/30/2018 The best Google Home devices: Philips Hue, Nest Cam IQ, and more - Business Insider If you’ve chosen the Google Assistant as your smart home helper, you need the best smart home products that work with the Google Home, Mini, and Max. We've tested smart light bulbs, outlets, light switches, security cameras, and thermostats to find the best ones you can buy. The smart home is on the rise, and there are a growing number of awesome smart home devices that will help you live like the Jetsons. Companies like Google, Amazon, and Apple are all working hard with partners to expand their smart home ecosystems and bring digital assistants like Google Assistant, Amazon's Alexa, and Apple's Siri into the home. Most Android fans have chosen Google Home as their go-to smart home system, and for good reason. It integrates well with other Google products, can be easily set up and controlled from your smartphone, and allows for a more uniform experience with the Google Assistant.
    [Show full text]
  • Google Nest FAQ's
    Google Nest FAQ’s Professional Installer October 2020 Let’s go! | Confidential and Proprietary | Do not distribute Welcome to the Google Nest FAQ’s Here you will find some Frequently Asked Questions from both Branch Staff and Installers. Please use this information to assist with Google Nest sales and questions. Need any help? For assistance with technical aspects related to the Google Nest product range, including installation and any other issues related to the Pro Portal, Pro Finder and Pro network, contact the Nest Pro support team: Contact Us form at pro.nest.com/support 0808 178 0546 Monday to Friday – 08:00‑19:00 Saturday to Sunday – 09:00‑17:00 For help to grow your business with Google Nest, product-specific questions and sales support,contact the Field team: [email protected] 07908 740 199 | Confidential and Proprietary | Do not distribute Topics to be covered Product-specific ● Nest Thermostats ● Nest Protect ● Nest Cameras ● Nest Hello video doorbell ● Nest Aware and Nest Aware Plus ● Nest Speakers and Display ● Nest Wi-Fi Other ● Nest Pro ● Returns and Faults ● General Questions ● Product SKUs ● Additional resources | Confidential and Proprietary | Do not distribute Nest Thermostats ● What’s the difference between Nest 3rd Gen Learning Thermostat and Nest Thermostat E? The 3rd Generation Nest Learning Thermostat is a dual channel (heating and hot water) and Nest Thermostat E is a single channel (heating only) as well as design, features, wiring and price. ● How many Thermostats does my customer need for a multi zone system? As the 3rd Gen Nest Learning Thermostat is a dual channel thermostat it will control both Heating and Hot Water.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is a Typical Energy Consumption?
    What is a typical Energy Consumption? • Information in the public domain about ‘average’ consumption • Averages are made from many different variations! The Australian Energy Market Commission The Victorian Government Typical energy consumption depends on: • The number of people • The type of housing • The energy mix • The lifestyle • Information in the following graphics is supplied by switchon.gov.vic.au Household 1 Occupants Energy Type Dwelling Type Household includes: Electric hot water Electric heating and cooling Electric cooking Swimming pool All Electric House 2 plasma TV 3 computers Dishwasher Annual power cost: $3,289.64 Clothes dryer 15,014.8 kWh What is the breakdown? • Every household is different, but an ‘average’ gives a basic idea of where it could be consumed • This household uses an average of 41 kWh per day, average cost = $9.01 per day • Heating and cooling is not used all year round, so real ‘daily’ consumption is much higher A ‘ball-park’ break-down of energy use Source: DPI Switch On website/Baseline Energy Estimates 2008, DEWHA ‘Household 1’ Type of consumption Percentage Kilowatt-hours per day Stand-by power 3 1.2 Heating and cooling 38 15.6 Water heating 25 10.3 Other appliances (including pool) 16 6.6 Fridges and freezers 7 2.9 Lighting 7 2.9 Cooking 4 1.6 Total 100% 41.1 kWh/day Household 2 Occupants Energy Type Dwelling Type Household includes: Electric hot water Electric heating and cooling Electric cooking Plasma TV All Electric House Computer Dishwasher Clothes dryer Annual power cost: $1,808.54
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Heating Load Forecasting Method Based on Improved Thermal Comfort Model and LSTM
    energies Article Electric Heating Load Forecasting Method Based on Improved Thermal Comfort Model and LSTM Jie Sun 1, Jiao Wang 1, Yonghui Sun 1, Mingxin Xu 1, Yong Shi 1, Zifa Liu 2 and Xingya Wen 2,* 1 State Grid Inner Mongolia Eastern Electric Power Co., Ltd., Economic and Technical Research Institute, Hohhot 010011, China; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (J.W.); [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (M.X.); [email protected] (Y.S.) 2 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-18810119275 Abstract: The accuracy of the electric heating load forecast in a new load has a close relationship with the safety and stability of distribution network in normal operation. It also has enormous implications on the architecture of a distribution network. Firstly, the thermal comfort model of the human body was established to analyze the comfortable body temperature of a main crowd under different temperatures and levels of humidity. Secondly, it analyzed the influence factors of electric heating load, and from the perspective of meteorological factors, it selected the difference between human thermal comfort temperature and actual temperature and humidity by gray correlation analysis. Finally, the attention mechanism was utilized to promote the precision of combined adjunction model, and then the data results of the predicted electric heating load were obtained. In the verification, the measured data of electric heating load in a certain area of eastern Inner Mongolia were used. The results showed that after considering the input vector with most relative factors such as temperature and human thermal comfort, the LSTM network can realize the accurate prediction of the electric Citation: Sun, J.; Wang, J.; Sun, Y.; Xu, M.; Shi, Y.; Liu, Z.; Wen, X.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study on Nest's “Smart Home Energy” Business Model: Based on Strategic Choices for Connected Product
