Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE

Home , Earth science

The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE

Radioactive Decay Data Specific Heats of Common Materials RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT ISOTOPE (years) (Joules/gram • °C)

14 3 Liquid water 4.18 Carbon-14 14C N 5.7 × 10 Solid water (ice) 2.11 40Ar 40 × 9 Water vapor 2.00 Potassium-40 K 40 1.3 10 Ca Dry air 1.01 206 9 Uranium-238 238U Pb 4.5 × 10 Basalt 0.84 Granite 0.79 87 87 × 10 Rubidium-87 Rb Sr 4.9 10 Iron 0.45 Copper 0.38 Equations Lead 0.13

distance between foci Eccentricity = length of major axis Properties of Water change in field value Gradient = Heat energy gained during melting ...... 334 J/g distance Heat energy released during freezing ...... 334 J/g change in value Rate of change = Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g time Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g mass Density = volume Density at 3.98°C ...... 1.0 g/mL

Average Chemical Composition of Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere ELEMENT CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE (symbol) Percent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0 Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88 Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48 Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49 Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18 Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11 Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33 Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42 Nitrogen (N) 78.0 Hydrogen (H) 66.0 Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0

2011 EDITION Eurypterus remipes This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 2011–12 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2012 Regents Examination in New York State Fossil Physical Setting/Earth Science.

S N

i WE

(Highlands) a

t 60 80

o Miles

New England Province England New C Kilometers

10 30 50

L n o i w a l l p a n i m

d a

s h

Manhattan Prong Manhattan t

Hudson Highlands Hudson 02040 02040

Taconic Mountains Taconic

a l t d

w s

w A

M -

n o

s d

u H

Lowlands Newark Mountains Adirondack

The Catskills St. Lawrence Lowlands Lawrence St. Tug Hill Tug Plateau Interior Lowlands Major geographic province boundary Landscape region boundary State boundary International boundary

Allegheny Plateau

)

s d

(Plains) (Highlands) n

a l

Key p

Grenville Province

Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State U

Lake Ontario Lake (

Erie-Ontario Lowlands

Interior Lowlands l

p p A

Lake Erie Lake

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 2 Physical Setting/Earth ScienceReferencePhysical Setting/Earth Tables —2011Edition 73° 75° 74° 45° 45° Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State MASSENA modified from GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PLATTSBURGH NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 76° St. Lawrence River 1989 N

M MT. MARCY A

H C 44° VERMONT 44° WATERTOWN iver

R elevation 75 m LAKE OLD FORGE

LAKE ONTARIO 79° 78° 77° Hudson

OSWEGO

v UTICA i ROCHESTER

R NIAGARA FALLS

SYRACUSE a

r 43°

43° g Mohawk a i

N River BUFFALO elevation 175 m ALBANY LAKE FINGER LAKES ERIE

Genesee River

ITHACA River

JAMESTOWN ELMIRA BINGHAMTON MASSACHUSETTS River SLIDE MT. Susquehanna 42° 42° KINGSTON 79° 78° 77° 76° Delaware

PENNSYLVANIA Hudson

River

GEOLOGIC PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK

75° CONNECTICUT CRETACEOUS and PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays NEW JERSEY LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates,andstones, red s red shales, basalt, and diabase (Palisades sill) SOUND AND PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales Dominantly ISL G N 73° 41° DEVONIAN sedimentary O 41° limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates L SILURIAN origin 41° RIVERHEAD 72° SILURIAN } also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite. NEW YORK ORDOVICIAN } CITY limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones LONG ISLAND CAMBRIAN } ATLANTIC OCEAN CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones Dominantly moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River metamorphosed 40°30' 73° CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists rocks 74° 73°30' intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex Miles TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates } Miles N slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocksCAMBRIAN of through MIDDLE ORDOVICIANages Intensely metamorphosed rocks 020401005 30 5040302010 0 MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles (regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.) WE Lines are generalized structure trends. 08604020 0 0204060 80 MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks } Kilometers 3 Kilometers S Surface Ocean Currents

