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Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE Radioactive Decay Data Specific Heats of Common Materials RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT ISOTOPE (years) (Joules/gram • °C) 14 3 Liquid water 4.18 Carbon-14 14C N 5.7 × 10 Solid water (ice) 2.11 40Ar 40 × 9 Water vapor 2.00 Potassium-40 K 40 1.3 10 Ca Dry air 1.01 206 9 Uranium-238 238U Pb 4.5 × 10 Basalt 0.84 Granite 0.79 87 87 × 10 Rubidium-87 Rb Sr 4.9 10 Iron 0.45 Copper 0.38 Equations Lead 0.13 distance between foci Eccentricity = length of major axis Properties of Water change in field value Gradient = Heat energy gained during melting . 334 J/g distance Heat energy released during freezing . 334 J/g change in value Rate of change = Heat energy gained during vaporization . 2260 J/g time Heat energy released during condensation . 2260 J/g mass Density = volume Density at 3.98°C . 1.0 g/mL Average Chemical Composition of Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere ELEMENT CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE (symbol) Percent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0 Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88 Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48 Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49 Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18 Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11 Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33 Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42 Nitrogen (N) 78.0 Hydrogen (H) 66.0 Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0 2011 EDITION Eurypterus remipes This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 2011–12 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2012 Regents Examination in New York State Fossil Physical Setting/Earth Science. Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables —2011Edition Tables Setting/Earth Physical Science Reference Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State Interior s Grenville Province d Lowlands n a (Highlands) l w o St. Lawrence Lowlands L n i a l Interior Lowlands p Adirondack m a Mountains h C Lake Ontario Tug Hill Plateau Erie-Ontario Lowlands (Plains) s Lake Erie d n a l w Allegheny Plateau o L (Highlands) k w New England Province a h The Catskills o M Taconic Mountains - n o s) s d d an u pl H Hudson Highlands (U au Manhattan Prong te la P Key n Major geographic province boundary lain ia al P h ast c Landscape region boundary Co a ic l State boundary nt a Newark tla p Lowlands A p International boundary A Miles N 0204010 30 50 WE 0204060 80 2 Kilometers S Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables —2011Edition Tables Setting/Earth Physical ScienceReference 73° 75° 74° 45° 45° Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State MASSENA modified from GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PLATTSBURGH NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 76° St. Lawrence River 1989 N I A L P M MT. MARCY A H C 44° VERMONT 44° WATERTOWN iver R elevation 75 m LAKE OLD FORGE LAKE ONTARIO 79° 78° 77° Hudson OSWEGO r e v UTICA i ROCHESTER NIAGARA FALLS R SYRACUSE a r 43° a 43° g Mohawk a i N River BUFFALO elevation 175 m ALBANY LAKE FINGER LAKES ERIE Genesee River ITHACA River JAMESTOWN ELMIRA BINGHAMTON MASSACHUSETTS River SLIDE MT. Susquehanna 42° 42° KINGSTON 79° 78° 77° 76° Delaware PENNSYLVANIA Hudson River GEOLOGIC PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK 75° CONNECTICUT CRETACEOUS and PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays NEW JERSEY LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, basalt, and diabase (Palisades sill) SOUND AND Dominantly ISL PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales G N 73° 41° sedimentary O 41° DEVONIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates L 41° RIVERHEAD 72° SILURIAN } SILURIAN also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite. origin NEW YORK ORDOVICIAN CITY limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones LONG ISLAND CAMBRIAN } } ATLANTIC OCEAN CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones 40°30' moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River Dominantly CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists 73°30' 73° metamorphosed 74° intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex rocks Miles TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates Miles N slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages } 020401005 30 5040302010 0 MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles WE Lines are generalized structure trends. 