    A CASE STUDY ON NEST’S “SMART HOME ENERGY” BUSINESS MODEL: BASED ON STRATEGIC CHOICES FOR CONNECTED PRODUCT SONG, MINZHEONG Hansei University E-mail: [email protected] Abstract - The purpose of this study is to investigate Nest’s business strategy, because simple Nest products have a big potential of connected one and have synergy with Google’s current assets such as artificial intelligence. It makes sense to be developing them together. The key activities based on strategic choices for monetizing connected product are investigated. Nest’s capacity and functionality is to offer a seamless integration of devices, platforms, and services and the “Works with Nest” offers an ecosystem fulfilling the needs of different partners. For utilizing and monetizing customer data, Nest also provides a seamless end-to-end customer experience supported by product incentives. Nest also introduces open APIs to connect its smart devices to the wider IoT and open to “If This, Then That.” With those activities Nest builds Nest homeincluding energy. In terms of smart home energy (SHE), all Nest products were designed to work together and if there is a carbon monoxide leak, the Nest Protect can send a command to the Nest Thermostat to turn off the heat. The Nest app also controls them from one single place. Thanks to the support of numerous partners and third-party developers, Nest has partnered with 32 energy providers as of 2017. These partners provide energy from renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Nest emphasizes how the consumer can benefit from sharing data with their energy and insurance provider.
    [Show full text]
  • CK & CKT 15 E Surface-Mounted Electric Fan Heaters | Engineering Specification Sheet
    ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION SHEET Simply the Best CK & CKT 15 E Surface-Mounted Electric Fan Heaters Description Stiebel Eltron CK wall-mounted electric heaters are designed for installation where quick heat is needed, such as bathrooms, kitchens, bedrooms, hallways, playrooms and garages in new construction and renovation projects. They have an ultra-quiet fan and will replace existing recess- mount heaters. A built-in thermostat has a frost protection setting. CK heaters will work with wall thermostats in rooms larger than 215 sq. ft. (20 sq. m.) The CKT adds a 60 minute timer designed to temporarily output maximum heat to quickly warm a space. When the timer goes off the unit CK without timer reverts to the thermostat setting to maintain comfort. CKT with timer Specifications Model Item number CK 15 E 074058 CKT 15 E 230345 Phase single Voltage 120 V Wattage 1500 W Amperage 12.5 A Rated output 5122 Btu/hr Certified to ANSI/UL Air volume 106 cfm Std. 2021 Recommended circuit breaker size 15 A Conforms to CAN/CSA Minimum wire size 14 AWG Std. 22.2 No. 46 Heating element nichrome wire Thermostat bimetal type High limit bimetal type Motor 18 W shaded pole Blower galvanized steel, squirrel cage type Dimensions HEIGHT 18˝ (460 mm) x WIDTH 13¼˝ (335 mm) x DEPTH 4⅞˝ (123 mm) Weight 8.0 lb (4.4 kg) Housing stove enameled sheet steel / plastic Color Alpine White with black grill Due to our continuous process of engineering and technological advancement, specifications may change without notice. Temperature range 45 – 86 °F (7 – 30 °C) | Frost protection setting 45 °F (7 °C) Operating noise 49.7 dB(a) rev.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of a Heat Pump Assisted Solar Thermal System Kyle G
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs International High Performance Buildings School of Mechanical Engineering Conference 2014 Design of a Heat Pump Assisted Solar Thermal System Kyle G. Krockenberger Purdue University, United States of America / Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, [email protected] John M. DeGrove [email protected] William J. Hutzel [email protected] J. Christopher Foreman [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ihpbc Krockenberger, Kyle G.; DeGrove, John M.; Hutzel, William J.; and Foreman, J. Christopher, "Design of a Heat Pump Assisted Solar Thermal System" (2014). International High Performance Buildings Conference. Paper 146. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ihpbc/146 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Complete proceedings may be acquired in print and on CD-ROM directly from the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories at https://engineering.purdue.edu/ Herrick/Events/orderlit.html 3572 , Page 1 Design of a Heat Pump Assisted Solar Thermal System Kyle G. KROCKENBERGER 1*, John M. DEGROVE 1*, William J. HUTZEL 1, J. Chris FOREMAN 2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States. [email protected] * Corresponding Author ABSTRACT This paper outlines the design of an active solar thermal loop system that will be integrated with an air source heat pump hot water heater to provide highly efficient heating of a water/propylene glycol mixture.