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 4 Mantle hot spot Bouvet Plate Hot Spot Hot Spot Eurasian St. Helena Plate

African Iceland Hot Spot

i R c M i nt i d a l - t A

g Islands

Canary

d i Hot Spot

c Plate i

a Sandwich

A -

d i M plate boundary Plate Complex or uncertain South Plate Scotia American

Plate -Chile Tre ru nch

e Caribbean P Hot Spot Plate Galapagos plate Nazca Plate Plate overriding plate Hot Spot Antarctic

Yellowstone

subducting d g i

f i

Plate c Cocos a

North American P

(subduction zone) t s

Fault a E Convergent plate boundary Hot Spot Easter Island San Andreas Juan de Plate Fuca Plate

Pacific

h Hawaii

Hot Spot

e r

c n

n T

g r

n a i

Tectonic Plates e l

Fiji Plate

h c n

n T

a a i

r Divergent plate boundary a

(usually broken by transform

Tasman Hot Spot M faults along mid-ocean ridges) Plate Plate Philippine Indian-Australian

d i

n a i

d (transform fault) n I Plate t s plate boundary Transform Eurasian a e th an Ridge u di o

n Plate -I S id

M Antarctic Ridge

Arabian

Plate Indian Southwest

t boundaries are shown.

i A

f r R i c a n plate boundary Relative motion at NOTE: Not all mantle hot spots, plates, and Key

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 5 Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust Relationship of Transported Particle Size to Water Velocity r Dep d/o osi an an tion 100.0 ion n d Bu ct atio ria Boulders pa nt l m e o em 25.6 C C 10.0 Cobbles

SEDIMENTS 6.4 E

(cm)

SEDIMENTARY n r o o

i 1.0 Pebbles

ROCK s s o

H W ( i

e Upl o r

e a ift n

th ) E a e

M rin 0.2 t g

& &

e E

a ro

M s

l ion g 0.1

n t

i ) n e n d

i t f r t r Pres / g d/o sur i a n e o a l at e Sand m e r p H rphi h tamo sm t P e U o M a ( r r e 0.01 p e h s 0.006 W i s n s ) o u ft i m li s r p ro e (U IGNEOUS & E Silt g DIAMETER PARTICLE erin ROCK 0.001 ath We g eltin 0.0004 METAMORPHIC M n o Clay ROCK ti a 0.0001 1000 100 c 1

i 10 500 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 50 f 5 di M oli el S ting MAGMA STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)

This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed to maintain, but not start, movement. Variations occur due to differences in particle density and shape.

Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification CRYSTAL TEXTURE SIZE

Non- Obsidian Basaltic glass (usually appears black) Glassy vesicular non-

Pumice Scoria crystalline Vesicular (gas Vesicular rhyolite Vesicular Vesicular basalt pockets) andesite (Volcanic) Fine EXTRUSIVE Basalt

Rhyolite Andesite 1 mm less than Diabase Diorite Peri- Non- to Coarse IGNEOUS ROCKS Granite Gabbro dotite vesicular 1 mm Dunite 10 mm

Very ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION ENVIRONMENT (Plutonic) Pegmatite or

INTRUSIVE coarse larger 10 mm

LIGHTER COLOR DARKER

LOWER DENSITY HIGHER FELSIC COMPOSITION MAFIC (rich in Si, Al) (rich in Fe, Mg) 100% 100% Potassium CHARACTERISTICS feldspar (pink to white) 75% 75% Quartz (clear to white) Plagioclase feldspar (white to gray) 50% 50% Pyroxene (green) Biotite (black) (relative by volume) 25% Olivine 25% (green) MINERAL COMPOSITION MINERAL Amphibole (black)

0% 0%

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 6 Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

