News, Vol. 24, No. 8

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Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Zimbabwe News, Vol. 24, No. 8

Alternative title Zimbabwe News Author/Creator Zimbabwe African National Union Publisher Zimbabwe African National Union (, Zimbabwe) Date 1993-10-00 - 1993-11-00 Resource type Magazines (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, Angola, South Africa, China Coverage (temporal) 1993 Source Northwestern University Libraries, L968.91005 Z711 v.24 Rights By kind permission of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front. Description Editorial: Restructuring Party organs. Letter: Land to the people. National News: Government committed to ESAP — President. President calls for the restructuring of Security Council. province political crisis. Tobacco farmers to cut production. Water crisis looms in Harare. Business in second hand clothing thrives. Ban on hosepipes stands. Headmasters steal $26,000. Operation Raleigh assists in community projects. Around the country with ZIS: to continue raiding vendors. to demolish single quarters. Council to construct cattle pens. Chiefs allowances to be|temporarily halted. Roads must be maintained. Governor tours Chikomba development projects. Seminar on laws on women. Illegal gold panning. UNICEF to deep Gutu wells. Foreign News: UN fears catastrophy in Angola. Face to face with Soweto. On the negotiations in South Africa. Diet may be key to beating cancer. China forbids baby dumping. NATO enters minefield in Eastern Europe. World Bank to host global hunger summit. CIA bares Cold War secrets. Earth Summit pact takes effect in December. Peres hopeful after Mideast peace pact. Special Reports: UN seeks ways to help the aged. Bright future for the aged. UN principles for olders

http://www.aluka.org persons. Features: Waging war on fungi. Transforming Zimbabwe's development approaches. Talking Point: From a superpower to a sick bear. Boers want privatisation. Document: President Mugabe addresses World Affairs Council. Tokyo declaration on African development. Astro-Guide. Obituary: Mbamba declared provincial hero. Major Shallwin passes away. ZNA officer dies. Sergeant Munjari is no more. Music: Zimbabwean music's most perfect day. Format extent 52 page(s) (length/size)

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http://www.aluka.org ZANU PF

ZANU PF A storm before a calm - p20 Dr. E. Zvobgo * Around the country with ZI Jimbabwe Nevi Official Organ of ZANU PF Department of Information and Publicity, 14 Austin Road Volume 24, No. 8. 1993, Registered at the G.P.O. as a Newspaper 7 vingo Political crisis,

Suppliers of Comet Trucks, and Service Parts Leyland (Zimbabwe) Limited Watts Road Southerton Phone: 67861 Telex: 26387 ZW ......

Editorial Letter: National News: Contents Restructuring Party organs ...... Land to the people ...... Government committed to ESAP - President ...... President calls for the restructuring of Security Council ...... Masving0 province political crisis ...... Tobacco farmers to cut production ...... Water crisis looms in Harare ...... Business in second hand clothing thrives ...... Ban on hosepipes stands ...... Headmastert steal $26 000...... Operation Raleigh assists in conmunity projects ...... Around the country with ZIS: Chivhu to continue raiding vendors ...... 15 Bindura to demolish single quarters ...... 15 Council to construct cattle pens ...... 15 Chief's allowances to befemporarily halted...... 15 Roads must be maintained...... 15 Governor tours Chikomba development projects ...... 15 Seminar on laws on women ...... 16 illegal gold panning ...... 16 UNICEF to deep Gutu wells ...... 16 Foreign News: UN fears catastrophy in Angola ...... I...... 17 Face to face with Soweto ...... 18 On the negotiations in South Africa ...... 20 Diet may be key to beating cancer ...... 20 China forbids baby dumping ...... 23 NATO enters minefield in Eastern Europe ...... 23 World.Bank to host global hunger summit ...... 24 CIA bares Cold War secrets ...... 25 -Earth Summit pact takes effect in December ...... 25 Peres hopeful after Mideast peace pact ...... 26 Special Reports: UN seeks ways to help the aged ...... 27 Bright future for the aged ...... 29 UN principles for olders persons ...... 30 Features: Waging war on fungi.., ...... 31 Transforming Zimbabwe's development approaches ...... 32 Talking Point: From a superpower to a sick bear ...... 35 Boers want privatisation ...... 37 Document: President Mugabe addresses World Affairs Council ...... 38 Tokyo declaration on African development ...... 41 Astro-Guide ...... 44 Obituary: Mbambo declared provincial hero ...... 45 Major Shallwin passes away ...... 45 ZNA officer dies-...... 46 Sergeant Munjari is no more ...... ?..... 46 Music: Zimbabwean music's most perfect day ...... 47 Zimbabwe News is the official Organ of the Zimbabwe AfAcan National Union [ZANU PF} and is produced on the authority of the Central Committee by the Department of Information and Publicity, Jongwe Printing and Publishing Co., No. 14 Austin Road, Workington, Harare. World Copyright, Central Committee [ZANU PFI. Editorial Council: Cde. N.M. Shamuyarira Cde. C.C. Chimutengwende Cde. C. Ndhlovu Cde. S. Kachingwe Cde. A. Sikhosana Cde. M. Munyati. ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANU PF )J

Restructuring Party organs ZANU PF is a mass organisation whose members, followers and sympathisers constitute the majority of Zimbabwe's 10 million population. Mobilising this huge mass of people and chan-. nelling. their diverse energies into deliberately plainned courses of action is a work requiring infinite and unflinching perseverance. The political and social environment in which we'are all living is fluid and never becomes static. The attendant dynamics entail periodic self-rejuvenation through restructuring exercises to suit the constantly changing environment. A mass organisation that fails to change with the times is sure to fall into the danger of the proverbial tail which has no choice bqt to follow behind always. ZANU PF is credited, even by its enemies, with the ability to command positive vision and foresighteven under the most unfavourable circumstances. In fullfilment of its abilities, the ruling Party is embarking on a restructuring exercise aimed at the rejuvenation of all its organs in preparation for the 1995 General Elections. No opposi-" tion party can produce evidence of couritry-wide structures capable of competing with those which ZANU PF has put in place. This alone should be a cause for all ZANU PF members to celebrate and to pat one another on the back in self-congratulation. Instead of patting each other on the back, some ZANU PF officials have sunk into mutual mud-slinging. Mud-slinging during this crucial period of restructurin' Party organs can only mean one thing, that is, some Party officials can not see-eye to eye in the course of implementing the restructuring exercise. When officials of the- same political Party can not see eye to eye, the source of the differences may be varied in relation to the political orientation and ambitions.., of the personalities involved. /Under normal circumstances, Party officials are expected to uphold the Party Constitution and to be the best qualified among Party members to give exemplary discipline of mind, thought, and deed in loyalty to the Party's code of conduct. However, it appears some of the leaders have wilfully and calculatedly chosen to disregard the Party's code of conduct and are now bringing the Party into disrepute through sordid mud-slinging. Although the National Political Commissar, Cde. , issued a warning to those involved and called upon them to desist, there is a general feeling among the rank-and-file membership that sterner measures should have been taken against the errand officials. The Party's Discriplinary Committee should not have hesitated to take prompt disciplinary action to show the rest of the members that anyone who flouts the Party's code of conduct will feel the weight of the presence of an effective, bold and fearless disciplinary machinery. When errant officials are allowed to flout the Party's code of conduct with impunity, others may follow suit expecting to be let off so softly too. This sets a very bad precedence among Party officials. Party rules must be seen to be backed by sharp disciplinary teeth. Those who wish to turn the Party's disciplinary committee into a toothless bulldog must not only be made to see the sharp teeth of the disciplinary bulldog but'must have the bulldogset upon them without fear or favour. This will set an example to the rest of ZANU PF members. There must be a deterrent against all who are guilty of infractions on Party discipline. The generality of Party members is wondering why prompt disciplinary action was not taken against all errant officials connected wit the disgraceful events of mud-slinging. They wonder as to whether failure to institute disciplinary action was caused by fear of the "political heavyweights" involved. If it was so, it becomes logical to ask whetlher a disciplinary committee amenable to fear is the right committee to do the job: [] ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBERINOVEMBER, 1993

An open letter to the Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops Conference Land to the people e cannot sit and fold our arms as if nothing was happening. It is the duty and responsibility of every progressive Zimbabwean citizen to shape the direction of his country. Neglecting this noble duty would be an indication of how irresponsible, oppressive and destructive such a citizen is and can be. In response to the Zimbabwe Catholic Bishop's Conference's reaction to the land acquisition policy adopted by the Government, I have this to say: let the7 bishops be advised that "the acrimonious political debate" they mentioned is not a new thing. The bishops, least informed as they are, think that the debate was not taking place. They should be in touch with the masses and try to re-live the historical events of the black Zimbabwean majority. That angry and bitter political debate begun way back towards the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. it was at its peak during the -liberation struggle and even after. independence. Among other things voiced to the President during the "MEET THE PEOPLE TOUR" was the land issue. The government is hundred percent right to move in that direction of land acquisition. What it is doing now is simply an expression and manifestation of what has been deeply buried down in the people's feelings. Ours is a government ofthe people, for the people and by the people. Therefore, it cannot forget the cause for which many sons and daughters of Zimbabwe gave up their lives. The very spirit of reconciliation adopted at independence was meant to be exercised from both ends but this has not been the case. We forgave and the white farmers did not reciprocate. How should they have reciprocated since they had the lion's share? They should have willingly shared the land with the landless but their refusal was just an, insult to us. Their continuous clinging to land undermined and was harmful to the spirit of reconciliation. Thirteen years after independence and. people have to be starved of the land? Denying people of the land which historically belongs to them and for which many of their beloved ones gave up their lives is a betrayal of the whole cause of the liberation struggle. Sup- pressing this cause means minimising the sacrifice of life made by many black Zimbabweans. Please let us not insult our fallen heroes. When Parliament passes laws, the laws have to be fair and just to all but history and experience have taught u that at times laws are passed to favour the interests of the few. The Church can claim to play the arbitrage of the game so that the match is played under fair and just conditions. we are, however, constanity reminded by the scars of the wounds inflicted during the first leg of the match that even then the arbitrage of the match was not partial, Now that we have the upper hand in the match, the play is viewed as being unfair and unjust. Surely, the ZCBC would not like to tell us that the constitutions, bills and Acts passed by the parliament of Southern Rhodesia and her predecessors were fair and just to all. The LAND APPORTIONMENT ACT of 1930, the LAND HUSBANDRYACT of 1951 and the LAND TENURE ACT of 1969 which was finalised "for all time" in 1970 were for whose interests? Were they fair and just? Our people, well before the uprisings of 1896-97, were already expropriated of 15 000 000 acres of the country's total 96 000 000 without any form of compensation. When they were moved from the land which they had occupied for generations, it was through force and noone was there to defend their rights. The saga and the settier is a sad story. Who spoke against the unfair and unjust vesture of all the land 0fAZimbabwe in the British Crown by the Privy Council in 1918? Utterance of statements which seem to be partial and one-sided may lead the people to regard the Church as being there to save and serve the interests of the white remnants. In that respect. the Church would seem alien to many black Zimbabweans. People Blo not forget the strategy of the three C's employed by Robert Mottat, David Livingstone and the settlers: Commerce, Civilisation and Christianity which many have come to summarise in one word - COLONISATION. The following table and notes will best clarify the unfairness and the injustice of the Acts passed by the government of the settlers: RACIAL BREAKDOWN OF LAND BY 1962 EWrpean Area Native Reserves *1ative Pdase Area Spedil Native Areas' UnsVied or Unserved Wiole Game Reserve Forest Area Undeermed TOTAL 1931 AMRES 49149000 21600000 7465000 17793000 591 000 88000 9686 000 1962 AGE 35384000 21020000 4216000 19150000 5416000 3324000 6650000 96610000 Native Purchase Area - located adjacent to reserves. They were a form of compensation to the more progressive African farmer. HOW TO QUALIFY? Must have money and a'MASTER FARMER CERTIFICATE: No such qualification needed for a white man. k' In 1918 about 38 percent of the total, population in Matabeleland had been forced into the reserves. The second missionary activities had started from there, the Church could not speak against this. In 1930, we had the famous and major land policy: the LAND APPORTIONMENT ACT. What was the original idea of this Act? That all cities, towns and commercial areas be exclusively white domains. And indeed this is a conspicuous feature in our country. In 1951, the LAND HUSBANDRY ACT was passed. According to Martin David, in THE STRUGGLE FOR ZIMBABWE, p. 53 Op. Cit Act, entitled and African to five herds of cattle and eight.acres of land. What was the motive behind this Act? To impoverish the black man and enrich the white man. in 1961, one third (1./3) of the best land was still in the hands of 6 400 white farm-owners and 1 400 white tenant farmers. In 1969, the LAND TENURE ACT privileged the white man to hold the right to enjoy, without disturbance, the fruits of the land grabbed from the black man. Zvimba Tribal Trust Land had, already in 1973, an estimated population of 28 500 people with an acreage of 201 600 in extent. The cattle population stood at 20 000. What could be termed arable land was by then exhausted, bade Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

Land to the people Continued frommpage 3. ly erociec, irn all but a few areas, the reserve was overstocked and there was erosion in the grazing lands. The difference is easily seen once you cross the Manyame River. It is now twenty years since 1973 and I am sure our bishops, as good pastors, are aware of this. Let me point out to the ZCBC that tht very white farmers they think are being treated unjustly and unfairly have passed their own bill on the land reform -programme. They have resorted to e more modem and sophisticated Land Tenure Act which is urifair and unjust. I am referring to the electrification of the fence surrounding their "properties.' The Zimbabwean media brought this to light when a good number of innocent people were electrocuted to death. On such an unfair, unjust and inhurnman behaviour, the. bishops never said anything. What about the case of a white farmer near , who, after, catching women fetching firewood on his farm, forced them to strip off their clothes? If it is a question of the impor. .ance 'of life, and morality that the bishops are concerned about, they should have castigated the whites when they heard about these' issues. It is an 'open secret to every Zimbabwean that most of the productive and arable land is' still in the hands of the whites. As an insult to the Black Zimbabweans, some of these greedy whites have turned the productive and arable land into private game parks and horticultural farms. The landless do'not survive.on those animals in the game parks and do not need the roses on tose farms. They. do not benefit from them in any way. Every man has a right to-food, shelter, security and many other basic needs. Denying land to the people of our country is depriving them of the above-three basic needs. I believe that in any religion or creed, depriving man of his basic needs is condemning him to death and this is an unpardonable sin. People can no longer afford to continually say "Dankfo Ngosi' after eating the crumbs that drop from the white man's table give people the land and they will till it. Why deny them their right and heritage? If the ZCBC thinks what the government is doing is a mistake and betrayal of the spirit of reconciliation, then please come up with a better soiuLlon. People forgive but they do not forget. The Jews do not forget that they suffered at the hands of the Nazis. So the people of Zimbabwe do not forget the injustice whichprevailed when their land was grabbed from them. They will not forget the cause of the liberation struggle. To say that they have forgotten is a gross insuit to their intelligence and reasoning. Remember that most of the people have been waiting for the expiry of the unjust Lancaster House constitutional provision. Asking people to remain in the spirit of reconciliation while the other part does not want to respond positively is demanding too much from them. Please let us not criticise but let us ad- monish, advise' and give ideas on how to better run our country.. Let not the church mentally enslave our people with ideologies which will turn to be their graves. It is well known that people easily follow what their Church and spiritual leaders say and whatever we say should' be for the good of our people and not for their disadvantage. DOMINIC R. CHIMANGAH, SJ (Zimbabwean Jesuit) Hekima College Jesuit School of Theology P.O. Box 21215 NAIROBI KENYA ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 Subscription Form for Zimbabwe News 12 issues (one year) Z$1 5 6 issues (six months) Z$7.50 N A M E : ...... Ples,. Pint A D D R E S S : ...... THE RATES INCLUDE POSTAGE AND HANDLING. I[ENCLOSE MY CHEQUE POSTAL ORDER FOR THE AMOUNT INDICATED ABOVE. The" Circulation Manager The People's Voice 144 Union Avenue Harare Zimbabwe ment committed to ESAP pqhe President, Cde. Robert Gabriel IMugabe has reiteratecithe governT ment's commitment to the economic ' Structural adjustment programme (ESAP). Addressing American business people in Los Angeles on Friday, September 24, Cde. Mugabe said the programme was designed to dismantle the extensive central controls and transform Zimbabwe's economy into one which is guided by market forces. He informed the business people that economic policies introduced as part of ESAP include trade liberalisation, the removal of price controls, deregulation, removal of exchange controls, prorotion of investment and the liberalisatibn of the remittance of dividends and profits by foreign companies. "Ladies and gentlemen, my government is determined to pursue economic reform policies to rectify the socioeconomic imbalances and the highly centrally controlled economy that we inherited at independence. Since 1980, our efforts to redress the inequalities in the areas of education, health and social services have meant a huge expenditure by government. This has also meant a reduction of the resources available for the productive sectors of the economy. Coupled with this, my. government inherited an economy which was characterised by low investment, acute shortages of foreign currency andhigh levels of unemployment," he told the - entrepreneurs. The government embarked on the economic reform programme in 1991. Cde. Mugabe briefed the business persons that the Zimbabwean economy is dominated by agriculture, mining and manufacturing industries. In agriculture, he added, major crops include tobacco, sugar, cotton, tea, coffee, corn and horticultural products while major mineral products comprise chrome', gold, nickel, asbestos, copper, iron and coal amone others. He stressed that these productive sectors are adequately supported by well maintained infrastructure consisting of extensive road and rail networks. Furthermore, Ziriibabwe is strategically placed in that it has easy access to local, regional and international markets. This situation is enhanced by the fact that Zimbabwe belongs to regional cooperation bodies like the Southern African Development/Community (SADC) and the Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa (PTA). President R. G. Mugabe The President stated that despite the 1992 drought and the diversion of financial resources towards importation of food and the provision of water, ESAP has remained on course. He said positive results of ESAP are beginning to show with prices of a number of commodities stabilising as more calital goods, industrial raw materials and finished good are now imported under the Open General Import Licence (OGIL). In addition to OGIL, the Export Retention Scheme (ERS) has been put in place in order to enhance companies' access to imported inputs, particularly in .the export sector. As a result of OGIL and the ERS, 70 percent of the country's imports are now free of any licensing restrictions.! Speaking at the dinner hosted by the American business community, Cde. Mugabe pointed out that more steps have been taken to improve Zimbabwe's investment climate. Some of these are: 1) With effect from May 1, 1993, any new company established with foreign shareholding and without recourse to direct (Zimbabwe Government) foreign exchange allo'cation is automatically eligible for unrestricted remittance of after-tax dividends accruing to the foreign shareholders, provided that those dividends are paid in foreign exchange through export retention market. This reform applies to all wholly foreign-owned private com: panies and joint ventures, 2) There is already a liberalisation of the use of blocked and surplus funds and details on this are readily available, 3) Under very generous conditions, foreign investors may now participate on the Zimbabwe Stock Ex- - President change Market, provided they finance and purchase shares through an injection of foreign currency received in Zimbabwe through normal banking channels. Such investments will qualify for 100 percent dividend remittability rights, and disinvestment proceeds will be freely remittable. Cde. Mugabe also gave a background of Zimbabwe's land policies "which have generated some debate at home and abroad. He told the hosts that the country has a population of 10.5 million people who, "until 1980, lived in separation according to race. The landless African majority lived in the most drought prone areas while the most productive land belonged to the few whites" "At the moment 4 000 white farmers own more than 60 percent of arable land even after thirteen years of independence. Land hunger still exists and hence efforts at resettling our people continue. Because there is no equality yet in the ownership of land, the patience of the Blacks is runding out. It is with this in mind that my government is taking steps to redress the land issue. Contrary to press and other reports, we have not embarked on a land-grab policy but on one aiming'at an equitable distribution of land under the Land Acquisition Act of 1992. Due and fair compensation will be paid to those whose land is designated and acquired for the resettlemen of the landless in the spirit of fair-play," Cde. Mugabe said. Cde. Mugabe, who is the President and First Secretary of ZANU PF, emphasised that the government is committed to a legal framework that provides full protection of the private property rights for investment whether local or foreign. "This is evidenced by our entering into more bilateral and multilateral investment guarantee treaties. We have joined the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and the International Cpntre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). We have also signed the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), an investment protection agreement, with the United States," he said. He expressed confidence that the positive political developments in South Africa and Mozambique will further enhance investment opportunities in Zimbabwe and in the region as a whole. "I therefore invite all ot you to consider investing in Zimbabwe for the future. Together we can form a lasting partnership which will be mutually beneficial," the President concluded ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