08604020 0 Intensely metamorphosed rocks 0204060 80 MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks } (regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.) Kilometers 3 Kilometers S Surface Ocean Currents Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 4 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables —2011Edition Tables Setting/Earth Physical Science Reference Tectonic Plates Iceland Hot Spot North American Eurasian Eurasian Plate Plate ch Plate Al ren e eutian T Yellowstone g Juan de Hot Spot id R Fuca Plate c ti n a tl Arabian Canary -A Plate id Islands San Andreas M Hot Spot Fault a h Philippine n African c a i n Hawaii M Plate r Plate id a e Hot Spot Caribbean ft - r Cocos Plate i In M T R d Plate i a n n a c Pacific R i Galapagos South r Fiji Plate h f i d Hot Spot a c A Plate e g g t P American g n e e s n r d e u i a r - o C E Plate R T T Easter Island h St. Helena c i i l Hot Spot e Hot Spot Nazca nt Indian-Australian T a r l e t e g Plate n Plate A d c - i h S d ou Tasman R i th ic M e Hot Spot if as c t a Scotia Ridge In P di t Plate Southwest Indian an R s idge Ea Bouvet Hot Spot Antarctic Antarctic Plate Plate Sandwich Plate overriding Key plate subducting Complex or uncertain Mantle Relative motion at Transform plate boundary plate (transform fault) plate boundary hot spot plate boundary Divergent plate boundary (usually broken by transform Convergent plate boundary faults along mid-ocean ridges) (subduction zone) NOTE: Not all mantle hot spots, plates, and 5 boundaries are shown. Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust Relationship of Transported Particle Size to Water Velocity r Dep d/o osi an an tion 100.0 ion n d Bu ct atio ria Boulders pa nt l m e o em 25.6 C C 10.0 Cobbles SEDIMENTS 6.4 E (cm) SEDIMENTARY n r o o i 1.0 Pebbles ROCK s s o H W ( i e Upl o r e a ift n th ) E a e M rin 0.2 t g & & e E a ro M s l ion g 0.1 n t i ) n e n d i t f r t r Pres / g d/o sur i a n e o a l at e Sand m e r p H rphi h tamo sm t P e U o M a ( r r e 0.01 p e h s 0.006 W i s n s ) o u ft i m li s r p ro e (U IGNEOUS & E Silt g DIAMETER PARTICLE erin ROCK 0.001 ath We g eltin 0.0004 METAMORPHIC M n o Clay ROCK ti a 0.0001 1000 100 c 1 i 10 500 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 50 f 5 di M oli el S ting MAGMA STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s) This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed to maintain, but not start, movement. Variations occur due to differences in particle density and shape. Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification CRYSTAL TEXTURE SIZE Non- Obsidian Basaltic glass (usually appears black) Glassy vesicular non- Pumice Scoria crystalline Vesicular (gas Vesicular rhyolite Vesicular Vesicular basalt pockets) andesite (Volcanic) Fine EXTRUSIVE Basalt Rhyolite Andesite 1 mm less than Diabase Diorite Peri- Non- to Coarse IGNEOUS ROCKS Granite Gabbro dotite vesicular 1 mm Dunite 10 mm Very ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION ENVIRONMENT (Plutonic) Pegmatite or INTRUSIVE coarse larger 10 mm LIGHTER COLOR DARKER LOWER DENSITY HIGHER FELSIC COMPOSITION MAFIC (rich in Si, Al) (rich in Fe, Mg) 100% 100% Potassium CHARACTERISTICS feldspar (pink to white) 75% 75% Quartz (clear to white) Plagioclase feldspar (white to gray) 50% 50% Pyroxene (green) Biotite (black) (relative by volume) 25% Olivine 25% (green) MINERAL COMPOSITION MINERAL Amphibole (black) 0% 0% Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 6 Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TEXTURE GRAIN SIZECOMPOSITION COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL Pebbles, cobbles, Rounded fragments Conglomerate and/or boulders embedded in sand, Mostly silt, and/or clay quartz, Angular fragments Breccia feldspar, and Clastic Sand clay minerals; (0.006 to 0.2 cm) Fine to coarse Sandstone (fragmental) may contain . Silt fragments of . Very fine grain Siltstone . (0.0004 to 0.006 cm) other rocks . and minerals Compact; may split Clay Shale (less than 0.0004 cm) easily CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TEXTURE GRAIN SIZECOMPOSITION COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL Halite Rock salt Fine Crystals from to chemical Crystalline Gypsum coarse precipitates Rock gypsum crystals and evaporites Dolomite Dolostone Crystalline or Precipitates of biologic Calcite origin or cemented shell Limestone bioclastic Microscopic to fragments very coarse Bioclastic Compacted Carbon plant remains Bituminous coal Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification GRAIN TYPE OF TEXTURE SIZE COMPOSITION METAMORPHISM COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL Fine Low-grade Slate metamorphism of shale Regional (Heat and Foliation surfaces shiny from microscopic mica Fine pressure Phyllite increases) crystals FOLIATED to MINERAL ALIGNMENT medium Platy mica crystals visible MICA from metamorphism of clay Schist or feldspars QUARTZ GARNET FELDSPAR Medium AMPHIBOLE High-grade metamorphism; to mineral types segregated Gneiss ING BAND- coarse into bands PYROXENE Carbon Metamorphism of Fine Regional bituminous coal Anthracite coal Various rocks changed by Various Contact Fine minerals heat from nearby Hornfels (heat) magma/lava Metamorphism of Quartz quartz sandstone Quartzite
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