TEXTURE GRAIN SIZECOMPOSITION COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Pebbles, cobbles, Rounded fragments Conglomerate and/or boulders embedded in sand, Mostly silt, and/or clay quartz, Angular fragments Breccia feldspar, and Clastic Sand clay minerals; (0.006 to 0.2 cm) Fine to coarse Sandstone (fragmental) may contain . . . . . Silt fragments of . . . . Very fine grain Siltstone . . . . . (0.0004 to 0.006 cm) other rocks . . . . and minerals Compact; may split Clay Shale (less than 0.0004 cm) easily CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TEXTURE GRAIN SIZECOMPOSITION COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Halite Rock salt Fine Crystals from to chemical Crystalline Gypsum coarse precipitates Rock gypsum crystals and evaporites Dolomite Dolostone

Crystalline or Precipitates of biologic Calcite origin or cemented shell Limestone bioclastic Microscopic to fragments very coarse Bioclastic Compacted Carbon plant remains Bituminous coal

Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification

GRAIN TYPE OF TEXTURE SIZE COMPOSITION METAMORPHISM COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Fine Low-grade Slate metamorphism of shale Regional (Heat and Foliation surfaces shiny from microscopic mica Fine pressure Phyllite increases) crystals

FOLIATED to MINERAL

ALIGNMENT medium Platy mica crystals visible

MICA from metamorphism of clay Schist or feldspars QUARTZ GARNET FELDSPAR Medium AMPHIBOLE High-grade metamorphism; to mineral types segregated Gneiss ING

BAND- coarse into bands PYROXENE

Carbon Metamorphism of Fine Regional bituminous coal Anthracite coal

Various rocks changed by Various Contact Fine minerals heat from nearby Hornfels (heat) magma/lava

Metamorphism of Quartz quartz sandstone Quartzite Fine to Regional NONFOLIATED coarse Metamorphism of Calcite and/or or Marble dolomite limestone or dolostone contact

Coarse Various Pebbles may be distorted Metaconglomerate minerals or stretched

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 7 GEOLOGIC HISTORY

NY Rock Record Eon Era Period Epoch Life on Earth Sediment

Million years ago Bedrock Million years ago HOLOCENE 0 0 QUATERNARY 0.01 Humans, mastodonts, mammoths PLEISTOCENE 1.8 PLIOCENE NEOGENE 5.3 Large carnivorous mammals CENOZOIC MIOCENE Abundant grazing mammals

ZOIC 23.0 OLIGOCENE Earliest grasses 33.9

500 PHANERO- PALEOGENE EOCENE Many modern groups of mammals 55.8 PALEOCENE 65.5 Mass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, and L many land plants A T MESOZOIC LATE E CRETACEOUS 1000 First Earliest flowering plants M EARLY I sexually Diverse bony fishes reproducing D organisms 146 D LATE Earliest birds L JURASSIC MIDDLE Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids E EARLY

TEROZOIC 200

E LATE Earliest mammals A TRIASSIC Earliest dinosaurs 2000 R Oceanic oxygen MIDDLE L begins to enter EARLY 251 Mass extinction of many land and marine Y the atmosphere PALEOZOIC LATE organisms (including trilobites) MIDDLE Mammal-like reptiles PERMIAN EARLY Abundant reptiles

L Oceanic oxygen 299 A produced by PENNSYLVANIAN LATE T EARLY Extensive coal-forming forests cyanobacteria 318 E combines with LATE Abundant amphibians iron, forming M MISSISSIPPIAN Large and numerous scale trees and seed ferns 3000 iron oxide layers MIDDLE

I EROUS (vascular plants); earliest reptiles D on ocean floor CARBONIF-

PRECAMBRIAN EARLY D 359 L Earliest amphibians and plant seeds E LATE Earliest stromatolites Extinction of many marine organisms Oldest microfossils DEVONIAN MIDDLE Earth’s first forests Earliest ammonoids and sharks E EARLY Abundant fish ARCHEANA PRO 416 Evidence of biological LATE Earliest insects R carbon SILURIAN Earliest land plants and animals EARLY Abundant eurypterids 4000 L 444 Y LATE Oldest known rocks Invertebrates dominant ORDOVICIAN MIDDLE Earth’s first coral reefs EARLY 488 Estimated time of origin LATE 4600 of Earth and solar system Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms) CAMBRIAN MIDDLE Earliest fishes Extinction of many primitive marine organisms EARLY Earliest trilobites 542 Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts 580 Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied marine organisms)