President calls for restructuring of Security Council. he President, Cde. Robert Gabriel Mugabe has called for the restructuring of the United Nations Security Council to ensure greater participation of the increased general membership in the workings of the Council of maintaining peace and security. Addressing the forty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York on September 28, 1993, the President said that there is need to adjust the membership, structure and methods of work of the Security Council to reflect the changes which have occurred in international relations since 1945. "The first obvious change in our organisation is the dramatic increase in its membership. Consequently, the ratio be.tween the General Assembly and the Security Council has progressively declined from 5:1 in 1945 through 8:1 in 1965 to 12:1 irr 1993. Clearly, the Security Council has become less representative and needs to be enlarged," Cde. Mugabe stated. The membership of the UN now stands at, 184. Cde. Mugabe told the Assembly that the end of the Cold War has placed the brganisation in the centre of international affairs for the mairienance of peace and security, and the strengthening of international cooperation in social and economic development. He said however, that the arrangements made for the maintenance of international peace and' security need a thorough review. At a time when great emphasis is being placedon the princi. pie of democracy at the nat)onal level, he pointed out that there is no valid reason for not extending the same principle to the sphere of, international relations. "The principle of sovereign equality among states is an important provision of the Charter. The General Assembly and its style of work represents the embodiment of this important principle. It" is the only organ that enjoys universality of membership. Therefore, Its relationship with other organs of the organisation should reflect this pre-eminent status. Consequently, in the revitalisation and restructuring process, - the end product should be a reinvigorated General Assembly capable of asserting itself in its relationship with other organs of the United Nations," the President added. Cde. Mugabe conceded that it will take time to negotiate and effect the changes but "in the intervening period, there is nothing to prevent the organisation from implementing interim measures which may go some distance towarls redressing the present discrepancies'. He stressed that the mere expansion of the membership of the Security Council will not amount much for Africa, Latin America, and Asia unless the question of equitable geographical distribution is adequately addressd. He added' that presently, these three regions are grossly under-represented both in terms of non-permanent and permanent members. Africa and Latin America do not even wield a single veto whereas Europe. has four of the five vetoes in the Council. Europe is allocated seven of the 15 seats on the Council leaving Africa, Asia and Latin America to share the remaining eight, "an arrangement that is totally inequitable and therefore unacceptable". The President pointed out that the Council has encroache4 on "the jurisdiction of other organs in the system. We are concerned by the apparent impression often created by the Council that majority votes in the Council constitute international law, regardless of the provisions 6f the Charter and other relevant international statutes" Cde. Mugabe reminded the Assembly that the Council acts on behalf of the entire UN membership. He urged the UN to avoid tendencies that may be interpreted as contradicting the norms and principles of transparency, accountability and democracy. "To this end, we should evolve a system that would ensure more participation by interested member states who are not members of the Security Council. This will make it possible for such members to 'make meaningful inputs during the informal sessions of the Security Council. It is also desirable that the Council keeps the general membership well informed regarding the stage and nature of discussions and negotiations undertaken," the President stated, adding that the moral authority and effectiveness of the Council in -discharging its mandate would be enhanced if the international institutional reform is carried out. Cde. Mugabe expressed optimism that the current negotiations on the matter will be concluded to coincide with the celebrations marking the fiftieth anniver sary" of the founding of the., United Nations. Turning to the General Assembly, the President was of the opinion that the current revitalisation and rationalisation process must be comprehensive "taking into account the expanded membership of the world body as well as the principle of sovereign equality of all states". The exercise, he reiterated, must also address the need for the other principal or. gans of the UN system to report to the Assembly as provided for in the Charter. Proceeding, Cde. Mugabe urged member nations to support peace-keeping efforts already underway. He applauded UN efforts at bringing peace to Cambodia, El Salvador, Haiti and facilitating the referendum in Eritrea. He also welcomed the secretary-general's proposals relating to cooperation between the UN and regional organisations in resolving conflicts, peace-making and-peace-keeping. He told the Assembly that Africa has established a fund to support OAU activities in conflict, prevention and settlement. He also spoke on conflicts in Angola, Somalia, South Africa, Western Sahara, Mozambique and urged the UN to seek lasting solutions to the conflicts. "We believe that, as equal members of this family of nations, peace-keeping, peace- building and peace-making must not be the preserve of a few economically or politically powerful countries. We stand ready to ,cooperate with the international community in seeking solutions to the many problems facing the world today through our participation in peace-keeping operations, mediation efforts or provision of any facilities or expertise which may be at our disposal. However, unless the entire membership commits itself to timely payments of their assessed contributions to these efforts, some countries will find continued participation difficult," Cde. Mugabe reminded the Assembly. ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 cafls for restructuring of Security Council ontimued from page 6 'he President expressed concern that he disparities between the North and he South have become even more pronounced at a time when the World :Conomic Survey 1993 has focussed hat the rate of growth of world output n 1993 will be below that of world population. He added that developing, countries cdntinue to face economic roblems like the deterioration of terms f trade, rising prices of imported nanufactured goods and rising protec-, ionism in developed countries. The socio-economic status of developing countries has been worsened by the .rippling debt burden and overseas development assistance has declined. He therefore called for an open and equitable international trading system, the provision of adequate financial resodrces and the early conclusion of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations of the General Agreement od Tariffs and Trade (GATT). "We also reiterate our call on the deve- loped countries to fulfil without further delay the target of 0.7 percent of their Gross National Product (GNP) for official development assistance set over twentyfour years ago by this very Assembly. Africa's economic and social progress in general, and in the context of the implementation of the New Agenda for the development of Africa in the 1990s in particular, will remain severely hampered as long as the continent's debt burden continues to be as acute as it is today. "Standing at close to $290 billion at the end of 1992, the continent's debt is equivalent to 100.10 percent of its Gross National Product, with an alarming 108 percent being true for Sub-Saharan Africa. With Africa continuing to be a net exporter of financial resources, is it any wonder that many of our human development needs and social services go unmet? We believe that there is a clear and compelling need to find a lasting solution to Africa's indebtedness. While we welcome some of the positive steps taken by some creditor countries towards debt relief, as well as important initiatives of the Bretton Woods institutions'in this regard, we believe that there still remains an unacceptabli gap between rhetoric and action and that more decisive measures can be taken to address this crisis." Africa, he added, is working tow~ds the formation of an African economic community through regional bodies like the PTA, ECOWAS and the Magreb Union. "Mr. President, let me conclude by call ing upon us all member states to remember that, just as the new international situation dictates the need to strengthen, democratise and streamline the operations of the United Nations and its constituent bodies, so also is it incumbent upon us to make exceptional contribution in pursuit of the noble goals of justice, peace and development. This, we believe, can only be achieved if all members live up to their obligations urn der the Charter," he said. El the ZANU PF provincial elections and the national general elections near, there has been political wrangling and.mudslinging in different provinces as individuals canvasslfor support, a practice which many think threatens to create a rift between some Party members. The Party's Secretary for the Commissariat and Culture, Cde. Moven Mahpchi, said these "internal squabbles should not be taken as division within the Party" as this has always been the case whenever there are elections. "You know people are fightingi to be elected, so there is a lot of mud-slinging as campaigns go on. But the truth is that the Party is not divided," he said in a recent interview. However, the Masvingo "internal squabbles" involving the Minister of Mines, Cde. , on the one hand, and provincial Governor Cde. Josiah Hungwe, Higher Education Minister Cde. and Gutu South Member of Parliament, Cde. Shuvai Mahofa, on Cde. Eddison Zvobgo blasted his opponents as illegitimate children of the Party the other hand, has become more than m rm "intprlnih. squabbles". Had it not been for the intervention of Cde. Mahachi, the crisis could have plunged the Party into a serious political crisis, because instead of resolving their differences following Party chan. nels, the involved parties decided to play to the gallery. The wrangle which started as a mere exchange of words had grown into a total warfare. It started during the first week of October when the Minister of Mines, Cde. Zvobgo and six Members of Parliament in the province are alleged to have launched.a scathing attack against Cdes. Hungwe, Mudenge and Mahofa who Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 ngo province fical crisis * ° .

Masvingo Political crisis *Continued from page 7 were accused of allegedly "dividing the. to come into the Open to challenge peoruling Party" and trying to run away pie of the alibre of those who organised with it. last S/turday's meeting. This was said at rallies at Musvosvi and Muchakata in Masvingo South constituency which falls under Cde. Zvobgo. Cde. Moven Mahachi Cdes. S. Mudenge, Mahofa and Hungwe were accused of organising and attending a secret meeting. According to the Masvingo Procincial Star', Dr. Zvobgo and the six Members of Parliament who include Cdes. Dzikamai Mavhaire, Zephania Matchaba-Hove, Ketina Mudamburi, Vurayayi Chisara, Jephta Chindanya and Paradza Mandebvu, criticised the stance taken in that "secret" meeting calling those who attended the meeting "illegitimate children of the Party who were only accommodated in the Party because of the ruling government's reconciliation policy. He was quoted as having said that some of those people benefited from the feconciliation policy but "are now dividing ZANU PF in their quest for higher posts within the Party". The Minister is said to have described the wrangles within the Masvingo ZANU PF leadership as "a storm before the calm," adding that "we have been too qtiet for a long time'and nbw is the time "These people are novices who have just appeared on the scene today. Where were they when the going was tough?" Cde. Zvobgo asked, questioning the credentials of Cde. Hungwe whom he claimed was a radio propogandist for the Smith regime during the liberation war. Cde. Zvobgo also took a swipe at Higher Education Minister, Cde. Mudenge whom he accused of being "one of the cowards" who stayed in Lesotho while the war of liberation was raging. ,"You all heard how Hungwe blasted me in the press claiming that there is no development in'this constituency and that I never come to my own constituency. Have I not been to every part of this constituency?" Cde. Zvobgo, according to the Masvingo Provincial Star, then attacked Cde. Mahofa for being allegedly unchaste adding that it was high time that the Party was led by people with respect and integrity. It was when Cdes Hungwe, Mahofa and Mudenge started rebuking Cde. Zvobgo that the crisis deepened. Governor Josiah Hungwe Denying having been involved in or: ganising a "secret" meeting with, other members of the Party,. Governor Hungwe made it no secret that he and Cde. Zvobgo had differed politically. "The reason being that his political ambition in politics is just one that I fail to understand. He calls me iugabe's man, 's man.. Whose man is he?" He told journalists at a press conference. The governor said he had not been a: propagandist for the Rhodesian government and denied ever participating in the radio programme. He said he was a long-term and consistent suppoter of ZANU PF and described himself as a "prison graduate" as a result of his detention in 1965 and 1966. While he had not fought, he had provided, while a teacher in Wedza, logistical backup for freedom fighters. "Zvobgo has been asking where we were during the war. But what he seems to be forgetting is the fact that the war was here at home. People have these tancy ideas that we were not there -ecause we were not in America, Birmingham, Australia or in Zambia," said Cde. Hungwe. Cde. Hungwe dismissed allegations that he was allowed to join ZANU PF at independence through the reconciliation policy. "I am a consistent, persistent poSlitical cadre of this Party. But Zvobgo must explain his road frbm prison and back home through Maputo." 'Minister Mudenge also did not take Cde. Zvobgo's attacks lightly. He, like the governor, rebuked the Minister of Mines. *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER.

Masvingo Political crisis 9 Continued from page 8 He said Cde. Zvobgo was not pleasea with his appointment as Minister of Higher Education. He suggested that Cde. Zvobgo's outburst might have been inspired by impending Party provincial and national elections. -Enough of this hysteria. We should'not resort to political cannibalism and Ngwidiism simply because we are approaching Party provincial and national elections," he said in a statement. He added: "I did not expect such a senior Party member to stoop so low as he did at the rallies." Cde. Mudenge also denied attending any "secret" meetings as alleged by Cde. Zvobgo saying the Masvingo Women's League meeting that he attended was witnessed by 500 delegates from all the seven districts in the province, and that it was sanctioned by the provincial executive. The Higher Education Minister took exception to being branded an illigitimate child of the Party and a coward. "I am not illigitimate and I am not a coward." He added that from the time ZANU PF Cde. Ketna Mudambun was formed, he had never wavered in his suppoort for the Party. Gutu South MP was not to be left out. She also took a swipe at the Minister of Mines. It was at this stage that Cde. Ma-, Cde. Stan Mudenge hachi warned the involved Party officials. However, earlier on, Cde. Zvobgo had opted to call the wrangle a misunderstanding at the top instead of a rift, which the Party would however easily cnntr9l. "The people are as united as ever and this misunderstanding at the top will be controlled easily by the Party since there is really no dispute among the people.. I want to assure you that there is no division in Masvingo and no other Party will succeed in Maqvingo." The Minister said as a member ot the Politburo and senior official in the Party, his criticism was only aimed at ensuring that proper procedures were followed in Masvingo ahead of the ZANU PF Congress next year and not for political ambitions. "I am not gunning for the chairman of Masvingo as I have already passed that stage. So I can't be accused of wanting to gain anything. I am senior enough not to want to be a provincial chairman and my present pre-occupation is to ensure that there is unity and peace in Masvingo. I am interested in the people of Masvingo remaining united within the Party and no one should be allowed to divide the people in any way," he explained. However, Cde. Mahachi realised that it was important to warn the warring factions that the Party would not hesitate to take disciplinary action against those who indulge in such wrangles and de- cide to solve the problem through the press instead of the Party channels. He said the individuals involved in the Masvingo dispute were aware of the existence of the machinery within the Party to solve internal squabbles, but had instead decided to do it their own way, through attacking each other in the press. The Zimbabwe Information Service recently reported that the Masvingo wrangle appeared to have simmered down. It quoted Cde; Zvobgo as having told a district meeting in Zaka not to allow themselves to be divided but to strive to achieve a strong Party. He denied the existence of two separate factions within the Masvingo ZANU PF leadership and said no matter what happened, people of Masvingo would always be united. "By 1995, there should be no boundaries in the Province and every Member of Parliament should be able to represent any part of the province without restricting themselves to the constituencies they represent," he was quoted as having said. 13 Cde. Dzikamai Mavhaire ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBERINOVEMBER, 1993

Z imbabwe tobacco armers will t-is season reduce' production from 220 million kilogramrries in 1992/93 to 150 million kilogrammes during the new season despite an improvement in world prices which fell to an all-time low at the beginning of this year. "We are still thinking of reducing the hectarage for tobacco next season because the market situation really has not changed much," Zimbabwe Tobacco Association president, [an Alcock said in an interview with ZIANA. "We would like to see 150 million kilogrammes of tobacco planted this coming season. World. mvrket prices have improved considerably since the kn~~~sao ant IO 41;10W eginning of the on an teay average is coming back to near normal," he said. Mr. Alcock stated that seasonal average sales of US$125 (about Z$875) was very low compared to other seasons. World market prices for tobacco were likely to remain low for sometime and certainly for next year, he added. He advised farmers to heed calls to reduce the size of this year's crop to avoid disappointment. He pointed out that when members ot the association visited Europe in February this year, predictions were that tobacco prices would come down by about 15 percent from the previous, "Noone foresaw the crash. Everybody thought it was just a temporary hiccup but it just got worse. We did not expect a collapse of that nature." As of September, about 80 percent (or. about 175 million kilogrammes) of-the previous seasons crop had been sold at the auction floors in Harare. The remilning 20 percent is expected to be sold by November 11, 1993.. This year, tobacco is expected to earn the country about Z$2;2 billion (US$339 million) in foreign currency. This figure is more than 1992 earnings. 0] Water crisis looms in Harare W ater consumption in the Harare area must decrease significantly if a crisis in the supply situation is to be averted, the Mayor of Harare has said. Councillor Charles Tawengwa said available water supplies were at relatively low levels and there was an immediate need for 'householders and organisations to reduce consumptionm f Launching the 1993/94 water conservation awareness programme, he said every person and organisation could and should effect water-savilig measures, in their own interests. "The awareness exercise is being spearheaded by the Harare Water Conservation Task Force, which is making a major effort to effect water cf.ervation measures in 1993/1994. This follows the lask Force's very successful awareness campaign in 1992/1993, which in turn resulted from the effects of the devastat. ing drought last year," he said. "The City of Harare' has a large and growing population. Surrounding urban centres which use the same water supplies - such as Norton, and - are also expanding. The need for water by residents and by businesses is growing all the time. "The government's Department of Water Resources and Development is investigating the establishment of an addi: tional and major water supply dam to the north east of Harare and it is hoped that this will come on-stream later in this decade, augmenLing present supply sources - Harava, Seke, Chivero and Manyame dams. "Until this is established, we shall need Vo ask our population to use our water resources wisely and -conservatively. Even in years when good rains fall and all these dams fill up, we must take care to. make provision for our needs in drier years. We must never be allowed to slip into the position of facing a total dry-up of our water, supply dams, through overuse of this precious resource of water," he added. Councillor 'awengwa called on residents in the City of Harare and in neighbouring urban centres to take all steps necessary to effect water conservation in their homes. '1e aware of the problem and the fact that you can individdally play an important role in this effort," he added. "To all commercial and industrial organiisations, I would make the same appeal, urging them also to undertake awareness campaigns among their employees, supplementing the Water Conservation Task Force effort. "The TaskForce will be undertaking a comprehensive awareness campaign under the slogan Wasted Water - Wasted Resource. Its thrust will be the mes. sage that we can and must, every one of us, join the water-saving drive and that every litle drop of water saved is a resource proterted "I would like to ask the conservation andi environment movement to join in this drive and to do what it can to highlight the environment-friendliness of water conservation, in good times and bad," Councillor Tawengwa said. The Mayor said the Harare water supply situation was a cause for concern and although the city was not in imminent danger, he could not predict the outcome of the rainy season and what lay beyond. "The overall drive is, therefore, esseontial." As oY September 19, lhe position of supply dams was as follows: Harava -- 43.9 per cent of available Continued on next pa ge THE ZIMBABWE NEWS The magazine that entertains, educates and informs ZIMBABWE NEWS bCTOBER/NOVEMBER,' 1993

Business in second-hand clothing thrives ,.,VrgiiaKaPenbedza arisai Hlapo, a vegetable vendor, smiles as she brushes dirt from her newly acquired expensive-looking fur jacket'. What one may wonder is how she can afford such a -luxury on her meagre profits. She is a regular patron of the booming second-hand-clothes market in Zimbabwe, which cash-strapped consumers have turned to lately in ever increasing .Wgmbers Despite its apparent advantages to the population, the market has affected the Water crisis looms in Harare 1 Conned from page 10 capacity eke - 42,7 per cent of available capacity Chivero - 57,3 per cent of available capacity Manyame - 22,8 per cent of available capacity "Water consumption is steadily increasing as we enter the hot, dry early part of summer. Daily consumption in the week ending September 12 was 336,9 megalitres, an increase of 10 per cent on daily consumption this time last year," said Councillor Tawengwa. "Consumption since July 1 has been 22 701 megalitres, a 4,3 per cent increase on consumption from July to midSeptember last year. There is a need for consumption to show a major decrease and our target for daily consumption in 1993/1994 is 290 megalitres - or nearly 47 megalitres less than last week's daily average. "We have been fortunate in Ihat the summer season has started so late this year, as consumption could have started its seasonal climb much earlier, with more serious effects on the supply situation. "My appeal to the users of water from the City of Hara.re's supply sources is for care, consideration and conservation. This is a major civic and community responsibility on the part of individuals and organisations. Please take up this call and support the drive." 0 textile industry negatively. This is in additiOn to the more well known difficultie's the industry has faced as a result of the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP). Traditionally, bales of second-hand clothes were imported duty free by churches and'welfare organisations in the region and distributed to the under-privileged. In recent times, however, the trend has been to sell these garments and distribute the money to various aid schemes for welfare purposes. Small-time traders are capitalising on this by hoarding and reselling at relatively lower prices. Mupedzanhamo In Harare, Mupedzanhamo (alleviate poverty) market near Mbare has become a thriving business centre since December 1992. . The traders are mostly Zambians who bring in clothes imported into Zambia from other countries. They employ locals to sell their wares while they go back to Zambia for more .clothes, The textile industry has voiced concern and suggested. the prohibition of this trade. In the end, however an agreement was reached between the Harare City Council, and the traders, whereby the latter would pay Z$6.85 a day to sell their wares. The market, dubbed "bend down" boutiques,.emerged at a time of generalised hardship, with dropping purchasing -power and increasing unemployment. Retailers can no longer expect muqh business from the lower income classes. These markets are to be found throughout the country. In Mabvuku, Harare, tuckshops selling second-hand clothes belonging to a local businessman have been opened. Recruiting unemployed youths as salesmen, he has proved very popular as he not only creates jobs, but also makes clothing more accessible. Ponesai Vanhu '(Save the people), a centre in Motunt Darwin, in Mashonaland Central province, sells second-hand clothes imported from Denmark to local villagers. Cheap place "There is no need for us to go all the way to Harare just to buy clothes, we have our own cheap place to get them from," said Tonderai Bangidza of Mount Darwin. Previously, rural people would flock into urban areas for shopping after cashing their Grain Marketing Board (GMB) cheques. For a small amount, one can walk away from the "bend down" boutiques with a lot of clothes, which is not the case with designer boutiques where Z$500 is hardly enough to buy decent clothes and shoes. The second-hand clothes have also affected the textile industry in Zambia. The clothes called salaula (pick and choose) are so popular that a song has been composed about them. Its lyrics contend that salaula is the best, in harsh economic times it does not matter if the businessmen are unhappy, people can only afford salaula. With the economic hardships being felt by most consumers; the stigma previously attached to used clothes is fast disappearing. Buying of second-hand clothing is common among a wider spectrum of society. Businessmen feeling the pinch of ESAP can get whatever sleek suits they want, compflete with matching shirts and ties. Ladies can also select from a wide range of skimpy summerwear to winter clothing. Horizon, a Zimbabwean magazine, reports that no one seems to care that London-Paris-New York labels come via Lusaka. South Africa affected" South Africa's clothing and textile industry, already troubled by a' depressed economy, large-scale retrenchments and factory closures also faces similar problems as Zimbabwe and Zambia with an influx of cheap clothes from as far away as China and Italy. For a small-time trader trying to eke out a living, these issues are distant. Cheaper clothing means more customers, bigger sales and a better chance to feed their own families. Forced out of city-centre department stores drnd designer boutiques by rising prices, consumers are drawn to the bustling sidewalks lined with shoes and draped with garments. Current esti*Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