    [Show full text]
  • Calorex Non-Ducted Swimming Pool Dehumidifiers
    Image kindly supplied by Origin Leisure Calorex non-ducted swimming pool dehumidifiers Take control of your swimming pool environment Ideal for indoor pool applications including Domestic, Therapy, Health Clubs and Hotel & Spa pools, the Calorex range of non-ducted dehumidifiers, are the only choice when it comes to efficiency, reliability and performance. Protect your pool building Calorex dehumidifiers cleverly convert the energy Using a Calorex dehumidifier minimises the need to locked up in the moisture into heat used to heat the introduce and heat the cold outdoor air into the pool An indoor swimming pool is a wonderful leisure room. The free heat recovered by dehumidification hall to dehumidify, which can be costly. and exercise environment, but there are many is not only “green”, but it accelerates the drying important factors to consider when planning and process, keeps the boiler off for longer, reduces Models designing a pool. the evaporation from the pool and creates a warm Available as wall mount or through wall Even when you cannot see it, moisture in the form dry environment. models (TTW), for installation outside of the of water vapour is all around us in the air. The pool hall, the Calorex range of dehumidifiers also humidity in the air, if not controlled, will cause Efficient offer air heating via LPHW (low pressure hot water) corrosion, mould and bacteria growth. Calorex dehumidifiers are exceptionally efficient, or Electric Resistance Heating. recovering the latent energy that is contained in the When left unchecked, moisture damage in The dehumidifiers within this brochure are moisture and delivering it back to the pool hall in swimming pool buildings causes major subject to a 2 year manufacturer’s warranty, the form of heat.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Calculation and Experimental Investigation of Electric Heating and Solid Thermal Storage System
    energies Article Thermal Calculation and Experimental Investigation of Electric Heating and Solid Thermal Storage System Haichuan Zhao 1, Ning Yan 1,*, Zuoxia Xing 1, Lei Chen 1 and Libing Jiang 2 1 School of Electrical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China; [email protected] (H.Z.); [email protected] (Z.X.); [email protected] (L.C.) 2 Shenyang Lanhao New Energy Technology Company, Shenyang 110006, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-159-0982-6968 Received: 7 August 2020; Accepted: 2 October 2020; Published: 9 October 2020 Abstract: Electric heating and solid thermal storage systems (EHSTSSs) are widely used in clean district heating and to flexibly adjust combined heat and power (CHP) units. They represent an effective way to utilize renewable energy. Aiming at the thermal design calculation and experimental verification of EHSTSS, the thermal calculation and the heat transfer characteristics of an EHSTSS are investigated in this paper. Firstly, a thermal calculation method for the EHSTSS is proposed. The calculation flow and calculation method for key parameters of the heating system, heat storage system, heat exchange system and fan-circulating system in the EHSTSS are studied. Then, the instantaneous heat transfer characteristics of the thermal storage system (TSS) in the EHSTSS are analyzed, and the heat transfer process of ESS is simulated by the FLUENT 15 software. The uniform temperature distribution in the heat storage and release process of the TSS verifies the good heat transfer characteristics of the EHSTSS. Finally, an EHSTSS test verification platform is built and the historical operation data of the EHSTSS is analyzed.
    [Show full text]