Abundant stromatolites (Index fossils not drawn to scale) 1300 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N

Cryptolithus Valcouroceras Centroceras Eucalyptocrinus Tetragraptus Coelophysis Stylonurus Elliptocephala Phacops Hexameroceras Manticoceras Ctenocrinus Dicellograptus Eurypterus

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 8 OF NEW YORK STATE

Time Distribution of Fossils (including important fossils of New York) Important Geologic Inferred Positions of The center of each lettered circle indicates the approximate time of Events in New York Earth’s Landmasses existence of a specific index fossil (e.g. FossilA lived at the end of the Early Cambrian).

O S Advance and retreat of last continental ice

Sands and clays underlying Long Island and 59 million years ago Staten Island deposited on margin of Atlantic Ocean BIRDS MAMMALS NAUTILOIDS

DINOSAURS Dome-like uplift of Adirondack region begins

Initial opening of Atlantic Ocean 119 million years ago North America and Africa separate L Intrusion of Palisades sill Pangaea begins to break up CORALS CRINOIDS VASCULAR PLANTS VASCULAR

232 million years ago AMMONOIDS GASTROPODS BRACHIOPODS Alleghenian orogeny caused by collision of North America and Africa along transform margin, forming Pangaea TRILOBITES

EURYPTERIDS R Q Catskill delta forms C F G N X Z Erosion of Acadian Mountains Acadian orogeny caused by collision of I V North America and Avalon and closing 359 million years ago of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean GRAPTOLITES H M P E U Y Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins PLACODERM FISH K Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston delta forms B D Taconian orogeny caused by closing T W of western part of Iapetus Ocean and collision between North America and J volcanic island arc

458 million years ago Widespread deposition over most of New York A along edge of Iapetus Ocean

Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean

Erosion of Grenville Mountains

Grenville orogeny: metamorphism of bedrock now exposed in the Adirondacks and Hudson Highlands

O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Mastodont Cooksonia Naples Tree Condor Cystiphyllum Maclurites Eospirifer Bothriolepis Lichenaria Pleurodictyum Platyceras Mucrospirifer Beluga Whale Aneurophyton ADU (2011)

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 9 Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 10 Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 S 17 16 15

(min) 14 13 12 11 TRAVEL TIME 10 P 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 345678 910 EPICENTER DISTANCE (× 103 km)

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 11 Dewpoint (°C) Dry-Bulb Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°) Tempera- ture (°C) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 –20 –20 –33 –18 –18 –28 –16 –16 –24 –14 –14 –21 –36 –12 –12 –18 –28 –10 –10 –14 –22 –8 –8 –12 –18 –29 –6 –6 –10 –14 –22 –4 –4 –7 –12 –17 –29 –2 –2 –5 –8 –13 –20 0 0 –3 –6 –9 –15 –24 2 2 –1 –3 –6 –11 –17 4 4 1 –1 –4 –7 –11 –19 6 6 4 1 –1 –4 –7 –13 –21 8 8 6 3 1 –2 –5 –9 –14 10 10 8 6 4 1 –2 –5 –9 –14 –28 12 12 10 8 6 4 1 –2 –5 –9 –16 14 14 12 11 9 6 4 1 –2 –5 –10 –17 16 16 14 13 11 9 7 4 1 –1 –6 –10 –17 18 18 16 15 13 11 9 7 4 2 –2 –5 –10 –19 20 20 19 17 15 14 12 10 7 4 2 –2 –5 –10 –19 22 22 21 19 17 16 14 12 10 8 5 3 –1 –5 –10 –19 24 24 23 21 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 2 –1 –5 –10 –18 26 26 25 23 22 20 18 17 15 13 11 9 6 3 0 –4 –9 28 28 27 25 24 22 21 19 17 16 14 11 9 7 4 1 –3 30 30 29 27 26 24 23 21 19 18 16 14 12 10 8 5 1