Business in second hand clothing thrives Cinud fr Pag,)) mates from the textiles industry are that one in five garments sold in South Africa last year was a second-hand imported garment. The South African Clothing and Textile W/orkers Union (Sactwu) in conjunction with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu), made representations to the Department of Trade and Industry (DTi). This resulted in increasea import duty and a stipulation that churches should revert to distributing the clothing free. Despite these restrictions, second-hand clothes continue to pour in. :London jumble sales The trade in second-hand clothes is not only restricted to developing countries. A Zambian business woman who once visited London, reports that one only needs about 10 pence as entry fee to jumble sales. Once inside it is possible to purchase a slightly defective suit for two pounds. Charity organisations patronise these jumble sales where they buy clothes in bulk. These are then donated to the needy or exported to less developed countries. This is fiow London labels are finding their way to countries such as Zimbabwe. rhis trade has placed regional governmerits and their textile industries in dilemma. The simple solution would be .to minimise or prohibit the sale of second-hand clothes, but this would cause tensionwith the consumers who have found hope in the "bend down" boutiques. 'i It would not reflect well. on any government if it snuffed out the only glimmer of hope for the teeming victims of qtructural adjustment. In the mean-time, Tarisal and many others in her position are grateful for the existence of Mupedzanhamo market and would not take kindly to havirig the sale of second-hand clothes discouraged. The textile industry throughout the region can only hope for the success of the economic reforms to ensure a return to the profitability they enjoyed before. (SARDC). 0 Headmasters steal $26 '000 he Ministry of Education and Culture is investigating the disappear, ance of examination fees in excess of $25 000 allegedly embezzled or misappropriated by six headmasters. The fees were paid to centres by candidates intending to write the November 1993 General Certificate of Education (G.C.E.) examinations. he use or nosepipes and sprinklers is still not permitted in the City of Harare, the chairman of the Water Conservation Task Force, Counrillor Dan. ny Meyer. has said. He said the ban on hosepipe and sprinIder usage was imposed in 1991/1992, during the severe drought period. "Although the rains in 1992/1993 were reasonable, the city's water supply situation has continued to deteriorate and the hosepipe ban is still very much in force. Householders, in particular are urged to stop using them for any At the same time, the ministry has reported to the police three employees of the Examinations Branch who received various sums from members of the public for the same examination. The candidates were issued with torged receipts and statements of entry. It is estimated that some. $6 000 may have been collected from unsuspecting purposes. The police have been tasked with identify!ng offenders who may be fined or imprisoned if charges are pressed against them. Householders may be fined up to $200 for contravening the by-law regarding the ban. They may also be sent to court. Commercial organisations may also be fined or sent to court. Councillor Meyer said individuals 'and organisations should look at meansof using bath and sink water on gardens, carried in buckets or by other means. El candidates. The Ministry of Education and Culture is therefore requesting the following candidates, who may be among those cheated out of their money, to report to Examinations Brafldi in Mount Pleasant: -Ancrade David Abraham Thorfias Chatukuta Titus Ziyapapa Marisa Nyamuchiwa Margaret Chitemerere Carlos Matupire Ellen Mazwi Lovemore Mushipe David Samhita Solomon Mazwi Mtokhozisi Kwenda Auxilia Dumba Salmon .Chingoka Julia Zhakata Fayette Zisengwe Stephen Zisengwe Ruth Hwara Linda 0 Operation Raleigh assists in community projects T he eighth Raleigh International ex- one of the three community schemes, at Godzi, a small village in the Umfuli pedition in Zimbabwe focuses on a conservational project and all three' Communal Lands. Construction began ,T ninecommunity, conservation and week-long adventure trivs , two expeditions ago in October 1992 adventure based projects. The expedi- construction of clinic at Godzi and is scheduled to be completed next tion is divided into three three-week Raleigh venturers will be continuing year. phases. Each venturer will participate in work nn a much-needed medical clinic *Contiued to next page 12 ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 .... Ba on ,oeie st

[NtonS Nw Operation Raleig o Continued from page 12 At present, the nearest, medical facility is 12 kilometres away and obstructed by an unbridged river - an impossible journey during the rainy season. A clinic at Godzi, about 120 kilometres southwest of , is therefore urgently required to serve a community of 15000. The clinic is being constructed to Ministry of Health plans and funded by Europeap Economic Community (EEC) Microprojects. The local 'community have agreed.to contribute'20 per cent of the total cost in the form of labour, but are finding this difficult to achieve. Raleigh wil therefore combine forces with the local population to continue building the clinic. The project involves the construction of a 15 room clinic and three staff accommodation blocks. The work to be undertaken in the expedition includes brickwork, roofing, glazing rendering and painting. The venturers will also have the opportunity to assist with lessons in the'local school and organise a sports day - an arrangement which has proved to be a great success in the past. Teaching facility at Guruve Working with Save the Children Fund (SCF) for the first time, Raleigh international is aiming to boost health education in the commercial farming areas by providing local accofnmodation for SCFtrained health advisers. The local community will be assisting Raleigh venturers to build two houses at Horsehoe School near Guruve, 150 kilometres north of Harare, which is attended by more than 600 pupils and serves at least 10 farms in the area. The object of the project is to improve health services by introducing highly skilled teachers into the heart of the community to advise on the latest medical, nutritional and child health care. It has been estimated that more than 3 000 people will benefit from this primary health service in an area fraught with high child mortality. it is hoped that the project, funded principally by the British High Commission and the British Overseas Development Administration, will be the forerunner to many joint schemes with Save the Children Fund. ;h assists in community projects In addition to construction work, the venturers will accompany a child home from school (some live up to 8 kilometres away) and spend an evening with the family to experience varying lifestyles. Venturers will also assist with lessons and games activities and repair the windmill pump at the school's borehole. Completion of Chingele clinic Raleigh International will return for the third time to complete a rural health clinic in Chingele, a village in the Matibi communal lands in the south-eastern lowveld area of Zimbabwe. Still suffering from the recent drought, the local population require a feeding programme to supplement their diet. Once completed, the dinic will provide a much-needed health service to more than 20 000 people. The clinic is being funded by money raised from Life Sowing Ministries, an American Christian-based charity, an Environment 2000, a Zimbabwean charity concerned with the community and environment, LSM plays a major role in drought relief in south-east Zimbabwe and enjoys the support of the British Overseas Board. Venturers will work alongside local labour to build staff accommodation and the .completion of the clinic building as well as assisting teachers with lessons in the local school. .Game water development Assisting the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management, the venturers aim to build eight new watering troughs and refurbish 15 pans to ensure the survival of numerous species of animals and birds in Zimbabwe's largest Park. During the last few years, animal populations in National Park, situated in the northen half of Matabeleland, have dwindled due to drought and poaching. Raleigh international has been requested to assist Parks and Wildlife with their game water development prcgramme as. well as repair a viewing platform and improve a number of, general facilities within the 14 650 square kilometre area. Using Hwange Main Camp as their base, venturerswill move to each problem site by foot, leaming how to recognise the different animal spoor and identifying various trees and birds. A number of informal lectures by the Park Rangers will also be held to enhance their understanding of the environment. ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBERINOVEMBER, 1993 Ecology study The aim of this project is to assess elephant and buffalo mortality, carry out ecological surveys and construct a tourist hide at Rossi Pools in Gonarezhou National Park located in the southeast lowveld on the Mozambique border. Decades of border insecurity coupled with the region's recent drought has meant the Park's unique ecology has suffered from poaching and environmrental damage. Closed to tourism for 25 years, the 5 000 square kilometre Park will soon be reopened thus outlining the importance of ecological surveying and tourist facility development in this area. The venturers, divided into two groups will be rotated in five day phases between construction of the hide and trekking through the National Park, collecting data. Construction of the Rossi Pools hide on the edge of a rock face overlooking the beautiful Mwerizi River valley and Rossi Pools will be a vital tourist facility. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism are providing the materials and a builder to assist with the building work. The ecological surveys, agreecd between a Raleigh project ecologist and the Parks Warden, have never been undertaken in Gonarezhou before except by Raleigh venturers earlier this year. The project will take venturers, trekking into the bush for five day periods, to log and record elephant and buffalo carcases, game counts, vegetation and bird surveys around the Mwenzi River - an area badly affected by drought and snares. Using a Global Position Satelitte, carcasses will be logged, counted and an attempt made to establish the age of the carcasses found. A Vegetation studies About three years ago, seven farmers turned over their land to create the 350 000 square acre Bubiana Conservancy, 200 kilometres southeast of . Since then, large numbers of Continued on next page

Operations Raleigh in community projects .Cotind from page 13 animals, including 41 rhinos have been ordinating t.iii part of theproject und0er tween Deka on the Zambezi through the relocated there as an anti-poaching theguidance of the museum's mammal- Devil's Gorge joining the lake and then measure. ogist, herpentologist and arachnid travelling along the lake to the fishing Venturers split into hree groups of four expert. settlement of Binga, a distance of 100 Ventrer spit ntothre grupsof ourknis in five days. ww spena up to 10 days walking in transect lines collecting samples and data enroute. They are expected to cover more than 1 300 kilornetres of the Conservancy. The information will be handed to the ranchers and other environmental organisations to determine opdmum levels of game the land can support for future relocation. In addition to the data collection, venturers are to assist staff from the Natural History Museum in Bulawayo the world's sixth largest in collecting and cataloguing species to establish the biodiversity of the area. Raleigh ecologist jenny Bowen will be co- White water rafting Venturers face a 75krn trek from KasanVenturer groups will have the opportu . gula, a four-way bordper customs post, nity to raft down the Zambezi River from to Victoria Falls through the game-rich Victoria Falls to the end of the spectacu- Zambezi National Park and Matetsi lar Batoka Gorge. This five day self- safari area. contained trip down some of the most exciting rapids in the w6rld is only ever Accompanied by a National Park armed attempted by Raleigh venturers, guide, venturers will approach the Falls . I along the same route David Livingstone The River Zambezi, below Victoria Falls, 'took in November 1855. tumbles over huge rapids before settling , into a calmer river, joining Lake , Presently unexplored by commercial a huge inland lake 280 kms long at trekking companies, the seven-day trip Milibizi in one of the most isolated will alldW venturers the opportunity to regions of Zimbabwe. view an abundance of wildlife, including antelope, elephants, buffalos, hippopotaVenturers will attempt to kayak be- mi and crocodiles. 1l The People's Voice Bold, Factual and Fearless Subscriptions rates of 52 issues, please send: El Zimbabwe ,D Regional South Africa including Zimbabwe E" Overseas El Overseas Europe US and Rest Z$25.00 US$30.00 US$40.00 US$50.OQ Please Print A pD RESS ...... :...... A ...... E...... 'The rates include postage and handling. I enclose my cheque/postal order for the amount indicated above. The Circlation Manager ,,The People's .Voice 14 Austin Road, Workington Harare Zimbabwe ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBERINOVEMBER, 1993

Arun th conr wt I M alvingo: ...... Chivhu continuing to raid vendors he Chivhu Town Board has vowed to continue raiding illegal vendors despite Tpleas from residents who say vending is their only means of survival. A source on the boprd told ZIS that the raids were being carried out in an attempt to improve hygienic conditions at the bus terminus, where most of the vendors operate from. He said the bus terminus has since been closed to long distance buses by local health authorities in a bid to lessen congestion and improve conditions of the public toilet. The illegal vendors are said to be selling fruits and vegetables under very deplorable conditions. Their number is reported to have more than trippled since the beginning of this year: Most of them are children who should be in school. E Mashonaland Central: ...... Bindura to demolish 421 single quarters indura Town Council is to demolish the delapidated 421 single quarters in BChipadze high density suburb and pave way for the construction of fourroomed houses in the near future. The town council chairman, Cde. Johannes Rusenza told residents commemorating World Habitant Day on Friday, October 8, 1993 that the.programme might take time to accomplish. He said alternative accommodation for affected families would be sought before the demolition begins. Cde. Rusenza added that the town was experiencing numerous breakdowns of the sewerage system due to overcrowding at the single quarters. "We have to destroy this place as it has become an eyesore to the council Matabeleland North: ...... Roads must be maintained continously he Minister of Transport and Energy, Mr. Denis Norman has said the solution to fast deteriorating .conditions of roads is to construct high standard tarmacs. Addressing councillors and civil servants in Plumtree, he said roads should also be maintained continuosly. Minister Norman said most roads which were constructed before independence could not stand the maximum load required of 200 tonnes, while there are new arrangements to increase this to 450 tonnes. He said his Ministry has plans to construct two major roads and bridges in Matebeleland South to be funded by the Dutch government. C Mashonaland East:...... Governor and visitors," he said. tours Matabeleland South: ...... developm ent Council to constuct cattle pens projects in T he Betbridge rural distct council here will soon construct cattle pens thr6ugh- C hikom ba out the district as one of its measures to control stock theft and safeguard stray cattle against livestock thieves. The recommendations were made dur- s part of the drought recov ing an emergency meeting of the codncil held on Friday, October 15, following programme, peasant, resel reports by some councillors that stray cattle in the custody of neighbourhood watch ment and small-scale commez committees were being stolen. 0 farmers will again, this year receive ery ttle -cial free M ashonaland East: ...... Chief's allowances temporarily halted he government has temporarily suspended the monthly allowances for Chief Chikwaka in an effort to force him to stay with his people. Responding to recent reports in which the chief said that allegations that people are calling for his removal were false, the District Administrator for Goromonzi, Cde. Josphat Gwizo, said the chief had also been given until the end of October to, at least, build a house for himself in Chikwaka. He also said that the chief has been warned against the practice of not visiting the people: Measures would also be taken against him if he failed to complete the homestead he is building in the area. The temporary suspension allowances, which were introduced in August this year, has resulted in the chief embarking on a hasty construction programme,. which the District Administrator said was not pleasing at the moment. ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 seed and fertiliser packs from government. The Mashonaland East'Governor, Cde Edmund Garwe .said this during a tour of the development projects in . Among the projects visited by the Governor were the Nharira/Lancashire milk centre, Lancashire farmer's co-operative and a beekeeping project at Simukayi Primary School in the Magamba resettlement scheme..Cde. Garwe commended the farmers in their efforts of cheaply providing fresh milk to the community on a daily basis. Addressing about 5 000 villagers at Magamba Business Centre, Cde. Garwe urged them to take advantage of the free inputs in order to boost production during the coming season. 0 i

Arun th -nr ~ l Mashonaland Central: ...... Matabeleland South: ...... a ...... Seminar on Illegal gold panning attributi laws onl to the country's poor econom women he Governor for Mashonaland Central, Cde. Joyce Mujuzu, has accused certain sections bf the society for misinterpreting laws intended to protect Zimbabwean women. Officially opening a five-day workshop in Kadoma on "Dissemination of education materials and the law", Cde. Mujuru dispelled fears that the laws were in direct conflict with culture. She said the laws were not new as they were in existence before independence, but only catered for the white community. The government, in line with its policy of integrating and raising the status of women, decided to extend the laws to protect the majority of Zimbabwean women. El - The president of the Small Scale Miners Associationof Zimbabwe, Cde. Giles Munyoro, has attributed the illegal gold panning to the shortage of land for resettlement, unemployment and poor performance of the country's economy. Addressing a one-day workshop on environment management and alluvial gold panning in Gwanda, he urged the government to assist gold panners who extracted the mineral without destroying the ecological pattern. . 0 M asvingo: ...... : UNICEF to deepen Gutu wells N inety four wells are going to be deepened in after the allocation of more than $130 000 by the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) for the programme. The District Development Fund (DDF) field officer responsible for water Cde. Willard Ndongeni, told ZIS that the UNICEF programme which was in two phases, has enabled nearly 150 000 people to have enough water. Cde. Ndongeni said more wells and boreholes would be constructed in Mawere, Chikwanda and Nerupiri areas of Gutu South. Priority would be given to Chepiri and Munyikwa communal lands which were in regions Four and Five. 0 12 issues (one year) Z$15 6 issues (six-months) Z$7.50 NAME: ...... ADDRESS: ...... The rates include postage and handling. I enclose my cheque postal order for the amount indicated above. The Circulation Manager The People's Voice 144 Union Avenue Harare Zimbabwe ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 ....;.

Fog N UN fa resent conditions in Angola are P"catastrophic," with at least 1,000 people dying each day from direct or indirect effects of that country's tragic civil war, a former U.N. special representative to Angola told an audience of African specialists and diplomats on July 23. Speaking at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, Margaret loan Anstee said that at least 20 per cent of the country's population (or about two million Angolans) are now deemed to be "at serious risk" by the United Nations, while "hundreds of thousands of people are being displaced by the fighting and living in dreadful circumstances." Anstee, who served in Angola as the special representative of U.N. SecretaryGeneral Boutros Boutros-Ghali (February 1992 - June 1993), told the audience, "I do not think we can let this situation responsibly continue indefinitely, and we certainly cannot let the present wholesale slaughter . . . continue unimpeded." "Something must be done and must be done quickly to resolve the impasse, and in my view, that does require decisive and positive action from our side," she added. The international community bears "moral responsibility" for the situation in Angola, she said, and reminded her audience that the international community also has "economic, political, and security" interests there and thus resolve the tragic situation which has implications for all of southern Africa. Looking at peace-keeping operations now under way around the world, Anstee said such operations tend to run from "maximalist" to "minimalist," with Angola unfortunately falling in the latter category. "This is not a very good moment, unfortunately, to try to get the international community, and specifically the United Nations, to take a more active role," she lamented. She explained that a "peace-keeping fatigue" syndrome had developed because "there are so many peace-keeping missions around the world. They are The international community must assist militarily to help avert a further deterioration of the situation in Angola seen as very costly, and most of them are in very considerable difficulties, so it is difficult to stir up interest to get some further action." Additionally, she said, there is a "series of interlocking vicious circles" that are preventing a quick resolution of the crisis in Angola. "A lot of people say, 'Well, let's just concentrate on the humanitarian side," she explained, but added, "The humanitarian tragedy cannot be averted without a political solution and a cease-fire... The military conflict cannot be stopped unless there is a political solution and a cease-fire, but the political solution also depends on some resolution of the military situation." Currently, the United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM) only has 30 unarmed military observers in that country. The difficulty of the Angola situation is compounded by what Anstee called a "conspiracy of silence by the international media." Without the involvement of the press, she explained, the international community cannot be "alerted" to the country's dire situation, which she described as a "forgotten tragedy." "The most fundamental, vicious circle of all is perhaps the Security Council," she added. "While it has in many resolutions indicated its readiness to take action and to increase very considerably the mandate of UNAVEM and the resources that it needs - it will only do this if the two sides Ito the conflictl first agree on a cease- fire and demonstrate a genuine commitment o return to the peace process." * Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 UN fears catastrophy in Angola pContinued from page 7 Commenting on Angola's September I and have worked in many situations without complaining in order to register 29 - 30, 1992, elections, she called them and in many countries and I think I have their vote. "first and foremost, a tribute to the An- seldom has bch a moving experience "When one looks back, of course, the eugolan people and their commitment to as to see the way in which the Angolan 'phoria, I think, which there was on that the path of peace and to the democrat- people voted and the way in which, in- occasion makes the tragedy of what ic process!' While resources for the Unit- deed, all of election officials - at great happened afterwards all the more bited Nations were in short supply, she not- sacrifice - tried to make the elections ter to accept. ed, logistical difficulties in launching the work. "Even in the midst of this tragedy," she elections were 'overcome" through in- noted, however, "I think we should e tion"There was a great feeling that a break- remember that there have been some ternational assistance, througlh was being made - people successes in the Angolan process and Reflecting on the experience, she said, walked for miles, they underwent great that those successes, in my view, could 'I have been around quite a long time hardship. They stood for long hours be and must be recuperated." E Face-to-face with Soweto With Mutizwa Mukute wo babies, one black and the other white, look at each other and simultaneously smile. They look at their mothers as if seeking consent before they can get together and play. A few moments later, they are busy enjoying each other's company. This is at -the Harare International Airport. When the time comes to board the plane for South Africa, the babies are separated. One and a half hours later, they arrive at Johannesburg Airport. Here the babies just look at each other but stay apart, the parents do not release them. After all, this is the land where apartheid still haunts the inhabitants. The black child goes to Soweto, the white, somewhere in the northen residential areas. Soweto is South Africa's largest black township. It has a population of over three million people and covers some 120 square kilometres. It has a hospital, university, teachers' college, some 280 schools, aid around 300 churches. There are four cinema places, four stadia, a few taverns, two hotels and sever. al "shebeens" (unauthorised beerdrinking places). "Soweto is short for South Western Township," explained an elderly man in Soweto. "It was originally a cheap labour camp to house blacks from about the time gold was discovered, a century ago, and was slparated from the whites working in the same mines," he added. From the plane, a thick cloud of smoke masks Soweto. The smoke comes from coal burning. A nearby thermal power station burns coal and nearly every home in Soweto uses it tor heating ano cooking. On the ground, the smell Tne Mandelas come from the wua west part of Soweto of coal is heavy. The air is polluted. Lung diseases are common. Thorny issues The few thorny acacia trees at the entrance to Soweto are a fitting symbcl of the thorny issues that grip the area nd, indeed, the whole country. And as one journeys through Soweto, one comes across writings almost everywhere that say, "Hamba katshe Chris Hani (Go well Chris Hani)". The writings are in blood red depicting, perhaps, the hearts of many blacks who bleed for him. But Soweto is not uniform. "Sowet? is not comprised of a homogeneous community. It'has the, good and beautiful as well as the bad and ugly," a gwide quipped during a tour of one of Africa's most populoius urban areas. Diep Kloof Extension, nicknamed "Expensive" and the Beverley Hills. This is where the professionals, the businessmen and the "black mafia" are found. "The houses are beautiful, so are the cars, the flowers and even the wives," remarked one Soweto resident--. There are several million-dollar houses in this section of Soweto and the security situation is good. They do not burn c6al to warm themselves because they can afford to pay the electricity bills. Their children go to expensive, private, multi-racial schools. Most people live in the "bad" areas where life is not easy. Places of this descriotion include Orlando and the hostels. People are crowded and as The beautiful areas of Soweto include *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

Face-to-face with Soweto OCotinued page 15 many as 15 families can be found on one stand. They suffer from diseases caused by polluted air and water. Shebeens are plentiful and there is a high -incidence of crime and political violence. The children go to poor schools. The Wild West Andile Kagiso, a black high school student, wrote a befitting description in the City Press, "I am a black matriculant, I have no textbooks, pens or pencils. Yet I am expected to do as well as my privileged white counterparts. In winter, in class, I am unsheltered. No windows." Black South African politics ferments here and the great politicians of today were born and bred in this "bad" part of Soweto. The area from which Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu came is, in fact, nicknamed, the "Wild West". It is in this part of Soweto, again that the Soweto Uprising of 16 June 1976 took place. The memory of this incident is found in the form of the grave of the first innocent child who was shot. Again, it was in this area that Nelson Mandela made his first address on his release from prison, in February 1990. Many unpleasant things have happened here. Worse things have, however, happened in the hostels housing "grant labourers who work on the mines. The ethnic divide nas been most acutely, d~monstrated in these hostels. Street rbbberies and car thefts at gun point, especially at road intersections, are common. Ethnic hostilities are quite simply depressing. One young man aptly spoke for many when he said, "I am Xhosa, my mother and my wife are Zulu. I don't like this fighting between black brothers because it means I should kill my wife or my mother or vice versa. It is wrong." Shanty dwellers At the bottom of the social strata are shanty dwellers. These have either run away from the areas where violence is intense, moved out from areas where they were obliged to pay rent or are just people who cannot find any alternative. Soweto has five shanty towns. While some of them have piped water and flush toilets, the new ones lack these facilities. The Mandela Shanty Town, so named because it was started around the time of his release, is inhabited by over 1 800 people and has only one communal water tap. In spite of these social hardships, the children, even from the shanty towns, look well-fed and properly dressed. They do not go after the rich-looking visitors asking for money. On the contrary, they try to avoid them and their cameras. But the visitors take shots anyway, without consulting them. Perhaps residents do not want to be objects of amusement. Wo3o would want to be? Maybe, when apartheid crurfibles in both theory and and practice, the disadvantaged black Soweto residents will see a new day and be merry. Prospects do not seem utterly dark. Parties to the )lulti~arty Plks that have been negotiating peace in South Africa, have done much already but much more still needs to be done to bring peace and stability to what South African novelist Alan Paton called "the beloved country". At grassroots level in Soweto, there has been tremendous progress in conflict resolution between residents of hostels. A few months ago, a factory sweeper and a messenger initiated peace talks between the Inkhatha Freedom Party (IFP) and the African National Congress (ANC) supporters. Today, as a result of this move, there is much interaction between the two sides. There is even a Peace Trophy for winners of a football competition. , Bridging the deep racial divide and harmonising relations between peoples of different ethnic backgrounds remains South Africa's unenviable but noble and necessary task. Reconciliation, respect and love for one another will certainly be part of the recipe. If all interested parties could move towards this end like the two babies did at the Harare International Airport, peace and harmony will find a place in South Africa. (SARDC)0L Armed South African police patrol black townships in armoured vehicles to quell violence but blacks insist that the disturbances are fermented by a third force ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 19

Forig News0* On the negotiaton] inSot Afia .Issues relating to the powers, funcItions and bounderies of regions in a ,future South Africa have been under discussion within ANC circles for some time. The ANC held a national conference on regions in March 1993. This conference followed lengthy discussions at local and regional levels of a discussion document which was widely circLlated. The'decision of this conference on tne number of regions was that there should be '10 regions or less', and that the four provinces as defined by the 1910 boynarestlmmd bwi' the "uio.-ba elections for a Constituent Assembly. The mandate given by conterence was ONDON: British cancer experts playing a major role in the world's argest in-depth investigation into thi role of diet now believe it may cause 35 percent of all cancers and probably plays a part in breast, bowel and most other common cancers. More than 250,000 people from the UK and six other countries are involved in what is known as the European Prospective Investigation, of Cancer, or EPIC, which researchers hope will lead to the discovery of which elements of diet can cause cancer and which help to protect against it. Doctors Tim Key and David Forman are leading Britain's contribution to the project and the former says: "At the moment the evidence suggests a protective role for fruit and vegetables, fibre and certain vitamins. Other factors, such as high fat or meat diet, may increase risk. But if we had a-better understanding of the role of diet we could give more specific advice to help cut the risk of cancer." The large variation in diets between countries in north-west Europe and those bordering the Mediterranean gives researchers a greater opportunity to study the relationship between different diets and cancer than would be possible if they looked at only one country. For instance, northern Europeans tend that should the ANC not be successful in its insistence that there be four regions in the transitional period, that ANC should define the regions tor tne elections in terms of the longer vision for regions in a future South Africa. This conference also called for a' Delimitation Commission to be established. A Commission for Delimitation on regions has now been established by the Multi- Party Negotiations Process (MPNP). The followingis the basis of the submission made by the ANC to this Commission. Delimitation Criteria In defining future regions for a democratic South Africa, the ANC assumed: to eat more saturated fats, such as outter, than Mediterranean Europeans, who usually eat more unsaturated fats such as olive oil, more vegetables and more starchy foods like pasta. Dr. Forman commented: "We hope that the information coming from this study will back up some of what we already suspect. For instance, we think that an increased intake of fresh fruit and vegetables decreases the risk of stomach cancer. People who eat moderate amounts, say one piece of fruit per day, have substantially less risk of developing this cancer and if the entire population had a similar intake, then maybe we could prevent a third of stomach cancers." This would mean up to 3 000 fewer stomach cancers each year in the UK alone, where some 10 000 people now die from it each year. In the UK, nearly £2 million (Z$20 million) will be spent in the next four years following the 75,000 people taking part in EPIC. They will provide blood samples and fill in questionnaires on their diets at intervals throughout the study to enable researchers to build up an accurate picture of their day-to-day eating habits. Those taking part will be checked regularly to discover who develops cancer. In five years, about 1 400' cases would be expected. - LPS. [] * that all bantustans must be reincorporated into South Africa and a united country created. There is a need for active movement away from apartheid, overcoming: the enormous fragmentation and inequali-, ties, the harmful ethnic. divisions, and the regional imbalances: there will be provision in the future constitution for three levels of government: central, regional and local; * that principles such as the following should guide the process which demarcates the future regions:1. The regions should be economically and socially functional. The regions should be large enough to incorporate those areas which are functionally interdependent with each other, but small enough to ensure coherent planning and administration can occur. Communication links are important here. In terms of the latter, care should be exercised to try and ensure the regions are inclusive of linguistic, ethnic, and other community relat ed groups so as to give effect to more appropriate planning for the needs of such groups. 2. The regions should allow for balanced urban and rural development. This point relates to the fact that the regions should be large enough to include the widely divergent, but contiguous, areas presently existing in South Africa. 3. The regions should be compact. The gerrymandering in South Africa has reinforced a tendency for regions to be disjointed, elongated, etc. instead, regions should be as cnmract as is practicable 4. The regional boundaries should take into account population size and geographic product. While this principle is less significant, a strong case may be made for trying to ensure that regions are approximately equal in size and geogiaphic product. However, this is very difficult to achieve in practice, particularly as one moves towards more regions. 5. The retinal boundaries should * Continmued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 Diet may be Ikey to beating cancer wherever possible, take into account existing boundaries. While this is the least important principle, there are many reasons why the. ANC should be congnisant of existing boundaries. . Popular acceptance and a sense of rightness should be taken into account. While this might be a rather subjective criterion, quite a high degreee of national consensus has already been achieved. Overall, the ANC argued for a multiplicity of regions, without this leading to greater ,bureaucracy. Areas need to be grouped on an intergrative, non-racial basis in a way that encouraged accountability, local initiative, efficiency in the pro-' vision of services and facilities, and a more equitable distribution of the social surplus. The nmber of regions 1. The Border-Kei/Eastern cape The question as to whether the Border-Kei shQud be joined to the Eastern Cape requires intensive debate. Those supporting such a fusion point out that the economic indicators for Border-Kei are such that this region is not economically viable, and would have a problem in terms of the poverty of its industrial and tax base were it to be a separate region. Those supporting a separate Border-Kei region, on the other hand, have argued that, even if not viable in terms of its tax base, the region is economically functional in relation to the flow of labour, goods and services, and is fun' tional in terms of development planning. They argued further that responsibility for ensuring the adequate distribution of resources to poorer regions should be a function of central government, and should not have to rely too heavily on their own tax base.:Clearly the question of whether these regions should be separated or not is linked to the question of what powers of taxation are exercised by the regions as opposed to the centre in a future dispensation. The ANC's view is that there should be a single Cape-Border-CiskeiTranskei region. 2 The North-Western Region A similar set of arguments exists in considerihg the Northen Cape and Western Transvaal. Not only are President de Klerk, (left) flanked by two Soui- Afrkan ministers, shakes hands with ANC president Cde. Nelson Mandela (right) both of these regions quite small, but their separation raises more problems than it contains. These include not only the debates over whether or not Mafekeng should be in the Northern Cape, but the reintegration of Bophuthatswana would be facilitated if most of its regions constitute part of a larger whole. But more importantly, the regions are functionally interlinked. Also the regions are small, and though combining them would mean that no region would be smaller than 2 million people in size. One could list a number of economic, social, administration and political reasons for creating a single region. 3. Natal There is general acceptance that Natal should be a single regional unit, although the question of its southern boundary with the BorderKei remains unresolved. The ANC's pottion until now has been that the 1910 provincial boundary between the Cape and Natal should be used. This would see East GriqualandUmzimkulu falling into the BorderKeL There are arguments, however, to the effect that this area has greater economic linkages with Natal than does towards the present Transkei, and the post-1977 provincial boundary should be used in order that East Griqualand/Umzimkulu should go to Natal. A possible solution to this issue would be a local referendum among the residents of this area to determine their preference. 4. Orange Free State The acceptance of the OFS as a sin- gle region, following the bounderies as per 1910 form part of our proposal. 5. Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging The economic dominance of the PWV region has been aL-knowledged in all its debates. The cutting up of the PWV region would violate all the key principles of delimitation and could create more problems that it solves. The proposal would leave the PWV region intact. 6. Northern Transvaal and Eastern Transvaal In discussion, the Northern Transvaal and Eastern Transvaal have always been accepted as district regions, although the economic indicators for Northern Transvaal are as bad as those for Border-Kei. The proposal, nevertheless, would reflect the predominant view that these should be district regions, and combining them does not address the economic function it needs. While the Northern Transvaal might be economically disadvantaged;, it is economically functional and quite distinct from the Eastern Transvaal. In addition, each region is relatively large (both in terms of population and size). 7. Western Cape The concept of a Western Cape region has not been questioned, except for the proposal for smaller regions, which would have seen a separate Cape Town metropolitan region and Namaqualand region. This proposal was, however, reject0 Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 LLreign News ed at the national c6nference, and the movement'i proposal to the Commission would contain a single large Western Cape region. For purposes of the present delimitation, the ANC proposes eight regions: Western Cape; Northwest region: Northern Cape/western Transvaal: Eastern Cape/Border/Ciskei/Transkei; Natal; Orange Free State; Pretoria- WitwatersrandVereeniging; Northern Transvaal; Eastern Transvaal. At the same time, the ANC will urge that:the Constituent Assembly should be the vehicle to act on any recommendations in respect of proposed regional delimitations; * In cases where some of the regions could be combined or in areas where there is some controversy (e.g. Eastern Cape combined with Border-Kei), the actual boundaries should be determined through both a delimitation commission receiving inputs from effected communities and/or through local referendums; * there should be de-linking of the electoral regions for the Constituent Assembly from the possible future regions for a democratic South Africa. In short, the boundaries of the electoral questec an opportunity to ne regions should .be flexible until finally her adopted by the Constituent Assembly. 6 The present infration and data The Delimitation Commission will need so-res necessary to make into hear both written and oral evidence formed decisions are unreliable and from people in areas where boundaries unreprentative. are in dispute. Concerns in respect of the process being followed The ANC has, in its submission, noted various concerns to the Commission. 1. Substantial international research has shown that delimitation should preferanly not be undertaken during periods of social and political upheaval. 2. The Multi-Party Negotiating Process (MPNP) is not a democratically elected forum. A delimitation which is its product could constrain enormously the democratic state likely to emerge after elections. Therefore, the boundaries determined by the MPNP must be soft and flexible. 3. Boundaries do not exist in the abstract; they are defined by the social, economic and political context. 4. The time limit given to the Commission is too short to produce a coherent report. 5. Most of the disadvantaged and dispossessed are unaware of the process and have therefore not re- through densely populated or highly urbarised areas. This would negatively affect local government and administration. 8. City states should be avoided be. cause they are historical products and live at the expense of surrounding areas; 9. Delimitation is fundamentally a poltical process. There is no technically correct region. . . 10. The regionalisation process must recognise that apartheid has created an artificial regional base. This process must therefore consider the significant inter-regional differences in racial composition- the effects of the migrant labour system and the settlement patterns. Conclusion Because the question of regions affects all communities, especially, in the rural areas, there are mal submissions expected to be made to the Commission. This is also a very controversial and difficult process. E0 Wihite extremists leader, Eugene Terreblanche (left) and his colleagues have bitterly opposed democratic change in Sourn Africa ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

China forbids. baby dumping rowning of or abandoning of female infants, a pernicious practice left over from the feudal society in China, occurs much less than often now. However, the practice has not been stamped out entirely in some remote areas. According to a white paper of the Chinese -government, Human Rights in China, the country's law clearly forbids the drowning of infants and other acts of killing them. The government has adopted practical measures for handling these kinds of criminal offences according to law. The paper says China's family planning policy fully conforms to item 9 of the United Nations' Declaration of Mexico City on Population and Growth in 1984, which demands that "countries which consider that their population growth rate hinders their national development plans should adopt appropriate population plans and programmes". It also accords with the UN world Population Plan of Action which stresses that every country has a sovereign right to formulate and implement its own population policy. Human Rights in China states that some people censure China's family planning poliy as ",violating human rights" and being "inhuman", they do not understand or consider China's real situation. But some have deliberately distorted the, facts in an attempt to put pressure on China and interfere in her internal affairs. The Daily Mail of Britain recently published an article alleging that female babies in orphanages were being starved to death in China. The paper said this "is China's hidden shame", and said their death is the price of being female. Describing how the babies are killed in what it termed a secret dying room, The Daily Mail said: "When they were only weeks old, bottles of thick gruel were pushed into their tiny hands and they were expected to feed themselves - an impossible task. "The orphanage gives them dean, warm clothes to lie in. But the indifference of parents who turned their backs on unwanted daughters has left them too weak to survive without full-time care. "As abandoned but relatively healthy male babies play in a "showpiece" front room, the little girls upstairs face death before any kind of life, from dehydration and starvation." The British paper said from one orphanage, south of Peking, more than 1 000 baby girls die in a year, from little more than lack of love and basic medical attention. It claims that girls continue to play second fiddle to boys, even though the country's women athletes are smashing world records"in a countiy with a population that has exploded to 1.2 billion now, families are oound by a rigid 'one child' law. No one wants a female 'only child'. Girls cannot continue to the family line: They are considered worthless in the workforce," the the Doily Mail reported. However, this was strongly refuted by the Chinese Embassy in Harare. "China has only two alternatives in handling its he North Atlantic Treaty Organisation has stepped into a political and diplomatic minefield as it considers, for the first time since the end of the Cold War, whether to take on some of its former enemies in Eastern Europe as metnbers. A Many of those countries are clamouring for shelter from the dangers of an increasingly unstable Europe and the 16-nation alliance knows it must do something to help, if it is not to be written off. as irrelevant. But the dilemma for NATO, as it heads towards a summit in January, is how to improve security to the East while avoiding other risks in taking on morp rtiembers - risks which could do nearly as much damage to the alliance. "I don't think anyone is supposing that NATO will be quickly or immediately enlarged so far as full membership is con- population problem: to implement the family planning policy or to allow the blind growth in births. The former choice enables children to be born and grow up healthily and live a better life, while the other one leads to unrestrained expansion of population so that the majority of the people will be short of food and clothirig, whole, some will even tend to die young. The better alternative, here is obvious." Human Rights in China says the country's population policy has two objectives: control of population growth and improvement in quality of the population. Work in this field not only encourages couples of child bearing age to have fewer children but also provides them with mother care, baby care and advice on optimum methods of childbearing and child-rearing. These services include pre- marriage check-ups, heredity consultation, pre-natal diagnosis and care during pregnancy to help couples have sound, healthy babies. El cerned," British foreign secretary, Douglas Hurd said recently. "On the other hand,we certainly don't wish to rebuff their desire to come closer to NATO" Diplomats say it is most unlikely the summit will offer full membership to any country because most NATO members oppose such a move before the 21st century. This is going to be an enormously difficult problem, said a senior NATO diplomat who asked not to be named. 'we nave to ask whether extending membership would weaken the cohe sion of NATO as it is now, whether we would upset Russia and others who would be left out and whether we would end up ensnared in more Yugoslav-style ethnic conflicts," the diplomat said. The crisis in Russia has served as a timely reminder to NATO that the West could face trouble if Yeltsin loses power and * Continuea on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 NATO e'nters minefield in Eastern Europe

.NATO enters minefeild in Eastern Europe *Continued from page 20 reforms stop. The war in the former Yugoslavia shows the kind of vicious ethnic conflicts which might involve NATO if it expands. There is also the problem of whether countries like Poland and Hungary the most obvious first choices for NATO membership - should ioin the alliance betore they join the European Community, as the European Community (EC) has recognised they will. Until recently, these problems were not even on the agenda. Ever since the end of the EastWest confrontation, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation has said it was premature to discuss expanding membership of the 43-year-old club. Instead, it set up the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC), which brings NATO members, Eastern European nations and former Soviet republics together in dilomatic links. Although there are plans to use the NACC for more practical activities such as joint peacekeeping, most Eastern European nations say such cooperation has not gone far enough. One of the major arguments against taking on new members has always been that Russia might object and that such a move would be seen as an aggressive expansion eastwards by NATO. But when Russian president Boris Yeltsin said during a visit to Warsaw last August that Poland was free to join the alliance if it wanted, the attitude began to change - before the current powerstruggle in Moscow erupted. Germany, concerned for the security of its immediate Eastern European neighbours, has since been pushing for the NATO summit on January 10, 1994 to decide on accepting new members. NATO secretary general Manfred Woemer has said it was now time to consider such a move but some alliance members in Brussels criticised him for going too far. Some NATO members, worried that decisions can be difficult enough to reach with 16 countries, are concerned that it would be even more difficult with more. But the cat was out of the ba. Poland. riungary and the Czech Republic have again begun to press their case for NATO security guarantees as the best - safeguard for their democracies. The first question for the summit is what to offer the best candidates - countries who have gone furthest in democratic and economic reforms since the collapse of communism. It is likely that NATO will send a clear signal that membership is open to them, without giving 6 time frame. It is also possible, diplomats say, that those countries will be offered a special status which stops short of full membership but which points clearly in that direction. One idea would be to allow Poland, Hungary and a few others to accede to NATO's 1949 founding treaty, with the exception of a key article that contains the essential security Boris Yeltsin guarantee. The article states that an attack on one member state will be treated As an attack on all. Such a move would still give new members, who would then have the prospect of becoming full members a few years later, the right to consult with NATO if their security is threated. Criteria would be established to decide who could come in - including commitments to democracy and human rights, protection for minorities and the peaceful settlement of disputes. The second issue would be how to make this into a kind of package deal that would also include something for other Eastern European nations and former Soviet republics, so they will not feel their level of security has been reduced. One way of doing that would be a commitment that any new members would not have NATO forcesstationed on their soil in peace- time - something that already applies to some existing members, such as Norway. Another suggestion is to offer countries like Russia and Ukraine, which have little real prospect of joining NATO, a separate kind of security treaty that would go further than current diplomatic and military links with the alliance. - ZIAN,- REUTER.[ World Bank to host global hunger summit he World Bank will this year host a summit on global hunger to discuss strategies for international aid organisations and governments to combat the problem. United Nations secretary general Boutros-Boutros Ghali and former US president Jimmy Carter will be speakers at the conference, scheduled for November 29 to December 1 in Washington, the Bank said. The conference, the first ever summit on hunger hosted by the World Bank, was arranged after US representative Tony Hall held a 23-day fast to draw attention to the issue. It will be co-hosted by non-governmental aid agencies. Poverty and hunger are critical problems in many African countries where per capita income has declined in the past twenty years despite development efforts. The problems are so serious that Michel Camdessus, managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), said that Africa could.appear to be a sinking continent The World Bank, formed to help develop poor countries and lift them from poverty, has faced severe criticism from relief organisations for pursuing economic reforms, such as ending food subsidies, that they say worsen poverty. But the IMF and the World Bank say that removing structures tor market economies are essential to improve the overall economic well-being of a country in the long run. The goals of the summit will be to identify strategies to reduce global hunger, generate political support for the issue and help the World Bank develop initiatives to tackle hunger. - ZIANA-REUTER El ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

.CIA aes m.Col Wa scr' Thne U5 Lentral inteuigence Agency (CIA) unveiled Cold War secrets on Thursday, September 30, 1993 The secrets portray Moscow as aggressive in extending, communism in the worla but wary of risking war with the United States. The intelligence estimates from 1946 to 1961 also shed light on some deadly-errors - including a failure to predict the onset of the Korean war just before hostilities began. The analyses are being made available to the public at the national archives as part of an accelerating jeclassification process now that the Cold War is over. The assumption running through the estimates is that, while he USSR would use every opportunity to extend its influence, it would not do so in areas or ways that could escalate into general war with the US, the volume's editor, Scott Koch wrote in a collection of the most significant documents. A November 6, 1956 estimate correctly predicted that the USSR would not intervene in the Suez crisis engaging Britain, France, Israel and Egypt. David Gries, the director of the CIA's centre for the Study of Intelligence, said the newly released material amounted to a trove for scholars. 'I can promise you there are a lot of warts," he told reporters while echoing CIA director James Woolsey's comments to Congress conceding CIA mistakes. But Gries said the analytical record overall was really quite good, given the lack of sophisticated eavesdropping capabilities at that time. A first batch of 277 ational intelligence estimates, woriking papers preparedfor policy-makers, were made available to reporters at CIA headquarters outside Earth Summit pact takes effect in December A ninternational treaty designed to safeguard the diversity of life forms on earth will take effect on December 29, 1993 after the required 30 governments ratified it,,the United Nations has said. The Biodiversity Convention, aimed at protecting plant and animal species in danger of extinction, was signed at the June, '1992 Earth Summit in Rio De ;enairo and was attended by virtually all UN member states. It requires countr5-to make an inventory of plants and wildlife within their borders and draft plans to protect those that are.endangered. The treaty also sets up mechanisms to help poor countries finance the measures. The earth has an estimated 10 million. species of which only 1.5 million have been identified, according to the UN. Species still to be discovered may offer progress in medicine, food and other areas, and the richness of the planet's life forms allows the world to adopt to fundamental changes such as global warming, a UN environmental programme statement said. The treaty takes effect atter the 30th government ratifies it. Mongolia became that country on Thursday, September 30. Many small island states were among the first signatories. - ZIANA-AP 0 Washington. Such estimates coordinate the CIA's best thinking with that of its fellow.intelligence agencies. Those made available were prepared between 1946 and 1961. More recent Cold War records including those relating to eleven major covert actions will be declassified soon. Among the myriad disclosures was the US failure to predict that war was imminent in Korea in an estimate dated June 19, 1950, six days before the start of the three-year conflict in which 54 246 Americans died. Also released were a mixed bag of about 950 articles, nearly half of them book reviews, from a classified CIA quarterly called Studies in Intelligence. Among these was a 1988 article detailing a Soviet disinformation campaign that accused the United States of creating the AIDS virus. Numerous news stories, particularly in the developing world, picked up the theme at the time. The CIA is winding up a declassification review begun last year of more than 500 Soviet-related estimates, the most recent of which would be 10 years old. Woolsy disclosed that he had ordered a streamlined review process on topics of' special historical value 30 years or older. According to the latest documents, the US intelligence community had concluded, as early as 1950, that the Soviet Union was prepared to conduct a general war from the standpoint of military and economic readiness. "Intelligence is lacking to permit a valid prediction as to whether or when the USSR would actually resort deliberately to a general war," a November 15, 1950 analysis said. It added that grave danger of general war exists now and would continue to exist so long as Soviet leaders challenged vital Western interests. Other declassified eslmates include a February, 1950 review of the Indochina crisis, a study of Sino-Soviet intentions in the 1956 Suez Canal crisis and a 1958 review of Soviet objectives in the Berlin crisis. - ZIANA-REUTER 1] ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