Relative Humidity (%)

Dry-Bulb Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°) Tempera- ture (°C) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 –20 100 28 –18 100 40 –16 100 48 –14 100 55 11 –12 100 61 23 –10 100 66 33 –8 100 71 41 13 –6 100 73 48 20 –4 100 77 54 32 11 –2 100 79 58 37 20 1 0 100 81 63 45 28 11 2 100 83 67 51 36 20 6 4 100 85 70 56 42 27 14 6 100 86 72 59 46 35 22 10 8 100 87 74 62 51 39 28 17 6 10 100 88 76 65 54 43 33 24 13 4 12 100 88 78 67 57 48 38 28 19 10 2 14 100 89 79 69 60 50 41 33 25 16 8 1 16 100 90 80 71 62 54 45 37 29 21 14 7 1 18 100 91 81 72 64 56 48 40 33 26 19 12 6 20 100 91 82 74 66 58 51 44 36 30 23 17 11 5 22 100 92 83 75 68 60 53 46 40 33 27 21 15 10 4 24 100 92 84 76 69 62 55 49 42 36 30 25 20 14 9 4 26 100 92 85 77 70 64 57 51 45 39 34 28 23 18 13 9 28 100 93 86 78 71 65 59 53 47 42 36 31 26 21 17 12 30 100 93 86 79 72 66 61 55 49 44 39 34 29 25 20 16

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 12 Temperature Pressure

1040.0 30.70 110 380 220 30.60 Water boils 100 1036.0 370 200 90 30.50 360 1032.0 180 80 30.40 350 1028.0 160 70 30.30 340 1024.0 140 60 30.20 330 50 1020.0 30.10 120 320 40 100 310 1016.0 30.00 30 One atmosphere 80 300 1012.0 29.90 Room temperature 20 290 29.80 60 1008.0 10 280 29.70 40 Water freezes 0 1004.0 270 29.60 20 –10 1000.0 260 29.50 0 –20 250 996.0 29.40 –20 –30 240 992.0 29.30 –40 –40 230 29.20 988.0 –60 –50 220 29.10 Key to Weather Map Symbols 984.0 29.00 Station Model Station Model Explanation 980.0 28.90

976.0 28.80 28 196 1 972.0 28.70 2 +19/ 28.60 27 .25 968.0 28.50

Present Weather Air Masses Fronts Hurricane

cA continental arctic Cold cP continental polar Drizzle Rain Smog HailThunder- Rain Warm storms showers cT continental tropical Tornado Stationary mT maritime tropical mP maritime polar Occluded Snow Sleet Freezing Fog Haze Snow rain showers

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 13 Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere

Planetary Wind and Moisture Belts in the Troposphere The drawing on the right shows the locations of the belts near the time of an equinox. The locations shift somewhat with the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere, the belts shift northward in the summer and southward in the winter. (Not drawn to scale)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

X rays Microwaves

Gamma rays Ultraviolet Infrared Radio waves

Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength Visible light

Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red (Not drawn to scale)

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 14 Characteristics of Stars (Name in italics refers to star represented by a .) (Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.) 1,000,000 Massive Deneb Betelgeuse Stars 100,000 Rigel SUPERGIANTS (Intermediate stage) Spica 10,000

Polaris GIANTS 1,000 (Intermediate stage) Aldebaran 100 Pollux MA IN Sirius S 10 ( E Ea Q rly U sta EN ge C Alpha Centauri Luminosity ) E 1 Sun

0.1

40 Eridani B 0.01 Barnard’s

(Rate at which a star emits energy relative to the Sun) WHITE DWARFS Star 0.001 (Late stage) Procyon B Proxima Small Stars 0.0001 Centauri 30,000 20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 Surface Temperature (K) Blue Blue White White Yellow Orange Red Color