MEEMMmm'Foreign News Peres, hopef"u for Mideast peace pact U president Bill Clinton said on Monday, September 23, 1993 that he was quite hopeful a corn prehensive Middle East peace agreeT ment will be reached before his term ends, but Israeli foreign minister Shimon Peres said it could happen in two years. Clinton, who presided over this signing of a framework for peace between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) at the White House in Washington recently, discussed prospects for a broad fMfdeast peace settlement in his first term while posing for pictures with Lebanese premier Rafik Harari. While Clinton hoped for peace before his terms ends in January, 1997, Peres said in a Cable News Network report that peace in the Mideast could occur within two years. While Peres' government won parliament's approval of the Israel-PLO agreement, he acknowledged that it Would be hard sell to the Israeli people. Clinton and Harari met on the fringes of the 48th session of the UN General Assembly, which Clinton addressed earlier in the day. Asked if he expected Is-' rael and all the Arab states to make peace before he completes his firfaur, yedr term as president, Clinton replieu: "I am personally quite hopeful. I have always believed during this whole time that the interests and desires of the people in the region and the willingness of the leaders to work for peace have come into harmony, so I think we have a chance to make it work." Clinton said his immediate priorities were to work to assure that the IsraeliPLO accord is implemented in a way that keeps support for this process very US president Bill Clinton high in Israel and assured that Syria and Lebanon stay involved in the ongoing Middle East peace negotiations. Under For the latest in worldwide news: Get the agreement, the Palestinians will get o f limited self-rule in Gaza and the West copy f Bank town of Jericho within six months. The Zimbabwe News For its part, the PLO renounced violence and recognised Israel's right to exist. magazinefrom your nearest newsstand ZIANA-REUTER ii "I_ ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

UN seeks ways to help the aged t has been ten years since the International Plan of Action on Ageing was adopted by representatives of 124. United nations member states with a host of non-governmental organisations at the World Assembly on Ageing in Vienna. The Plan sets out broad principles and recommendations on meeting the needs of the elderly, listening to their voices while developing policy and. keeping older people in the mainstream of society. How have the elderly fared, since the 1982 Assembly? is the world better equipped to adapt to the rapid increase of older people and the growing portion ,of the population who will reach 60 years of age as each decade goes by? "As far as ageing goes, there is a big knowledge gap," says Sandeep Chawla, chief technical adviser to the Ageing Policies and Programmes Unit of the United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOV), which serves as the United Nations focal point on ageing. "Demographics are very sophisticated in terms of how many people there are and which sectors will experience how. much growth. But when you -get t, what the actual UNITED NATIONS conditions .o life are, you hit a blank wall, especially in terms of developing countries, where the majority of the elderly are." The sentiment is echoed by HelpAge International's Mark Gorman. "We know about the rise of the ageing population," he says, "but we don't know what it means." Steps are being taken to close the knowledge gap. A Special Programme for Research on Ageing was established in 1989 at the World Health Organisation (WHO) to analyse the factors contributing to healthy. ageing, as well as questions relating to nutrition, dementias of ageing and the immune system -and ageing. And the UNOV's Ageing Unit assisted by the United NationsFund for Population Activities (UNFPA), is carryinlg out intensive studies of selected countries from the developing world. Statistics have been gathered in Chile, the Dominican Republic, Sri Lanka and Thailand, and a second phase will look at four more countries from West Asia and Africa. "We need hard data on how older people are living and what they are doing to be able to design intelligent programmes to reach them," says Mr. Chawla. A major concern of the international *Plan of Action on Ageing is that older people receive basic necessities: income, food, housing and health care. None of these is guaranteed to older people in the less developed countries who are unUNITED NATIONS able to work, and those who are working cannot take them for granted either. Even in prosperous countries, gaps in social security coverage allow many older people to become destitute and abandoned. Dalmer Hoskins, secretary-general of the international Social Security Association, notes that only a minority in the developing world are eligible for pensions, and that coverage is slipping in many countries in Latin America and Africa. Contributions to pension funds are up, however, in many of the poorer countries of South Asia. There are reassuring accounts of the resiliency of family support mechanisms for older people, but also accounts of UNITED NATIONS overburdened tammes and the appearance, for the first time in many countries, of, large numbers of homeless elderly persons. Virtually all nations have some provisions for health care for the indigent, but the extent of actual protection is patchy. A doctor stationed in a rural area in Latin America plagued by poverty, civil strife and illicit drug trafficking, for instance, reports that anyone can receive free treatment at the hospital where he works. But because drugs and equipment are lacking, little. can be done to cure infectious diseases rampant among the elderly. "When they leave the hospital," the doctor says, "they go home to pray and to die." There is general agreement, nonetheless, that the 1982 World Assembly, and looming demographic trends, have called attention to an issue that was previously disregarded -as a matter of public policy. Even leaders Who remain concerned about the tendency of societies to marginalise their older populations note hopeful trends. "We're starting to catch the first glimmer of international interest,' says Mark Gorman, director of development at HelpAge international, "as the question of ageing creeps into the bottom of the ladder of the policy agenda. We get ques- UNITED NATIONS tions about the kinds of legislation to propose, economic and social policies, and- so on. Governments are beginning to look at the statistics and realise that down the road there's going to be a real crunch." "My impression is that the World Assembly was instrumental in raising cons-, ciousness worldwide," reports Charlotte Nusberg, secretary-general of the International Federation on Ageing (10A). "In terms of implementation, there have been steps forward and steps backward. One good sign is that we've seen a lot more assertiveness on the part of older people, although mostly in the developed countries." Some of this assertiveness is reflected in a 1992 vote by the 'European Parliament to increase its spending on the *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 u.~ cia ReportsU ulm seeks ways to help the aged continued from oage 24 elderly for that year to 4.3 million ECUs (almost US$5.5 million) - mostly on care and housing arrangements which stimulate independence and societal integration of the elderly and socially use ful application of the experience and skill of older persons - two and a half times as much as the previous year's budget. UNITED NATIONS The European Community has declared 1993 the European Year of Older Persons and Solidarity between. the Generations. In Africa, where according to Nana Apt of the University of Ghana the elderly have been hit hard by the edonomy of the last decade, initiatives also are underway. Dr. Apt, an organiserefor the rights of older persons, says, "There has been progress for single elderly women -4old maids', as they are called - in so far as antiquated laws regarding matters like inheritance and property rights are being looked at. In Kenya and Ethiopia, the Governments are giving as. sistance to families who care for the aged. There has been progress in literacy - and iliterapy is a critical problem, because it keeps people out of the decision making process, out of the political and economic realms." Dr. Denise Eldermine, executive director of HelpAge Jamaica, cites developments like positive coverage by the national media and incorporation of the concerns of the ageing in the work of the Jama6V UNITED NATIONS can Planning Institute. "While the elderly command respect within the family," she says, "in society as a whole, old age has a negative image. But that is being broken down." Building infrastructure One of the key initiatives to come out of the 1982 World Assembly is the establishment of national mechanisms on ageing. National mechanisms - "that elegant phrase," sighs the IFA's Carlotte Nusberg - "are coordinating committees composeu or representatives of appropriate government bodies, non- governmental service organisations. and organisatigns of and for the elderly themselves. So far 93 such networks have been established" The achievements of the national machineries will be limited, of course, if investment in social and economic development is being cut back. But even under the harsh budgetary circum,stances, so many countries have experienced in recent years, these coordinating bodies represent a step torward. In the leading industrialised coun. tries, where the ageing .phenomenon is already under way, the activities of national machineries focus the diversity of institutional capacities that have already been established, work to extend policy coverage to subgroups who have been excluded or overlooked and seek new ways to secure the participation of the elderly. In most of the developing countries, on the other hand, rapid exUNITED NATIONS pansion of the ageing population lies a few decades ahead. National machineries provide an opportunity - sometimes the first opportunity - to articulate a policy stance and establish institutional frameworks for formulation and implementation. Further steps have been taken to translate the "plan" part of the Plan of Action into "action". In 1988 the International Institute on Ageing,. based in Malta. was founded. Supported by the Maltese government, United Nationsspecialised agencies and bodies and other governmental and non-governmental contributors, the Institute defines its mission as fulfilling the training needs of developing countries and acting as a bridge between the developed and developing nations. The institute conducts original research into demographic and developmental questions, publishes research and training materials, holds internationlly attended seminars and workshops and provides a range of technical cooperation services. At the spg.ygestion of the gvernment of the Dominican Republic, consideration is being given to establishing a similar institute to serve the needs of Latin American and Caribbean nations. And in Asia, two such institutes are under consideration. rhe African society of Gerontology, established in 1989, is one of the newest actors in international ageing. The United Nations General Assembly has urged agencies and bodies around the world to support the society in establishing a regional programme on ageing for the period 1992 to 2001. The United Nations Trust Fund for Ageing, established at the beginning of the past decade, supports projects with seed UNITED NATIONS money that in turn attracts additional' resources from foundations and Governments. Another international funding source is the"recently created Banyan Fund. It takes its name from the tropFcal banyan tree, which drops aerial roots from its branches to form new trunks and ensure lonovitv. self-reliance and continuing growth. Approximately, the Banyan Fund specialises in promoting self-help initiatives by the elderly, their families and their communities. As a result of the 1982 World Assembly, the United Nations established a focal point for coordination on issues of ageing. The Ageing Policies and Programmes Unit operates out of the United Nations Office at Vienna/Centre for Social Development and Humanitarian Affairs and is concerned with meshing the activities and plans of a multitude of United Nations and other international bodies. Prominent among these UNITED NATIONS are non-governmental organisations like the international Federation on Ageing, HelpAge International and the American Association of Retired Persons; organisations established in cooperation with the United Nations such as the International Institute on Ageing in Malta and the International Social Security Association, based in Geneva; United Nations departments dealing with development, population and statistics; and spedalised United Nations agencies, among which are the International Labour Organisation, the World Health Organisation, UNESCO and the Food and Agriculture Organisation.] ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

- Reports Bright fu ie 1990s promise to be for ageing * what the 1960s were for youth: a T decade of high visibility on the world stage. Recent activities of the United Nations illustrate this trend.- In 1990, the United Nations General Assembly designated 1 October as the International Day for the Elderly and 1992 as the tenth anniversary of the World Assembly on Ageing. The Assembly also called for a practical strategy in the 1990s focused on reaching selected targets by the year 2001 and decided to devote two working days at its 1992 session to consolidate these targets. intended to promote implementation of the Plan of Action, the targets identify what can be done now, how, and by whom. Why ageing? With declining mortality and improving health and hygiene, more people are livipg longer. This, coupled with declining fertility, changes the structure of populations. The ageing of populations is now a world-wide phenomenon, more evident in developed countries but occuring more rapidly in developing countries. In the 75 years from 1950 to 2025, the world elderly population (persons 60. years of age and above) will have increased from 200 million to 1.2 billion, or from 8 to 14 per cent of the total global population. Among the elderly, the "old" old (those who are 80 years of age and above) will have vrown from UNITED NATIONS 13 million in 1950 to 137 million in 2025. The total world population will have grown by a factor of little more. than three, the elderly will have grown by a factor of six and the "old" old by a factor of ten! To age successfully, a country needs to adjust its policies and programmes for housing and physical infrastructure, health and hygiene, income security and employment, education and training, social welfare and the family. it needs to examine the situation of older women, who generally have fewer entitlements than men, while outliving them in most countries. It needs to support its informal care-givers, espedally those within the family. A country must also give a. iture for 1 broaaer focus to training as well as to media coverage of the complexities and challenges of ageing. First to age, the developed countries are adjusting and' refining policies and programmes, especially for the very old. The developing countries, projected to age more quickly in the coming decades than developed countries have aged in the past, are gradually introducing ageing policies and programmes. The ageing of populations in developing countries is rendpred critical by two factors: a weak institutional infrastructure for accommoddting an' increasing number and proportion of the elderly, and the uncertainity that the family will be able UNITED NATIONS to continue providing care and solidarity for its elderly members as in the past. The ageing of populations, now a reality, invites fresh thinking, not only along practical lines but also with regard to the intrinsic value of life's many stages from infancy through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood to old age. Old age encompasses the experiences of earlier years. It is a time for integrating those experiences and for'encouraging younger generations. It is a time for speaking up on peace, development and environmental protection and for acting out useful and possibly new social roles. It is also a time for enjoying family community and solidarity, especially when * illness or frailty impedes an active role in society. Background: The United Nations Programme on Ageing The United Nations programme on ageing draws attention to the impact of the ageing of populations on national, com- UNITED NATIONS munity and family life and coordinates a global response to it in cooperation with governments and nongovernmental organisations. The United Nations Centre for Social De- the aged velopment and Humanitarian Affairs in Vienna (CSDHA) is the nucleus within the United Nations Secretariat for all ageing related activities. CSDHA conducts research and promotes training and technical cooperation activities concerning ageing. The question of ageing was i,,c taken up by the United Nations in 1948, when Argentina presented a draft declaration on old-age rights to the General Assembly, which submitted it to the Economic and Social Council. The Council then requested the Secretary General to draft a report on the matter for its consideration, which he did in 1950. The report is entitled "Welfare of the Aged: Old Age Rights". It was not then evident that the ageing population in both the developed and developing countries would come to constitute such a substantial proportion of hwman society. Thus, an interval of 20 Years lapsed before, in 1969, the question was once more taken up and placed on the agenda of the General Assembly, this time at the initiative of Malta. The question of ageing was followed up through the 1970s and led, in 1982, to the convening in Vienna of the World Assembly on Ageing. International Plan Of Action on Ageing The International Plan of Action on Ageing was adopted at the World Assembly on Ageing in 1982. It is the first policy instrument on ageing at a global lev- UNITED NATIONS ell and UN specialised agencies and bodies, governments, experts on the elderly and non-governmental organisations participated in drafting it. Since the Plan's adoption, CSHDA has monitored its implementation and reported on this each year to the General Assembly. Ev.ery four years CSDHA has conducted a global survey to assit the Commission for Social Development in appraising the Plan's implementation - the first appraisal took place in 1985, the second in 1989, and the third is due to take place in 1993. 0 Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

Bright future for the aged. Continued from page 26 By January 1992, the United Nations Trust. Fund for Ageing had disbursed over $1 million in seed money grants to approximately 5Q prdjectsr The Fund became operational in 1983, and has supported training, income generation, poll cy formulation and needs assessment programmes around the world. Governments, non-governmental organisations and other organisations and individuals have contributed to the Fund. which is managed by the director-general of the United Nations Office in Vienna (UNOV). Governments and organisations can request financial assistance from the Fund through the field offices of the United Na-. 'tions Development Programme. Resource mobilisations In the context of new approaches to international fund-raising, the Banyan Fund Association A World Fund for Age-ing, was established in May 1991. The main goal for the Banyan Fund is to pro UNITED NATIONS mote activities which would enable the elderly to remain independent and contribute to society. The Banyan Fund will secure or broker funds from corporations, foundations, charitable bodies and individuals, and allocate them for specific projecs and programmes on ageing, especially in the developing countries. The Banyan Fund is located in France and incorporated as a non-profit association under French law. Though autonomous and private, the Banyan Fund is under the patronage ofthe Pnited Nations, in accordance with the'mandates in General Assembly resolutions 44/67 and 45/106. The Director-General of UNOV serves as chairperson of the Joint Coordinating Committee of the Banyan Fund. El n 16 December, 1991 the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 46/91 containing. the United Nations Principles for Older Persons to add life to the years that have been added to life. Governments were encouraged to incorporate the principles into their national programmes whenever possible. Independence Older persons should: * have access to adequate food, water, shelter, clothing and health care through the provision of income, family and community support. and self-help; * have the opportunity to work or to have access-to other income-generating opportunitips; * be able to participate in determining when and at what pice withdrawal from the labour force takes place; * have access to appropriate educational and training programmes; * be able to live in environments that are safe and adaptable to personal preferences and changing capacities; * be able to reside at home for as long as possible. Participation Older persons should: * remain integrated in society, participate actively in the formulation and implementation of policies that directly affect their well-being, and share their knowledge and skills with younger generations; * be able to seek and develop opportunities for service to the community and to serve as volunteers in positions appropriate to their interests and capabilities; * be able to form movements or associ- ations of older persons. Care Older persons should: 0 benefit from family and communyit care and protection in accordance with each society's system of cultural values; * have access to health care to help them to maintain or regain the optimum level of physical, mental and emotional well-being and to prevent or delay the onset of illness; Shave acctb LO sociai and legal services to enhance their autonomy, protection and care; * be -able to utilise appropriate levels to institutional care providing protection, rehabilitation and social and mental stimulation in a humane and secure environment; * be able to enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms when residing in any shelter, care or treatment facility, including full respect for their dignity, beliefs, needs and privacy and for the right to make decisions about their care and the quality of their lives. Self-fulfilment Older persons should: 0. be able to pursue opportunities for the full development of their potential; * have access to the educational, cultural, spiritual and recreational resources of society. Dignity Older persons should: * be able to live in dignity and security and be free of exploitation and physical or mental abuse; * be treated fairly regardless of age, gender, racial or ethnic background, disability or other status, and be valued independently of their economic contribu- ' tion. El For the 1test in news, sport and entertainment: Get a copy of The Zimbabwe News magazine from your nearest newsstand 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 United Nations principles for older persons ISpecial Reports

Waging war on fungi By John Madeley - Editor "International Agricultural Development" he effect of fungus diseases in * reducing crop production is , great beyond calculation." These words appeared in the London "Morning Post" on 22 Decemoer, 1921, in a news item to mark the opening of the Imperial Bureau of Mycology, at Kew Green in London, Over 70 years later, fungus diseases continue to menace crops the world over. Fungi - living organisms which feed on plants and animal waste in the soil and cause mould and decay - are responsible for most of the diseases which affect plants; important crops on which World food supplies depend are highly susceptible. Millions of dollars worth of damage is; caused by fungi to crops like wheat, rice potato and sorghum. This results in lower harvests. Food which should be eatable has gone mouldy. Vital science Mycology, the study ot lungi. has emerged as a vital, science for a hungry world. In June this year, the International Mycological Institute (IMI) - the successor to the Imperial Bureau of Mycology - opened new premises in the south of England town of Egham. IMl's job is to undertake research and provide advice to help overcome fungi problems, especially in developing countries. It is one of four scientific institutes of the British-based CAB International, an inter-governmental organisation which provides expert services to governments on agricultural and environmental matters. With a staff of 68, including 27 scientists, IMI offers a range of services, including plant protection, identification of fungi, training, food and beverage investigations and advice to industry. The institute's Genetic Resources Reference Collectign is one of the largest accumulations of fungi in the world, holding over 16 500 isolates of living microfungi. Expert knowledge Since 1971. the laboratory has been part-funded by the British government's Overseas Development Administration (ODA). it provides expert knowledge for the government's aid programme on matters concerning tropical plant diseases Dr. M. ,S. Swaminathan, one of the world's leading agricultural scientists, openng the new headquarters of the International Mycological Institute The service undertakes "on-the-spot" surveys of crop diseases to establish their incidence, prevalence and economic impact. Such surveys have been undertaken in Antigua, Bolivia, Gambia, Kenya, Oman, Pakistan and Papua New Guinea. Coffee earns foreign exchange for almost half the countries of the developing world, but fungus diseases such as "coffee rust" and "coffee berry disease" have long reduced yields and incomes. While yields can be raised with the use of chemicals, this adds'to farmers' costs. IMI is involved in a project in Kenya and Uganda to find out more about the fungi that causes the damage, in the hope that disease-resistant coffee plants can eventually be cultivated. In another project, in east Africa, the institute's plant protection service is helping Tanzania to overcome "powdery mildew" disease which has devastated the country's cashew nut industry. In 1974. Tanzania proauced 145 000 tonnes of cashew nuts but production has recently slumped to under 20 000 tonnes a year. Mildew resistance "Chemicals are not the answer," says Dr. James Waller, head of IMI's plant protection service. "What we have done is look for resistance to the mildew. And we found that some trees are not affected by the disease". These unaffected cashew nut trees are being examined for their characteristics and it is hoped to produce seeds from them for distribution to farmers. Collaborative agreements with mycological centres in Brazil, China, Denmark, Egypt, India, the Netherlands and Ukraine, allow the IMI to work closely with scientists in other countries. In May 1992, it embarked on a threeyear international programme to investigate ways to attain biological control over "bacterial wilt", a serious plant disease, affecting important crops such as potato, banana, cotton and tomato. Sqme strains ot the organism which causes the wilt can be found which have lost their ability to cause disease. If these strains can be developed, they could become effective biological control agents. One of the most diverse plant fungi, causing large losses to many crops, is known as Rhizotonia solani. A threeyear IMI project, which started in April 1993, aims to investigate the diversity of this fungi in cropping systems based on rice. A major intention of the programme is to develop rapid and appropriate tech* Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

Wagging war on fungi *Continued from page 31 niques to identify the fungi, and then lection techniques and the identification Food is exposed transfer them to scientists in develop- of fungi of agricultural importance. throughout its gro% ing dountries. fi cooperation with the University of od; from the begin Scientists at IMI want to develop a representative collection of different strains of this fungi. They would be very grateful to receive any tropical or subtropical isolates, particularly from rice-, based ecosystems. Training work IMr's new premises provide the ingtitute with more space to develop its training, work. Courses on offer this year range over a wide number of subjects - including diagonistic techniques in plant pathology, mycological and culture col- Kent, the IMI offers a MSc degree course in fungal technology, which covers a wide range of mycology topics. Overseas training is also given. In 1992, this training included inputs on courses in India and Brazil. Following its relocation, the IMI is now developing an additional range of services and environmental projects. These include biodiversity and environmental surveys, particularly in relation to water; land and air pollution, and microbiological aspects of toxic water ac cumulations and spillage. to fungal attacks ving and storage perining of 1993, the in- stitute has offered a new range of services to the food industry, including, for example, the identification of microorganisms that cause food to deteriorate. Not all IMI's work is connected with agriculture. Established in 1947, its industrial -and Environmental Laboratory carries out work such as evaluating materials for mould resistence, investigating contaminants in industrial proclucts, and tackling storage problems, including those of libraries and museums. - LPS 0 Transforming Zimbabwe's development approaches By Malachia M. Basvi Madimutsa he problems which we are all fac ing in Zimbabwe are problems ol development, or more precisely, they are problems of lack of appropriate developmental approaches that can ensure their effective implementation. Our civil service hierarchy, which has the duty to implement government policies and to advise government ministers, has a foreign orientation which runs against the grain of our lo- cal realities. Our realities are: (1) the ruling Party, ZANU PF, has developmental programmes which it presented to the electorate that showed approval by giving it mandate by an overwhelming majority in three successive general elections; (2) the ZANU PF government, working under the control of a popular Parliament dominated by ZANU PF MPs, shapes policies which guide the civil The Minister of Education and Culture, Cde. (centre) on a tour of Siyaso home industries in Mbare, Harare service hierarchy in implementing the developmental programmes; (3) the developmental programmes are directed towards the participation of grassroot masses in a concerted effort to raise the people's standards of living all-round. Developmental programmes Thirteen years after ZANU PF came to power, problems of development-have multiplied and grassroot masses have ._not been institutionally mobilised in a manner that permits them a permanent role in the resolution of the problems. The civil service hierarchy has arrogated to itself the prerogative to decide when and how the masses should relate to ready-made formulae in implement. develoomental plrogrammes. 9s, the ZANU PF programme of action has been hi-jacked by a civil service hierarchy which is neither loyal to the ruling Party nor cares for grassroots oriented programmes. Instead, this bureaucracy has been listening to the programmed voices of foreign masters - without caring a damn what ZANU PF's programmes are and how they are to be fulfilled. ZANU PF's programmes not being their cup of tea, Zimbabwe's senior civil servants religiously implement foreign * Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 l ma u e pres Whe to d aree quot esti Wha "exr told the cati Zfrnl proi we i cial by corn tant fron pus mor style The velo dust pro on I Cde. President R. G. Mugabe (left) visits Siyaso home industrial stands while or, his meet-the-people tour of Harare Transforming Zimbabwe's development approaches OContinued from page 32 criptidns on development issues. ty of workers' productivity The receiving "enducemen never foreign lobbies tell them not programme's ultimate objective is to the usual "fringe beni o one thing and not the other, they raise the living standards of all our peo- or subsidised housir enthused over prescriptions and will ple by keeping at bay all problems of lowances, paid holida te them chapter and verse as a pri- food shortages, lack of adequate hous- ties, et cetera. Some would recite the 10 commandments. ing, lack of clothing and to provide "experts" are clas it they are told not to do by foreign health care facilities, to make education- amateurs in their ow perts" they don't.and when they are al opportunities to all in need, to im- These "expers" invar to do the opposite they do even if prove transport and roads, and above hes tepeti consequences may be the multipli- all to ensure social justice in Zimbabwe. ng to provide solutio on of prevailing problems. The hierarchy of the civil service is there- Il problems. Their st work routines is to ac Inherited institutions fore under an obligation to devise strate- on a regular basis, of prevailing development gies through which programmes and ob- narars symposia, and c babwe's o f ZANU PF can effectively beoi n blems continue to multiply because ie teZe tinent topics. Whenev nherited political, economic and so- implemented. are finally held, othe institutions which were left in place Foreign consultants sionals" have to be colonialism. We have since been Instead of operating under ZANU PF,s learned "papers" at ipelled to retreat further into a reluc- political orientation, our civil service hi- participants are prope practice of separating civil servants erarchy sits in sinecure offices reading eted "debates" a 'i party politics. We are still being foreign literature on development op- "resolutions" hed down into the entrails of the tions for Third World countries. They This summarises the nster of bourgeois methods and then end up inviting the authors to senior civil servants' es of work. come to Zimbabwe for detailed consul- ing for solutions to oi ZANU PF programme aims to de- tations at government expense. problems. Hundreds ip the country through balanced in- When they eventually do come, they are ences, workshops. ser trialisation, mechanised agricultural accommodated in five-star hotels. Some et cetera, have been h juction and remuneration of labour end up being offered highly paid "advi- ing the last 13 years the basis of the quantity and quali- sory" jobs as consultants and also have been at every co tnrougnout the length dn Ureath of th country. At the end of every meeting, our grateful senior civil servants reward their foreign advisors and, consultants with free sight-seeing trips to Kariba, Victoria Falls, Great Zimbabwe or the Eastern Highlands. Wasted money Other sections of Zimbabwe's organised society are also following the same bourgeios styles of conducting their professional businesses. Organisations such as the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU), the Federation of Employers, the Confederation of Industries and Commerce, the Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce, the Commercial Farmers Union, the National Farmers Union, and of course the Zimbabwe Civil Service Organisation, and the Zimbabwe Association of Municipalities, all hold their annual meetings at one or the other holiday resort oblivious to the expenses involved. Millions of dollars are annually wasted in these touristic conferences. Development programmes formulated by ZANU PF can only be implemented through the loyal application of ZANU PF methods and styles of work. Any, other method, like the neo- colonial methods used by our senior civil servants, is incapable of bringing the desired results. * Continued to next page t allowances,, and efits" - cars, free ig, education alys, tax free gratuiof these so- called sified third-rate n countries. iably end up failns to our perenniandard model of dvise the holding, workshops, semionferences on perer these meetings r foreign "profesinvited to deliver the end of which lled into strarjacknd then pass scenario of our routine in searchur developmental of these conferninars, symposia, eld each year dur. These meetings nceivable location ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBERINOVEMBER, 1993 Lea t u r es

Transforming Zimbabwe's development approaches ZANU PF methods and styles of work entail the participatory involvement of the broad grassroot masses at all stages of the development process. The masses must be consulted at the very first stage of the formulation of policies.This stage is the responsibility of ZANU PF Congress, the Central Committee and finally the Politburo works out the modalities. Since Politburo members are also members of the Central Comittee and are the principal delegates at Congresses, the system serves to link the masses at grassroot levels with the top Party leadership. Furthermore, since most of the members of Parliament are Central Committee Members and most Polit. buro members areCabinet Ministers, the system further links the Party to the government. / Missing link Nevertheless, the professional expertise of civil servants is the missing link in an otherwise perfect chain of a'command structure. Civil servants should ideally be the determinent link in the political realisation of the aspirations of the victorious electorate at large. At the present moment, their being an APOLITICAL LINK in the chain is an incongruous anachronism. The anacharonitic incongruity of the civil service in this chain is the cause of the frustrating failures of Zimbabwe's, development projects. It has been argued elsewhere that in Western developed societies, an apolitical civil service has been able to administer a self-sustaining economy that is the envy of the rest of the world. This has been taken as justification and vindication for apoliticality in the civil serv ice. This viewpoint is like a beautiful tank full of water for a thirsty household to drink, but has several leaking holes underneath it. To begin with, governments in developed-countries do not run an apolitical civil service. Known communists are prevented by law from seeking employment in any civil service establishment, in all developed capitalist countries. Some capitalist countries theoretically proclaim that communists are free to be employed in enme eovernment det)artments BUT NOT IN bhNSI rIVE ministries. However, in practice are intolerantly denied employment in ANY government departmenat or public establishment, especially in the United States and in Britain. This routine of orpventing ideological opponents trom being employed in public establishments is every- Continued from page 30 ZANU PF methods and' styles ofwork e stages of development where in all developed capitalist countries but they recommend the reverse in Third World countries. Public power Secondly, when govemments ot developed capitalist countries were still at the formative stages, government employment was strictly reserved for those who were connected to the establishment by political, religious, family, agnatic, military or ancestral ties. This ensured loyalty and faithfulness in the implementation of government policies. This practice continued up to the end of the 19th century. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the bourgeois state had become the accepted and dominent form of public power in the Western world. The bourgeois state, by this time, had no fear of any rival interests because all xri%,;l classes had been thoroughly vangtwshed and silenced into accepting capitalism as the natural order of things. Developing countries have not yet reached the stage where there is political and ideologicai unanimity over the direction towards which developmental programmes should be oriented. Zimbabwe is at the very early period of a fledging state. It is still trying to' set up tenders and delicate institutional structures which need to be nursed and to be jealously guarded against those ene mies who seek to keep the country away from independent development. These enemies use the civil service as an instrument of sabotaging independent efforts at development. ntail the involvement of the masses at all Thirdly, the torm ot government in developed capitalist countries is uniformly the same type and kind no matter which political party is in power. The differences between and among major political parties is that of speed towards a unanimously'agreed directional movement and not that of direction as in Zimbabwe and other developing countries. This explains why it is not of consequence who should be in the civil service. All civil servants inherently operate with confident loyalty to any government in power because of the conditioned and habitual uniformity and stability of the government of whoever is in power. It is therefore preposterous nonsense for a country in its very early formative years like Zimbabwe to copy the theory of an apolitical civil service as in developed capitalist countries. Capitalism The people of Zimbabwe have never unanimously agreed that we are a capitalist country. In truth, we are not a capitalist country because we do not have capital with which to exploit other countries. A capitalist country is one whose subjects have capital which they export as "investment capital" to other countries where it is used to expoit the human and material resources of the recepient country for the repatriation of profits back to the capital-investing country. Over a number of years, the originally exported capital is recovered by the investors through a process of *Continued on page 35 ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER,'1993

1 a super power to a sick bear By Malachia M. Basvi Madimutsa ussian scientists, technicians and other qualified professionals are A~deserting their former Soviet iotherland in such large numbers that Yeltsin's Russia and other Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) will be reduced to the level of Third World countries before the end of this century. According to two former Soviet experts, Andrei Kortunov and Aleskei izyumov, the emigrants are leaving because conditions are becoming less and lss livable behind the ashes of the "Iron Cur tain". After misleading themselves into abandoning socialism, former Soviets have now tasted the inhumanity of tqe capitalist system. The taste has been like swallowing diluted doses of poison. They are now leaving both the poisoned cup and the house in search of anywhere to settle. In 1987, only two years after Mikhail Gorbachev had introduced capitalism -into the country, 39 000 former Soviet citizens left the country. In 1988, the following year, the number of emigrants rose to 108 000. In 1989, the figure skyrocketed to 229 000. In 1990 it more than doubled to 453 000 and in 1991 it again high-jumped to 600 000 and again rose by frogs and bounds to reach 800 000. This year, it is expected to pass the one million mark by the end of December. Suicidal capitalist experiments Meanwhile, Russian government ministers and officials who are leading the country into suicidal capitalist experiments are accusing each other of skimming off vast amounts of money from government funds and stashing away the ill-gotten loot into foreign bank accounts. One Western journalist living 'in Moscow has said: "In a mudslinging contest, the likes of which have never been seen in Russia, officials on both sides of the political divide have rushed to charge one another with crimes ranging from embezzlement and graft to conspiracy to commit murder. Not a day passes without some dramatic allegation ... There have been many allegations of corruption in high places. Corruption has become a major growth industry. Kremlin investigators talk of a pyramid of vice where hundreds'of pri- Mikhail Gorbachev introduced capital-ism to the Soviet Union vate firms at the bse have been engaged in the illegal in trade oil and valuable metals protected by a handful of high-ranking government officials at the peack." As government officials and the new breed of capitalists operate hand in glove with the emerging and hitherto unknown breed of indigenous capitalists, their exploitation of the rest of the population has reduced the living standards of former Soviet citizens to misery and to Third World levels of extreme destitution. S T)eadly forces "The collapse of Soviet communism," says the American Newsweek magazine, "has let loose a tide of deadly forces among them diphtheria, cholera, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and even bubonic plague. Once checked by a free Soviet health-care system, a host of infectious diseases are making a deadly comeback as living standards crumble and the quality health-care declines throughout Russia and other former Soviet republics." The magazine goes further to reveal that there have been "recorded growing numbers of cholera, tuberculosis and anthrax, a disease commonly affecting livestock." If capitalism is a system which can reduce the living standards of a people that were once able to build their nation into a super power through socialist production, exchange and distribution, why are Russians still permitting Boris Continued on next page Soviets misled themselves into abandoning socialism and have now tasted the inhumanity of capitalism ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

U .in m~ From a super power to OContinued from page 35 Yeltsin to continue plunging the coun- 1960s, the newly independent African try's economy into worse depths of the countries were turned into neo-colonial cesspool of capitalism? Capitalism acts states for-the dumping of industrial like quicksand when whoever is stupid products manufactured-in the West and enough to experiment by walking along Japan thereby stiffling the emergence 0 its path - it sucks down its bowels both indigenous industries. men and beasts. Capitalism is parasitic Cooperation and lives from devouring anything that The situation became worse in the is not yet mature capitalism like itself. begahe Wet b and Japan be 1970s when the West and Japanbea As Russians desert their homelands, few a process of international cooperative will be absorbed into the economies of apros in t hento al co the estbut he ajorty ill oamall operations in which hitherto rival com. the West but the majority will roamn all panies originating from different deve. over the world in search of more accom- onies fomferent deve modating environments. Western econ- loped countries co-operated in the natur omies are more likely to take all highly al and human resources exploitation o experienced top scientists, professionals and technicians and a few blue-collar By the late 1980, the Soviets had be workers. Western economies have been come thoroughly hypnotized by the af exporting their less qualified nationals to Africa, Asia and Latin America. It is, therefore, a certainty that the less qualified Russians who are being vomited by enchroaching capitalism will eventually find their way into the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. This will certainly occur within the next ten years if nothing positive returns conditions in the former Soviet republics and this rest of Eastern Europe back to normality. f f Beware of Russia The message to the Working class in Asia, Africa and Latin America is: beware, Russians are coming to compete with you for jobs or to take your chance of getting a job or to start a mafia-type ,pf operations that will make the peaceful existence of your lives that much more difficult to, manage than your present slim prospects to do so. Developments all over the developed North points to a worsening intensity of thE marginalisation of the people of the South and among all the peoples of the South, Africans have the least chance of survival. Africans should, therefore, not allow emigrants from Eastern Europe to crowd out the locals from markets for survival. Russians allowed themselves to be misled by Western propaganda into believing that affluence in society is the result of following the capitalist path. The truth is that affluence in societies of the West was attained only after the labour of millions of African slaves had been exploited, without payment of wages, for more than three centuries. After this period, there started the colonisation of Africa, looting from the rich continent all the raw materials for the expansion of their industries. When direct colonialisation ended in the Boris Yeltsin (middle) has plunged the Russian economy into chaos ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOB fluence of the West and Japar allowed to fool themselves self-deceived into believing th, capitalist mode of productio ble of creating affluence in so( were too late by several ce trade in African slaves and to i nies in Africa and elsewhere ii World. Now, no African w thusiastic enough to buy an made in Eastern Europe cap not, The former Soviets have i own cake from borrowed and capitalist recipes. They now r in their own homes and. no their borders and emigrate World countries vomiting th(

Boers now want privatisation in order to profit privately Successive generations of Boers settled in South Africa for nearly 400 years without the incentives to develop manufacturing industries. The discovery of gold and diamond minerals by enterprising Englishmen in the last quarter of the 19th century triggered industrial processes in the country. Even then, urban industries and commerce remained the predominant preserve of English entrepreneurs. Boers were stuck to a rustic lie of exploiting black labour on farms while they enjoyed the rugged existence of hunting wildlife in the veldt of the South(African plateau. By the beginning of this 20th century, the rustic Boers began to trek their way 'into towns to play second fiddle to the urbane Englishmen. Having been accustomed to the independence and rugged individualism of the bush, the Boers did not take kindly to the.role of playing second fiddle to the EnglLs. The .English also felt their interests threa* tened by the rivalry emerging between. 'themselves and the Boers. This mutual iuspicion caused the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902. After the end of the war, more and more - Boers began to get urbanised and to acquire the sophistication that c~mes out of familiarity with industrialisation, commerce and increased intercourse with strangers. By 1948, Boers had become masters of social organisations and urban politics that they were able to take political power from the English and make themselves leaders to South African, destiny. Economic Power Hiving achieved political power, they found themselves controlling a government without economic power. Economic power had remained in the hands of the English just like in Zimbabwe today where economic power still remains in the .hands of white settlers although blacks hive been wielding political power for more than 13 years. Unlike we black zimbabweans, the Boers were not so slow in finding ways through which their ethnicity could balance the'economic power of the English. Having realised that it is abstract to wield political power without exercising economic By Own Correspondent power, the Boers understood that as they had no capital with which to buy shares in English-owned companies, they had to use the instrument of state power to nationalise large enterprises and put them under Boer control. They first started by nationalising those industries which they could manage efficiently while at the same time they embarked on a programme for the training of Boer managerial teams and their technical personnel and also the sup. porting staff. The next stage was the nationalisation of more complex corporations. By this time, they had succeeded in putting in place a trusted pool of highly trained managers and the corresponding technical personnel. The result was the rapid empowerment of the Boer community in the overall South African economy. As a result, Boer economic power has now has been able to spll into the econamies of independent African states in the sub-continent and some of its tentacles have reached as far north as Kenya and as far west as Ghana. Black empowerment Facing the prospects of black majority rule in the coming year, the Boers now fear that a black-doninated government may decide to copy their earlier tactics to bring about black economic empowerment. In order to forestall this probability, they have begun a reverse process of privatisation in the knowledge that they have accumulated enough capital of their own to be able to buy controlling shares in the privatised, but formerly nationalised, big companies. The wealthy Boers' are now privately buying shares in the companies which are being nationalised. In the current constitutional negotiations, entrenched clauses are'cunningly being incorporated into the country's future constitution so that it would become an unconstitutional act for a black majority government to attempt giving economic power to the disadvantaged majority. When the majority rule comes to South Africa, as it is bound to come some time next year, leaders of both races Will certainly be divided with each side being forced by accustomed loyalty to support the immediate interests of one's ethnic and racial group. Blacks will be subdivided further into vestiges of spiritual loyalty to a particular bantustan ethnicity on the one hand, and on the other, into political party loyalties and social/intellectual clss divisions. Whites will superficially be subdivided into liberal factions and extremist ones, but, they will be uniting under the common threat to their class interests coming from black pressure, most likely accompanied with increasing acts of violence, for rapid transformations to inter-racial economic equality. . No future South African government, whether black or white or a multi-racial one, will succeed in dampening urgent black expectations or will ever be able to assure a trouble-free future for the filthy rich white racial group. No reconciliation in South Africa Many observers are making the mistake of pointing to the reconciliation experiences of Zimbabwe and Namibia and are hoping that a similar development may occur in South Africa. In the first place, the case of Namibia was different in that thewhites always knew that Namibia was to be ruled by a black majority eventually. The delay to majority rule was caused by the political and military considerations of the South African government. I Furthermore, black Namibians have their geographical and strategic interests to consider before raising their demands and expectations too high. As for Zimbabwe, there were the constraints of the Lancaster House Agreements and, also, extremist whites had the option to emigrate to racist South Africa - an option South African extremists cannot have. Wealthy black South Africans have already begun t6 distance themselves from the concerns of the marginalised majority. These Uncle Toms and their families will soon be targets of attacks by militant black extremists who are already accusing them of "selling out". Thus, murders and acts of viplence from all sides have no sign of ending on the future horizon. [] ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBERINOVEMBER, 1993 r oumn Prsien Mugab addrsse Wol Afisoni he President, His Excellency Ccle. R.G. Mugabe on Friday, September 24, 1993, addressed the World Affairs Council in Los Angeles, California, the United States of America. His address was on national reconciliation "which constitutes a deliberate policy taken by my government as we moved from colonisation, conflict and strife to national. sovereignty, democracy and peace in 1980". Cde. Mugabe, then Prime Minister, announced the policy on March 4, 1980 when he asked Zimbabweans to trample on racialism, tribalism, regionalism and work hard to reconstruct and rehabilitate Zimbabwe and reinvigorate the economy. The following is the full text of the President's address: The President of the World Affairs Council, Mr. J. Curtis Mack 1I, The Mayor of Los Angeles, Mr. Richard Riordan, Senators and Representatives of the State of California, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen. Let me begin by conveying to ,you, the distinguished members of this prestigious organisation, both the greetings and the sincere good wishes of myself, wondered why I should advert to it today. I do so, Ladies and Gentlemen, firstly as a convenient mechanism to enable me to explain to you in context some of the major developments that have taken place in the last 13 years in my country and, secondly, because I feel several countries in our region, nay in many parts of-our world, need such a policy, whether or not so called, if peaceful and harmonious development is ever to be achieved. Proclamation Ladies and Gentlemen, on the 4th March, 1980, following my Party's victory at the polls and on the eve of our Independence which was proclaimed on the 18th April 1980, I addressed our people on national radio and television, appealing to them to forget the past and join hands together to create a new Zimbabwe, I told our people - if I might quote: "I urge you, whether you are black or white, to join me in a new pledge to forget our grim past, forgive others and forget, join hands in a new amity, and .together, 'as Zimbabweans, trample upon racialism, tribalism and regionlism, and work hard to reconstruct and rehabilitate our society as we reinvigorate our economic machinery". members of my uelguon anu inueu the people of Zimbabwe. I thank you We, in other words-, had to be reconciled very much Mr. Curtis Mack II and your to one another across the ethnic, racial Council for inviting me over the years and any other attributes which had to pay a visit here and to address this , hitherto separated us into antagonistic august body of distinguished citizens of camps. this great city and state. This oolicv arose out of a realisation of It took quite some time, as you know, for me to come to Los Angeles, business at home and elsewhere prevented my* responding immediately to.your invitation. But I am happy I am here'now. I am pleased and indeed touched by your warm and friendly welcome. I thought tonight I would speak to you on the subject of national reconciliation which constitutes a deliberate policy taken by my Government as we moved from colonialism, conflict and strife to national sovereignty, democracy and peace in 1980. Whilst in many respects, and as I shall show, the policy has proved a success, it might however be 38 the need to reconcile the conflicting interests and sentiments that had plunged the country into bloodshed and had created, mutual mistrust and animosity among its people. I sought to re-assure all sections of our society that we were all equal members of that society who had to work together in full harmony and respect for each other. Tolerance' committed numerous atrocities and brutalities upon us. This policy was adopted despite the fact that the bulk of our people expected the liberation movement, consisting of ZANU PF and PFZAPU, to exact revenge. That the policy of no revenge succeeded was largely due to the tolerance and magnanimity of both the political leadership and the people of Zimbabwe themselves. In further promotion of our policy of national unity and national reconciliation, we decided that our Government should be a Government of National'Unity from the political, regional and ethnic points of view. We believed that only such a Government could foster and promote our policies aqd goals and ensure permanent stability. We, therefore, had a government composed of the two wings of the liberation movement, ZANU PF and PF-ZAPU, and elements drawn from our erstwhile opponents of the white community. Under the Government of National Unity, we had, of necessity, to reconcile conflicting political interests, especially after the outbreak of dissidents activities in 1982. In particular, we had to reconcile the two wings of the liberation movembnt, ZANU PF and PF-ZAPU, both of which had launched and prosecuted' the political and armed struggle for the !iberation of Zimbabwe. We realised the critical need for consensus on political, ideological and organisational issues in order to re-unify the liberation movement. After protracted negotiations, we eventually signed the Unity Agreement in December, 1987 and proceeded to create the only truly -national Party in Zimbabwe, the unified ZANU PF, that today promotes and protects the historical interests on which the liberation movement was founded. This reconcialiation in unity is today reflected in the participation of members of the two former parties in national life at both Party and Government levels. I assured the riation that my Government would adopt a no victor, no van. Re- unification quished policy. By this, I meant that As our re-unification process went on, there would be no Nuremburg-style tri-. we also sought to bring the whites into als, nor a policy of vengeance against the political mainstream as well as into those who had fought against us and *Cotinued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCrOBEI/NOVEMBER, 1993