Solar System Data

Celestial Mean Distance Period of Period of Eccentricity Equatorial Mass Density Object from Sun Revolution Rotation at Equator of Orbit Diameter (Earth = 1) (g/cm3) (million km) (d=days) (y=years) (km) SUN — — 27 d — 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4 MERCURY 57.9 88 d 59 d 0.206 4,879 0.06 5.4 VENUS 108.2 224.7 d 243 d 0.007 12,104 0.82 5.2 EARTH 149.6 365.26 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5 MARS 227.9 687 d 24 h 37 min 23 s 0.093 6,794 0.11 3.9 JUPITER 778.4 11.9 y 9 h 50 min 30 s 0.048 142,984 317.83 1.3 SATURN 1,426.7 29.5 y 10 h 14 min 0.054 120,536 95.16 0.7 URANUS 2,871.0 84.0 y 17 h 14 min 0.047 51,118 14.54 1.3 NEPTUNE 4,498.3 164.8 y 16 h 0.009 49,528 17.15 1.8 EARTH’S 149.6 27.3 d 27.3 d 0.055 3,476 0.01 3.3 MOON (0.386 from Earth)

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 15 Properties of Common Minerals

HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHING CLEAVAGE LUSTER NESSFRACTURE COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME 1–2 silver to black streak, pencil lead, C gray greasy feel lubricants Graphite metallic gray-black streak, cubic cleavage, ore of lead, 2.5 PbS silver density = 7.6 g/cm3 batteries Galena black to black streak, ore of iron, 5.5–6.5 Fe O silver magnetic steel 3 4 Magnetite Metallic luster brassy green-black streak, ore of 6.5 FeS yellow (fool’s gold) sulfur 2 Pyrite 5.5 – 6.5 metallic silver or ore of iron, red-brown streak Fe O or 1 earthy red jewelry 2 3 Hematite Either white to ceramics, 1 greasy feel Mg Si O (OH) green paper 3 4 10 2 Talc yellow to 2 white-yellow streak sulfuric acid S amber Sulfur white to easily scratched plaster of paris, 2 CaSO •2H O pink or gray by fingernail drywall 4 2 Selenite gypsum colorless to flexible in 2–2.5 paint, roofing KAl Si O (OH) yellow thin sheets 3 3 10 2 Muscovite mica colorless to cubic cleavage, food additive, 2.5 NaCl white salty taste melts ice Halite

black to flexible in construction K(Mg,Fe) 2.5–3 3 dark brown thin sheets materials Biotite mica AlSi3O10(OH)2 colorless bubbles with acid, cement, 3 CaCO or variable rhombohedral cleavage lime 3 Calcite colorless bubbles with acid building 3.5 CaMg(CO ) or variable when powdered stones 3 2 Dolomite colorless or cleaves in hydrofluoric 4 CaF variable 4 directions acid 2 Fluorite

Nonmetallic luster black to cleaves in mineral collections, 5–6 (Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al) Pyroxene dark green 2 directions at 90° jewelry (Si,Al)2O6 (commonly augite) black to cleaves at mineral collections, 5.5 CaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3 Amphibole dark green 56° and 124° jewelry Si6O22(O,OH)2 (commonly hornblende) white to cleaves in ceramics, 6 KAlSi O Potassium feldspar pink 2 directions at 90° glass 3 8 (commonly orthoclase) white to cleaves in 2 directions, ceramics, 6 (Na,Ca)AlSi O gray striations visible glass 3 8 Plagioclase feldspar green to commonly light green furnace bricks, 6.5 (Fe,Mg) SiO gray or brown and granular jewelry 2 4 Olivine colorless or glassy luster, may form glass, jewelry, 7 SiO variable hexagonal crystals electronics 2 Quartz dark red often seen as red glassy grains jewelry (NYS gem), 6.5–7.5 Fe Al Si O to green in NYS metamorphic rocks abrasives 3 2 3 12 Garnet

*Chemical symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = silicon Ca = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium

= dominant form of breakage

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 16