President Mugabe addresses World Affairs Council *Continued ftom page 38 . the arms and institutions of Government. Several whites have joined ZANU PF, som serving on my Cabinet as Ministers. Others have since been elected to 'our legislature. on ZANU PF tickets by peasants voters in rural constituenckes. We have a number of whites on the judiciary and in public corporati6ns or parastatal bodies. The successes we have so far achieved in reconciliation in the political field demonstrate our unwavering determination to achieve a truly non-racial society where every one works towards national and not racial or ethnic secretarian goals. In the social sphere, we sought to promote unity and non-racism by removing the most blatant juridical instruments that had been created to bolster racial segregation. We made education non-racial by opening up segregated schools to all racea. Health institutions (i.e. hospitals and clinics) were similarly opened to all races. So were sporting and other public institutions and facilities. Integrating armies In respect of our Defence Forces, we adopted the policy of integrating the three segments (ZANLA, ZIPRA and former Rhodesian units) into one national army. The programme was undertaken with the competent assistance of the British Military Advisory and Technical Team (BMATf). Indeed the success of this programme has attracted the attention of our neighbours and currently there is an on-going training programme in Zimbabwe involving RENAMO and Mocambican government forces on a 50-50 basis. This programme will hopefully facilitate the establishment of a new integrated Mocambican Army. Namibia has already undertaken a similar programme using BMATT. It is possible that the new South Africa being negotiated may want to adopt the same - unifying formula for its defence forces. In the socio-economic field, my Government' has adopted bold progressive measures. We realised that the settler colonial regime had operated an econ.omy tailored largely to benefit the white minority. Under this policy, white enterprises were heavily subsidised and protected from competition from the Afri- cans through racially discriminatory legislative and administrative measures. Africans had been barred by discriminatory policies from occupying high posts of employment in almost all sectors of industry and commerce as well as in the public sector, nor were they allowed to own certain types of business or Carrying out any business at all in areas designated white. In addition, the white settlers enjoyed heavily subsidised, social, educational and health services not available to the Africans. Free primary education' We decided, tnereyore, to reverse the long history of racial practice and blatant discrimination. In particular, we introduced free primary education for all and free health care for the lower income groups because we believed that a healthy and educated Zimbabwean nation was the key to the future. in addition we adopted the policy of secondary education for all. As a result of this policy, Zimbabwe today boasts of one the highest level not only of literacy but of secondary educational enrolments in the developing world. The policy of opening existing and new schools to all races and social levels of our community has also enabled our society to be non-racially integrated. We still have, in spite of the progress made on the racial and social fronts, areas which give us concern. One'of these is' that of agriculture, where land, per capita, is owned. more by the whites than by the blacks. As we adopted a well-planned Economic Reform Programme and its liberalisation instruments, freeing market forces that had been legislatively and administratively suppressed before 1980, we decided also to reform the old racial pattern of land distribution and inject greater productivity into peasant agriculture. In 1980, we inherited a colonial legacy under vhich 4 500 white farmers had been allocated 18.17 million hectares of the best farming land while 8 million Africans were per capita allocated far less land in infertile, drier and sometimes tsetse-fly- infested areas under the Land Tenure Act of 1969. What made the situation worse was that this abysmal racial state of affairs was entronched in the Lancaster House Constitution under which we attained our independence. The Lancaster House Constitution required the Government to acquire land from white farmers only on a willing buyer willing seller basis. The British Government agreed to provide $30 million while my Government had to seek a similar amount to fund the initial purchase of land resettlement for those who had been displaced by war, were landless or had returned from exile. At that time, 800 000 peasant families faced severe land pressure with about a quarter of a mnillion of them in need of resettlement. And yet, up to 60 percent of farmland allocated to white farmers remained, unused or under-utilised. We have to date only managed to resettle 55 000 peasant farmers on 3.3 million hectares instead of the originally planned 162 000 families on 9 million hectares. Various constraints have inhibited our resettlement process. The Lancaster House Constitution had barred any constitutional change affecting land distribution before 1990. Inspite of that, my Government passed a Land Act in 1985 to give the Government the right of first refusal on any rural land offered for sale. That Act also set up a Derelict Lands Board that would enable' Government to acquire derelict farms. We hoped that these measures would quicken the proces§ of land acquisition and peasant resettlement. After the ten-year constitutionally entrenched period had expired in 1990, my Government had the Land Acquisition Act passed in 1992 to provide a new mechanism for land acquisition. This Act is a historic compromise inspired by our policy of reconciliation and forms the basis of the most moderate solution to the land problem. It is also a most conservative approach to the restructuring of Zimbabwe's political economy, given the fact that the majori-. ty of the peasants believe that whiteowned farmland should be expropriated without any compensation. They argue that the land was originally expropriated from them without any compensation of recourse to law and should thus be restored to them on these terms. ,Compensation However, the Government is willing to pay a fair price even though this constitutes double jeopardy to the Africans, 9 Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

President uga e addresses Wor Affairs Council *Contie fro.page 39 who have always been normally the real and constitutional dispensation which in addition, my Government has comowners of the land. Some of the 4 000 will usher in democracy. Within SADC mitted itself to participation in regional white farmers understand and appreci- (the Southern African Development Com- and international peace-keeping efforts ate this position and my Government munity) it has been decided to establish because, we believe that peace, not conwelcomes that. A few farmers, however, a Resident Monitoring Mission in South flict, should characterise the new world would not want to part with any land Africa. The purpose of the Resident Mis- order. Indeed, this has become the at all. sion is to render all possible assistance cornestone of our foreign policy. Our chosen policy of reconciliation has to the negotiation process and to sup- The Zimbabwe National Army has so far also influenced our world view and our port efforts to end the spiralling politi- contributed personnel to the Neutral relations with other countries. We be- cal violence. Monitoring Officer Group (NMOG) in lieve that reconciliation holds a promise Mozambique Rwanda. We participated in the negotiof peace and stability for those countries ations and signed the peace agreement which are presently wrecked by strife It is because of our strong belief and between the Rwandese Goverfiment and and conflict, commitment to reconciliation that we the Rwandese Patriotic Front as observmediated in Mozambique and were In South Africa, we believe peace and gratified that the Mozambican gover- ers. We remain committed to supportstability can only be achieved through ment and RENAMO signed the Rome Ac- ing peace and reconciliation in that a commitment to reconciliation by all , cord that have brought peace to that country and will render what assistance ~rtiesT nr . ..-^ ... ,.. ,,,we can to the realisation of goa. larly in the townships, has engendered a collective psychdsis of conflict and combat, particularly at the grassroots. This situation cannot be ended by military or legislative means and requires a reconciliation of the different interests so that South Africa -can become a peaceful, non-racial society. South Africa My Government has not only given its full support to the constitutional negotiations in South Africa, but has also advised both the'ANC and PAC that they should.be guided by the principle of national reconciliation and the establishment of a common negotiation front. Our support has been expressed within the framework of the Frontline States, of which we are Chairman, and at all in: ternational fora, particularly at the OAU and UN. The agreements reached at the current negotiating forum, particularly those on the formation of Transitional Executive Council and the first universal balloting in April 1994, have been most welcome. It is said, however, that some political parties under the Concerned South Afrians Group (CONSAG) have boycotted the present democracy talks. I met the leader of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFF), a member of CONSAG, Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi, in Harare early this year, in fulfilment of the mandate of ,the Frontline States, in the hope that he could be persuaded to meet with Nelson MandeIa to discuss and reconcile their divergent view points and work out effective ways of ending interparty violence. Zimbabwe win, however, continue to work with other Frontline States in assisting the liberation movements to negotiate effectively for a new political CO ulaty, r tza zead !.y men on U ,~tA we are involved with BMATT in the integration of the Mozambican Army and RENAMO and are providing assistance and training in other fields, such as local government, health and education. 1, personally, have been involved in efforts to end the renewed fighting in Angola that followed UNITA's refusal to accept the outcome of the UN-supervised 1992 general elections. I visited Luanda in December last year at the head of the. High Level Sub-committee of the. OAU Ad Hoc Committee on Angola. Unfortunately, Dr Savimbi, the UNITA leader was unable to come to Luanda, but we managed, however, to meet the Angolan-Government and leaders of ten other political parties. Nonetheless, we gave our support to mediation efforts by other parties, most notably the Abidjan Initiative of April 1993. In July this year, the OAU mandated me, as Chairman of the High Level Sub-committee of the Ad Hoc Committee to mediate again. I am hopeful that circumstances will permit us to continue these efforts with the cooperation of both sides. Liberian problem Further afield, an eminent Zimbabwean, Professor canaan Banana, a former President of Zimbabwe, has been involved in the mediation on the Liberian problem together with President Necephore Soglo of Benin. The warring parties have since signed an agreement, accepted disarmament and appointed a council of Government. We have also been requested to contribute men to the peace keeping mechanism in Liberia and we are studying how we can assist in this regard. Somalia We have also sent a battalion to UNOSOM to assist in Somalia. Our army is involved in escort duties for food convoys. it is also involved in the training of a new police force and the setting up of local administrative structures in Somalia, which has been without any form of authority since the flight of Siad Barre, and the outbreak of factional strife in the country. Zimbabwe has also contributed a contirigent of military and police officers to UNAVEM II in Angola. Our officers executed their duties well and within the mandate of UNAVEM 1I have since returned home. We remain committed -to UNAVEM II and are prepared to second more officers should the UK so request. Zimbabwe committed to reconciliation, Let me conclude by reiterating that we view reconciliation not as a panacea for all conflicts but as a commonsense approach to conflict resolution at both the national and international levels. in many instances, reconciliation may run counter to popular feelings, in which case the leadership must play a strong persuasive role to impress upon the people the moral correctness of the approach. Reconciliation requires that leaders and governments judiciously sail against the current of opposition but prove to their opponents the real and lasting benefits of such policy. At the end of the day, when the benefits accrue, and peace and stability have been established in society, those s.ctions of the community who had earlier opposed the policy of national reconciliation will *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBERINOVEMBER, 1993

President Mugabe addresses World Affaris Council 0 Continued from page 40 ena up 0eing its advocates. This is now and the Middle East, Afghanistan, Cam- ture than hate, that the unity'and onethe situation in Zimbabwe. bodia, Nicaragua and Haiti to mention ness of human kind promotes greater It is, therefore, my hope that the policy a\ few situations. Every country that progress than its division, and that harof national reconciliation we have pur- needs peace must adopt the policy of mony and peace are nobler virtues than sued will influence others, particularly national reconciliation. America needs conflicts and war. In War and Peace, the in our sub-region and continent. It is ad- reconciliation amongst its various eth- true victor's sword is always that Peace mittedly the best approach for such sit- nic groups. Let the countries of the ! ! uations as Bosria Herzegovina, Palestine world realise that love is a greater vir- Thank you. Tokyo declaration on African development "Towards the 21st C e, the participants of the Tokyo in the firm belief that it will serve to International Conference on strengthen* an emerging new partnerAfrican Development (TICAD)," ship for sustainable development of Afri-consisting of African countries and Afri- ca based on self-reliance of African counca's development partners, declare with tries and the support of Africa's developone voice, our continued dedication to ment partnersthe development of Africa towards a Background new era of prosperity. We, therefore, 1. Africa's economic and social crisis solemnly adopt the present Declaration, of the 1980s highlighted the deTransforming Zimbabwe's development approaches *connuedfrom page 31 profits and interest accumulation. In The wealth accumulated in rich counlater years, what the capital-investing tries originated from the developing country continues to take ouf of the countries. This is similar to the Zimcountry %which had received the principal babwe scene in which white settlers investment capital will be SURPLUS who robbed the people of their land are VALUE. now appearing as if the land is now their This surplus value is endless because it own in perpetuity and not in trust to the has the capacity to reproduce itself end- nation of Zimbabwe. Were it possible for lessly. This process is called exploitation them to detach land from the country because it practically means the milk- of Zimbabwe, .they would gladly wrap ing of the country by capital-investing it up and carry it as a parcel to London. countries for an eternity. This is why former colonies like Zimbabwe continue to allow the repatriation of profits to The fact that Zimbabweans, both white British shareholders like those of Anglo- and black, do noi unanimously agree bn "American .or Lonrho, Rio Tinto, et cetera, the state of social realities in the counwhen it is 4n economic truth that the tryis reason enough to define our ciroriginal capital which was invested into cuistances as those of existing with op the country by these .foreign transna- posing sides over principles, ideologies, tionals was long recovered plus the nor- and fundamentals. Under these circum mal profit1 The foreign shareholders of stances, it is up to the majority of the these transnational companies'are shar- electorate 'to choose which political ing not their profits but SURPLUS VALUE party can best represent their interests which is over and above their principal They have repeatedly elected ZANU PI capital and profits. Once surplus value to represent.their interests. ZANU PF ha. has been achieved and re-used to repeatedly presented a programme o strengthen the business and expand the action to safeguard the interests of th production process, it continues to self- majority of the electorate of Zimbabwe reproduce, impoverishing the indigenous This progmrne has not been faithful[ people of the exploited country and cor- . implemented by the civil servants wh( respondingly enriching the mother coun- have hi-jacked it in favour of.' foreigi try. This is how "rich" countries continue programmes which do not relate well t to become richer and "poor" countries the policies and programmes of ZAN. continue to become poorer. PF. [ entury" velopment challenges faced by this continent. To address these challenges, many African countries have embarked on far-reaching political and economic reforms. We, the participants of. TICAD, are encouraged by s!gns in recent years of both positive macro-economic performance and political development resulting from those reforms. In so doing, we nevertheless recognise the continued fragility and vulnerability of Africa's political and economic structures and situations that inhibit the achievement of sustainable development. TICAD intends to give further impetus to these reforms, taking into account the United Nations New Agenda for the Development of Africa in the 1990 (UN-NADAF). 2. With the end of the Cold War, African countries and the international community now have an opportunity to share a broader common understanding of the need of dynamic development co-operation. The development of the continent has emerged as an imperative in our search for a better future. 3. While special consideration should be given to obstacles confronting Africa, we are determined to strengthen our collective forwardlooking efforts for the development of the continpnt. This has been the spirit in which we have conducted s our deliberations on the issues central to sustainable development in e Africa. 4. These issues include the on-going process of simultaneous political and economic reforms, the necesn sity of increased private sector par0 ticipation in domestic economic acJ tivity, the promotion of regional co* Continued on next page ZIMBABWE' NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

Dc t Tokyo declaration on African development '.'Towards the 21st Century" oconinuedrom page 41 operaiibn and integration, and the detrimental effects of humanitarian emergencies on Africa's. socioecQnomic development. We recogrise that the Asian experience of economic development and the catalytic role of international cooperation offer hope and provide a challenge for African economic transformation. Political and economic reforms 5. Convinced of the advent of a new international era, we, the African participants, reaffirm our commitment to pursue and further strengthen political and economic reforms, in particular democratisation, respect for human rights, good governance, human and social development, and economic-diversification and liberalisation. To achieve sustainable, broad-based economic growth, we, the participants of TICAD, believe that more open, accountable and participatory political systems are vital, including a stronger role for civil society. We recognise that political, economic and social reforms must be initiated and carried out by African coun-.. tries themselves, based on their visions, values and individual socioeconomic background. Africa's development partners should therefore support African initiatives in these areas. 6. We, the participants of TICAD, recognise that simultaneous implementation-of political and economic reforms, while conducive to development, may often entail painful transition processes. The interaction between political and economic reforms, which over time should be mutually reinforcing, is a complicated process which requires 'support to bring -about progress. We, Africa's development partners, reaffirm our commitment to providing priority support to countries undertaking effective and efficient political and economic reforms. We, the participants of TICAD, also reaffirm our commitment to enhancing constructive dialogue to facilitate the reform processes. 7. We, the African participants, reaffirm our commitment to improving the quality of governance, in particular, transparency and ac. countability in public administra. tion. We recognise that criteria for public expenditure should aim at enhancing overall socio-economic development and reducing nonproductive expenditures. The building of human and institutional capacities for sustainable development is essential for all of these objectives. we commit ourselves to creating the enabling .environment for training, retaining and effective .utilisation of human resources and improving institutional capacities. We, Africa's development partners, will enhance our support for African capacity building including improved technical assistance. 8. We, the. participants of TICAD, reaffirm that structural adjustment programmes should take more actively into consideration the specific conditions and requirements of individual countries. We reiterate that political and economic reforms should ultimately lead to the alleviation of poverty and enhanced welfare of the entire population. To that effect, structural adjustment programmes should contain, more than in the past, measures to improve the'access of thepolor in particular to income earnig opportunities and to effective social services, while seeking to shield them as far as possible from adverse social consequences. Increased priori.ty should be given to investment in human capital through nutrition, health and education programmes, especially to improve the situation of women and children. Additionally, noting that the overall economic development in Africa has not kept pace with Africa's rapid population growth, we recognise the importance of sound population policies and call upon African governments and the international community to address this issue within the socio-economic development process. Economic development through activities of the/private sector 9. The private sector is vital as an engine for sustainable development. We, the participants of TICAD, agree that though foreign aid has an impact on development, its role is only supplementary in magnitude and catalytic in nature. We recog- nise that a workable and practical co-operation between government and-the private sector is a key factor for development. A climate of trust between these two actors should be encouraged and interaction promoted. We realise that political and economic stability is a pre-requisite to commitments for -long-term investments. 10. We, the African participants, are determined to continue policies which foster a greater role for the private sector and which encourages entrepreneurship. While stepping up deregulation measures, we will provide and maintain, in co-operation with our development partners, physical infrastruture and viable administrative, legal and financial institutions. We consider, in general, the informal sector as a source of vitality for African economies which deserves support in order to further iobilise entrepreneurial capacity, generate employment, and to facilitate the transition into the formal economy. 11. We, the participants of TICAD, are convinced that further improvements in financial systems and practices are needed to stimulate domestic savings and investment, and toprevent and reverse capital flight.. 12. In support of these efforts, we, Africa's development partners, shall continue to provide assistance in order to improve the enabling environment which requires economic reforms and privatisation, the building of human and institutional capacities, and the development of financial intermediation. We recognise the importance of appropriate insurance and guarantee schemes to protect private enterprises investing in Africa from political and economic risks. 13. We, the African participants, affirm the central importance of international trade to our future development prospect. We, Africa's development partners, will work to facilitate market access for African products globally and to assist in up-grading and diversifying African exports. We, the participants of TICAD, support the vital role of private associations such as the Afri0Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993

I~ me n I Tokyo declaration on African development "Towards the 21st Century" *continued from page 42 can Business Round-Table and confirm the usefulness of investment and trade- promotion initiatives within Africa and between Africa and the rest of the world. Regional co-operational and integration 14. We, the African participants, reaffirm our vision and agiration for ultimate regional int'gratibn and co-operation goals as embodied in the Abuja Treaty establishing the African Economic Community. We, tHe participants of TICAD, realise that although these goals have been, since the early years of independence, a logical development strategy for African countries, most of which have small national markets, greater efforts must now be made in promoting intra-regional trade and investment. 15. We, the African participants, will ensure that our commitments to regional schemes are fully incorporated in our national development plans, policies and programmes.. 16. We, Africa's development parLners, welcome and support the renewed commitment to regional cooperation and integration as has been recently demonstrated by African countries. Thesd regional arrangements should continue to be consistent with the multilateral open trading system, and contribute to trade expansion. We will c6ntinue to extend our support to African countries' efforts aimed at reducing obstacles to integration through measures such as reduction of trade and investment barriers and policy harmdnisation, and to viable regional endeavours particularly in the area of infrastructure development and capacity building. We, the participants of TICAD, believe that regional integration should also be pursued by encouraging private sector initiatives, adopting consistent and gradual approaches for broadening exchanges and rationalising existing schemes. Emergency relief and development 17 We, the participants ot TICAD, nute with great concern that over the last two decades, and particularly in recent years, that a large number of African countries have suffered and are still suffering from natural and man-made disasters. The 'international community has responded generously to these situations since the early crises in the 1970s. 18. These disasters have cortrainea development in many African countries, destroyed the very basis for development, increased the number of refugees, and diverted human and financial resources that otherwise could have served development purposes. 19. We, the participants ot TICAD, reafise that man-made disasters are the result of a complex interplay of political, economic and social factors. In this context, lack of democratisation and respect for human rights and the rights of minorities are among the root causes of these disasters. 20. We, the participants ot TICAD, accept that responsibility for disaster prevention and management rests primarily with Africans themselves. We, the African participants, are therefore determined to devote our efforts to addressing the root causes of these disasters. we also confirm the critical role of regional co-operation as demonstrated in the past. We, the participants of. TICAD, underscore the need to es. tablish the effective mechanisms for prevention, preparedness and managerent of man-made and natural disasters in general, and to strengtherifood security schemes in particular. We, therefore, welcome the decision of the Organisation of African Unity to establish the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Managemient and Resolution and pledge ourisupport to strengthen the effective functioning of this mechanism. We also reaffirm our willingness to assist victims of disasters, and urge the removal of all hinderances to effective distribution of relief supplies. 21. We, Africa's development partners, having recognized that there is a continuum between emergency relief and development will ensure that the humanitarian assistance for the affected communitiees continue' to "be -provided for resettlement, rehabilitation and reconstruction. 22. Over the past 30 years, in contrast to Africa, the countries of East and South-East Asia have achieved high rates of growth in per capita income. We, the participants of TICAD, are mindful that in view.0 the differing international and internal conditions no one model of development can be simply transferred from one region to another. Nevertheless, we acknowledge some relevance of the 'Asian experience for African development. The very diversity of successful Asian countries gives hope that lessons can be drawn for African development 23. We, the participants of TICAD, have noted that as demonstrated by the successful examples of the Asian development experience, the backdrop of development success lies in the combination of a strong commitment by the leadership and the people to economic properity, appropriate long-term development strategies and functional government administration to pursue these strategies coherently. 24. We have also noted that the policy factors Which contributed to the remarkable performance of East and South-East Asia have included (1) the rational application of macro-economic policies and maintenance of political stability, (2) the promotion of agricultural production through technological research and innovations as solid basis for socio-economic development, (3) long-term investment in education and human resource development as priority of development strategy, (4) market- friendly and exportled policies to advance and adapt modes of production in order to increase opportunities for trade and economic growth, (5) measures to stimulate domestic savings and capital formation by developing financial intermediation and by expansion of banking service at the community level. (6) policy emphasis on the private sector as an engine of growth and development, and (7) early implementation of land reform. 2 . We, the participanti of TICAD, recognized that development achievements in East and SouthEast Asia have enhanced opportunites for South-South cooperation with Africa. We welcome the interest shown by some Asian and African countries in promoting this' cooperation. International cooperation 26. We, tlne participants of TICAD, have concluded that the current situation in Africa calls for increased solidarity among us to act in full partners Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 Tokyo declaration on African development "Towards- the 21st Century" econie08a frm page 43 ship to address this situation. This new partnership should be based on Africa's objective to achieve selfreliance on the one hand and responsive support by Africa's development partners on the other. 27. we, the participants of TICAD, agree that stability and security are prerequisites to development, and that it is essential to make efficient use of scarce resources and to minimize military and other unproductive expenditures. 28. We, the participants of TICAD, realise that development calls for full participation by the people at all levels, who should 'be galvanized towards action as agents for progress. In this regard, we acknowledge the dynamic and diversified role of Afiican women in various sectors of the economy and recommend that special' measures" be taken to promote their rights and roles in order to enhance gender equity and to remove all legal, social and cultural barriers for -).dvancement of-women. Furthermore, we recognize the need to enhance cooperative efforts with indigenous non-governmental organi. sations (NGOs) and other institutions of civil society which play constructive roles for African development. 29 We, Africa's development partners, will make all efforts to enhance development assistance to Africa, despite current global economic difficulties. This assistance will be increasingly oriented towards the priorities set by African couhtries. In making commitments to continued and enhanced co-operation, we will take into account the expectation of our constituencies that resources be spent where they are most efficiently utilised for the greatest development impact, 30. As African countries are at variuus stages of development, and have different cultural and historical backgrounds, we, Africa's development partners, may take differentiated approaches as we plan and implement. our development cooperation, with due regard to aid co-ordination. 31. We. Africa's development partners. will apply a comprehensive approach covering aid, trade, debt strategy and investments. We, the participants of TICAD, reaffirm that debt and debt service still pose serious difficulties to many African * I[] ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 Doumn countries. While realtirming the va- 1 lidity of the international debt a strategy, we emphazise the neces- Ii sity to address the debt issue wi- V thin the overall context of debt relief and flows of new financial resources for development. We welcome-the initiative by the G-7 countries at the Tokyo Summit on debt relief for the poorest highly indebted countries. We urge creditor countries to take into account the difficulties that heavily' indebted African countries are now facing. These issues should be pursued further in appropriate fora. 32. We, the participants of TICAD, reiterate the importance of a successful 'conclusion to the Uruguay kound of GATT negotiations and will make all efforts to remove trade barriers and other trade practices that prevent the expansion of African exports including exports to other African countries. We underscore the' importance of primary commodities for many African countries' export earning and the need for diversification to reduce the volatility of these earnings. 33. We, tne participants of TICAD, confirm that United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) agreements should be steadfastly implemented with a special emphasis on balanced relationships among agriculture,,population environment policies, particularly drought and desertification. 34 We also recognise that many of the gains made in Africa are threatened by the HIV/AIDS pandemic which is already of a disastrous proportion in some countries. There is a need for a much stronger response by Africa and its development partners, for preventing the transmission and the spread of the disease, its treatment as well as measures addressing its socio-economic impacts. FolIow-up 35. We, the participants of .TICAD, pledge to take, in our respective spheres of responsibility, measures aimed at advancing the spirit of this Declaration through effective pollcies and actions. 'We have entrusted the three co-organisers of TICAD with evaluation and reviewing progress made towards the implementation of this Declaration. Ultimately, we intend to hold a conference of a similar magnitude and membership at thelatest before the turn of the.century. iy virtue or the deliberations, guidancx nd consensus of the conference we beeve that prospects for significant de,elopment of Africa have been greatly nhanced. 0 Astro.Guide by Chiron GENERAL GUIDELINES GOOD DAYS AND GOOD TIMES (From 1st November to 30th FO November) FOR BUSINESS AFFAIRS: 1st Monday: from 1037 to 1118 . 2rd Tuesday: from 0731 to 0816 sth Friday: from 0830 to 0917 11tth Thursday: from 0836 to 0914 12th Friday: from 0539 to 0618 15th Monday: from 1322 to 1415 18th Thursday. from 1533 to 1620 24th Wednesay: from 1329 to 1418 26th Friday: from 1330 to 1417 FOR FARMING ACTIVITIES 2nd Tuesday: from 0735 to 0818 4th Thursday from 0933 to 1.016 9th Tuesday: from 0819 to 0914 12th Friday: from 0720 to 0817 15th Monday: from 1231 to 1319 19th Friday: from 0832 to 0920 22nd Monday: from 1123 to 1219 25th Thursday: from 1629 to 1720 30th Tuesday: from 0919 to 1014 FOR HEALTH MATIERS: 1st Monday: from 1125 to 1214 2nd Tuesday: from 0829 to 0916 5th Friday: from 0725 to 0818 11th Thursday: from 0918 to 1019 12th Friday: from 1321 to 1416 17th Wednesday: from 1422 to .1514 22nd Monday: from 1429 to 1512 25th Thursday: from 1014 to 1116 26th Friday: from 0728 to 0818 FOR WEDDINGS AND DOMESTIC AFFAIRS: 1st Monday: from 103.9 to 1120 4th Thursday: from 0831 to 0916 5th Friday: from 1332 to 1418 11th Thursday from 0834 to 0918 12th Friday: from 1526 to 1617 17th Wednesday. from 1429 to 1516 25th Thursday: from 1031 to 1120 29th Monday: from 1431 to 1519 " FOR EDUCATIONAL PU3UITa: 1st Monday, from 1135 to 1216 3rd Wednesday from 0540 to 0620 4th Thursday: from 1541 to 1620 1Oth Wednesday: from 329 to 1417 11th Thursday: from 09?6 to 1013 17th Wednesday: from 1,330 to 1418 18th Thursday: from 1542 to 1622 24th Wednesday: from 0721 to 0820 25th Thursday: from-0929 to 1017 29th Monday. from 1039 to 1120 FOR ENTERTAINMENTS AND ARTISTIC ACTIVIES 1st Monday: from 1035 to 1120 2nd Tuesday: from 0817 to 0921 5th Friday: from 1335 to 1419 11th Thursday: from 0821 to 0917 12th Friday: from 1633 to 1720 16th-Tuesda: fomn 153.1 to,1618 25th Thursday: from 0927 to 1014 26th Friday: from *1433 to 1519 28th Sunday: from 1341 to 1421 29th Aonday: from 1436-to 1518

Mbambo declared provincial hero omrade Walter Mbambo who died in Harare on October8, has been declared a provincial hero. He was buried at Matabeleland North Provincial Heroes Acre on Saturday, October 16. Cde Walter Mbambo was born in 1942 in Bubi District where he did his primary education at Zenga School. After completing his primary education, Cde Mbambo went to Ngwenya Mission where he was expelled after completing one year of his secondary education because. the authorities realised that he was an active supporter of the struggle for independence. In 1964, Cde. Mbambo left the country for Zambia where he joined other ZAPU cadres who were sent to the then Soviet Union through Tanzania for military, training. On his return, he was one of those who were instrumental in the establishment of ZIPRA military structures. In 1965, he was among the group that was deployed to carry out military operations as a counter to the declaration of UDI by the Rhodesian regime. He -operated in the Mashonaland West and Midlands areas fqr three years before he was captured toiyards the end of 1968 in the Midlands area and detained in . He was later moved to Chinhoyi Prison where he met Senior /Mnister also in detention. Cde Mutasa immediately realised Mbambo's potential and took him under his wing. The two were only to be separated when Mbambo was taken to court in the then Salisbury ana sentenced to ten years with hard labour. After serving his sentence, Mbambo was detained indefinitely. While in detention, Cde Mbambo completed his secondary education up to Advanced Level. Thereafter, he successfully studied for a Bachelor of Arts degree with the University of South Africa (UNISA) majoring in commucations. At independence, he joined Hlekwerd Agricultural Institute as Bursar. Thereafter, he joined the Parliament of Zirnbabwe where he rose to the position of Seagent At Arms, the position he held until his retirement. He was the first black to hold the post. Cde Mbambo is survived by a daughter. El T he late, Major snaliwin Josiah Muzite was born on October 10, 1960 at Mt. Selinda in . He did primary education at Muzite Primary School and did secondary education at Mt, Selinda Secondary School before. he left for the liberation struggle in January 1976. Major Muzite received military training at Nachingwea in Tanzania. He then adopted the Chimurenga name, "Khonoro Hwende". After training, he operated in Manica province and was promoted to the rank of detachment commander. In 1980, he joined other ZANLA combatants at Dzapasi- Foxtrot Assembly Point, in , and was attested as a green board officer, equivalent to major on September 23, 1980. He served in various infantry units, which included; 23 Infantry Battalion, Headquarters !i Brigade, 11. Infantry Bat- pianning anti llriu FAK1tMajor Muzite was one of the few officers in the entire ZNA to have had training in both commando and paratrooping special tactics. His last unit was the Zimbabwe Military Academy, where he was an instructor on the company commanders course. Major Mutize attended many military courses which included, the Senior Officers Standardisation Course in 1980, Battalion and Company Commanders Course, Para Selection Course, Commando Selection Course and Command and Major Shallwin Josiah Muzite Staff Course. He received the Indepentalion, 1 Parahute Battalion, 1 Coi- dence Medal, Liberation Medial (Bronze), mando Battalion and the Zimbabwe Ten Years Service Medal and Long and Staff College. Exemplary Medal. Major Muzite's most outstanding post was when he served with 5 Brigade as the brigade major, a post he also served on with the Commando Group. As the .brigade major of these two units, he saw action in a number of battles in MozambiqLue. as he was instrumental in their He passed away on July 29, 1993 after a long illness. He is survived by a wife Tambudzai Mary and five children who included twins idah and Rugare-Shallwin (aged nine), a girl Rumbidzai aged seven and the other twin girls, Rangarirai and Fadzai (aged 5 years). 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 Major Shallwin Josiah Muzite passes away I

ZNA senior officer dies The late Lieutenant Colonel Detoy Walker Dube Zimbabwe National Army senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Detoy Walker Dube died in Bulawayo qn September 22, 1993 Lieutenant Colonel Dube was born at Antelope Hospital, Kezi in . He d(d primary education at Branapeg Mission and Marinofla Primary School from 1964-1970. He completed secondary edycation at Minda Catholic Mission in 1975 and immediately left for Bulawayo where he worked at G and D Shoes. During this period, he was a very active member of the then ZAPU youth. In 1977, he left the country, via Botswana, to Zambia where he joined ZIPRA forces. He did his initial military training at CGT, Upon completion of this course. Lt. Col. Dube was selectecto go and train as an officer at the Zambia Military Academy from September 1977 to October 1978. At one time, he was briefly deployed around the Kariba area as a platoon commander, in one of the first pioneer regular ZIPPA battalions. During this period, the Rhodesian forces attacked the ZIPRA Camp at Kariba and after the bombardment, the ZIPRA cadres were reorganised and Walker Dube was called back, together with some regular officers, to set up a training camp in north western Zambia. He was then appointed to the general staff of the ZIPRA command structure in the training department. At independence, he was appointed as A staff officer with the joint High Command and was later selected to go to this United Kingdom to attend a Military Orientation Course in Staff Training. On his return, he was appointed major and posted to Arny Headquarters as Army Staff Officer-Grade Two (AS02 Projects). Later, he did several courses including the Junior Staff Course, Intermediate Staff Course and Command Staff Course. On completion of the Command Staff Course training he was posted to 3 Brigade as Quatermaster Staff-Grade Two, but was recalled to Zimbabwe Staff College to join the directing staff of the Junior Division. In 1988, Lt Col Dube was appointed Chief Instructor of Junior Division at the college. Later in 1989, he was posted to 33 Infantry Battalion as commanding officer and was promoied to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. In December 1990, he was posted to 63 Infantry Battalion and was appointed commanding officer..T;p*.,wirg year, Lt Col Dube wasposted ,to 61 Infantry Battalion also as commandimg officer. Thereafter, he was again posted back to Zimbabwe Staff College as a directing staff in early 1992. It was when Lt Didbe was assigned a mission in Bulawayo, when he collapsed and was admitted to UBH Hospital on August ,20, 1993. He is survived by a wife (Nee Tina Msengi) and two children, Michelle Sibongile (7) and Hazel Mershia (11). El A n Army Medical Corps member, Staff Sergeant Joselyn Munjari Manaba (35) passed away at Parirenyatwa Hospital on September 16, 1993. She had been in and out of hospital for several times suffering from a heart problem. Joselyn Manaba was born in in 1958 and was a second born in a family of nine, six boys and three girls. She started her secondary education in 1973 at Gazaland Secondary School in Mtema-Chipinge. She then left for Mozambique to join the liberation struggle in 1975 and adopted the Chimurenga name "Nyasha MuZimbabwe". After completion of her military training at Chimoio in 1976, she joined the medical department of ZANLA. She performed her duties exceptionally well and was an inspiration to her comrades as she carrfed out her duties well despite the harsh war environment then prevailing in Mozambique. Through hard work, Joselyn rose through ranks to detachment level. loselyn was attested into the Zimbabwe National Army as a Corporal in 1981 and was promoted to Sergeant in 1985 and then promoted to the rank of Staff Sergeant in 1986. After independence, she completed 'O' Levels and also did an accounting course which. enabled het to be employed in the Medical Corps' Accounts Department. Her heart problem started in Mozambique but although she received various treatments, she passed away on September 16,1993. She is survived by two sons and one daughter. El ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 IT PAYS TO ADVERTISE IN ZIMBABWE NEWS Segen 68sly Munjari Manb s

Zimbabwen music's most imbabwean musicians celebrated the local musicians day 1993 at Gwanzura stadium, Highfield, Ha 'rare, on October 9 and 10 with a wonderful show of unity. The locai artistes thrilled their fans with a marvellous display of their talents. Mu.sical groups came from all over Zimbabwe and included stars like Thomas Mapfumo and The Blacks Unlimited, K Oliver Mtukudzi, John Chibadura and many others. Given the past experiences of staging shows in this country, this public exhibition was a landmark. The show started on time, a phenomeiion which has become rare these days. This particular show was scheduled to start at 10.00 a.m. and that was the time it kicked off. All the advertised artistes were in attendance and the entry fee was attractive - $5 or 20 cents an hour - what better value for money can you get? The sound system was provided locally by the Real Sounds and Frontline Sound pedormed their task enviably with clear sound throughout the stadium. And there were no breakdowns. , The. event wds sponsored by the Nation al Arts Council and the local business - community, something which is essential if the local music industry is to develop. The Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC) were there with an outside broadcasting van. The ZBC crew had live radio interviews with musicians and fans. To cap it all, the people came in their thousands - what would constitute.a successful event without 15 000 people in attendance. Thanks to the publicity given to the show.-It had all the ingredients of a fruitful show. Therefore, what were the problems as no day cannot be completed without them? Firstly, musicians found it difficult to enter the stadium as the gate reserved for them was milling with people trying to gain entry into Gwanzura. The obstacles emerged as you shall read in this article. People manning the gate were difficult to deal with although they had been provided with the list of bands to perform in the stadium. Above all, members 3y By our Correspondent of the various musical groups had passes to use on entry into the ground. The organisers of the show made no allowance for guests or the press. The show had been promoted in the press and it was important that the actual event be covered in the media for the benefit of those who could not make it to the stadium. Public relations is a very important aspect of staging shows as Europe's biggest promoter, Harvey Goldsmith has learnt. He can often be seen personally escorting guests or important figures to their seats within a special enclosure. Passes are provided to ensure safe and easy passage into and around the venue. There were complaints that some bands were kept waiting before being allowed to perform with about 50 groups shortlisted to play. However, the master of ceremony and stage managers did manage to ensure that there is a&onstant flow of bands to the stage. The show ended at 10.30 a.m. on Sunday, 10 October. Another major complaint was that a rjumber of musicians from outside Harare, were left stranded because they had no money to pay for their journeys home. They had not been paid. The police were also left waiting because they had also not been paid. This unfortunate turn ot evefits marred what would have been an excellent day for all who participated in the show in one way or the other. To add insult to injury, all bands were asked to accept a fee which is below the amount agreed 1upon when the contracts to perform were signed. Nevertheless and despite these shortcomings, the show was a success. Unless you attended the show, there was no way you could establish this fact because nothing was written about it in any of our daily papers. The Herald reported a week later about problems faced at Gwanzura and the story was accompanied by something about the promoter's car and town villa, none of which exist. There was no mention of artistes or music. .The absence of such coverage is ridiculous as we are constantly informed by such papers of Michael jackson, what Shabba Ranks likes to eat when in Poland and what problems Whitney Houston faced recently. Long artides are Nritten about artistes who will never visit Zimbabwe and who can not tell where we are situated on the world map. Thirteen years after independence, the hearts and minds of some of our disk jockeys and journalists remain somewhere between the United States of America and Europe. They should pack their bags-.qhd go if that is where their hearts and minds belong. If they leave, we will give the chance to some of our Dis and journalists who have Zimbabwe at heart and who want to report on and promote local artistes., What kept the local journalist away from this event? Was it because they would have to queue to get in or pay $5.00, or did they harbouir a grudge against the promoter, or local musicians for that matter? We may never know but what is certain is that history is made. up of events irregardless of personal feelings.. The most unfortunate thing is that the most important event for local musicians this year was just ignored by our own media. just imagine such an event taking place, say, in Denmark, a country of similar size and population to Zimbabwe. If all the local bands played in one event, the local photographers, newspapers and other media .would cover the occasion with enthusiasm They would enjoy and take pride to,.have the opportunity to watch, photograph and interview all 'their stars. I would hasten to warn the musicians that fans and senior government officials are tired of the way the local media continues to ignore local culture. Please just carry on and do the good work of en-. tertaining your people with the best possible music.'This is what God has alloted you and make the best out of it. Never mind the blackout from the papers. ,, So; what about musicians day '94? The unity demonstrated by the artistes should be consolidated. And instead of a promoter organising the day, musicians themselves shoufld participate through the National Arts Council and tho musicians union who are currently providing good support to local musicians. Within the organising committee, there should be a public relations officer to deal with press issues and make sure that there will not be a repeat of what has happened this year. El ZIMBABWE NEWS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER, 1993 music

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