DOCSLIB.ORG

Neglected Tropical Diseases - Dracunculiasis (Guinea-Worm Disease)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neglected Tropical Diseases - Dracunculiasis (Guinea-Worm Disease) WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORT A publication of the Epidemiology Unit Ministry of Health & Indigenous Medical Services 231, de Saram Place, Colombo 01000, Sri Lanka Tele: + 94 11 2695112, Fax: +94 11 2696583, E mail: [email protected] Epidemiologist: +94 11 2681548, E mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.epid.gov.lk Vol. 47 No. 33 08th– 14th Aug 2020 Neglected Tropical Diseases - Dracunculiasis (Guinea-worm disease) Dracunculiasis (Guinea-worm disease) Dracunculiasis is a parasitic illness at the brink of eradication, with only 54 cases reported in 2019. These 54 were reported from 4 African countries. The parasite enters the human body through ingestion of water contaminated with fleas that are infected with the parasite. The water fleas are killed in the stomach, liberating which interprets as they acquire infection in the the larvae inside them. These larvae penetrate same way as other intermediate hosts but are the intestine wall and migrate within tissues, and not involved in transmitting the infection to the in the process grow to their full size (60-100cm). definitive host. The disease is transmitted to The fertilized adult female worm emerges from humans through ingestion of food, water or soil its exit –usually a lower limb, where it forms a contaminated with the parasite eggs, or after painful blister. When infected persons immerse direct contact with animal hosts. There are 4 their legs in water to soothe the pain, the worm forms of Echinococcosis, each caused by a dif- releases its larvae into the water. These larvae ferent organism of the genus Echinococcus: are ingested by tiny crustaceans known as water Form Causative organism fleas, where they mature into their infective cystic echinococ- stage. This process takes about 10-14 months. cosis SRI LANKA 2020 Echinococcus granu- Even though the disease is rarely fatal, it ren- also known as hydatid losus; disease or hydatidosis ders those who are infected non-functional for weeks. The disease has no specific treatment. It alveolar echinococ- E. multilocularis cosis is however preventable. Successful preventive neotropical echinococ- E. vogeli techniques such a behavioural change, source cosi unicystic E. oligarthrus control, environmental (water) sanitation, vector control and heightened surveillance has brought The two most important forms, which are of this crippling disease close to eradication medical and public health relevance in humans, are cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar Echinococcosis echinococcosis (AE). Infection with E. granu- Echinococcosis is a parasitic illness caused by a losus results in the development of one or more tape-worm species of the genus Echinococcus. hydatid cysts in humans, most commonly in the A number of herbivorous and omnivorous ani- liver and lungs. The cysts can grow for years mals serve as intermediate hosts of the parasite, undetected until they become large enough to while carnivorous animals act as definitive hosts. produce symptoms. Cysts in the liver can result Humans are an accidental intermediate host, in abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting while Contents Page 1. Leading Article – Neglected Tropical Diseases - Dracunculiasis (Guinea-worm disease) 1 2. Summary of selected notifiable diseases reported (01st– 07th August 2020) 3 3. Surveillance of vaccine preventable diseases & AFP (01st– 07th August 2020) 4 WER Sri Lanka - Vol. 47 No. 33 08th– 14th Aug 2020 those in lungs can lead to chronic cough, chest pain and short- ness of breath. In infection with E. multilocularis, patients re- main asymptomatic for 5-15 years, which is followed by the development of a slow growing tumour-like lesion, usually in the liver. The disease is detected by radiological investigations i.e. ultrasonography and X-ray. The disease requires complex treatment which includes: chemotherapy, percutaneous treat- ment of hydatic cysts; surgery is the definitive treatment. Figure- Tsetse fly With about 1 milllion prevalent cases worldwide at any given time, Echinococcosis exerts a substantial burden in affected There are two types of the disease: i) Trypanosoma brucei countries. It is commonly seen in certain parts of South Ameri- gambiense which accounts for 98% of the reported cases; and ca, East Africa, Central Asia and China. Prevention and control ii) Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. The former causes chron- of Echinococcosis is a challenging task as the disease is ic infection which can extend up to months or years without asymptomatic in animals which have the most contact with manifesting symptoms and signs, while the latter causes a humans i.e. livestock and dogs. Cleanliness and proper sanita- more acute infection. tion during animal husbanry, deworming of dogs wherever pos- There are two stages in the disease course. In the first stage, sible are some examples of prevention and control. known as the haemo-lymphatic stage, the organisms multiply Foodborne trematodiasis within blood, lymph and subcutaneous tissues. This stage is characterized by the onset of bouts of fever, headache, lym- Foodborne trematode infections are primarily zoonotic diseas- phadenopathy, arthralgia and itching. The second stage, es caused by trematodes (i.e. flatworms/flukes) which are known as the neurological or meningo-encephalic stage, oc- transmitted to humans through the consumption of food con- curs when the organism crosses the blood-brain barrier and taminated with the parasite. These worms have a complex infects the central nervous system of the host. Changes of lifecycle involving intermediate hosts such as molluscs, crusta- behaviour, confusion, sensory disturbances, poor coordination ceans and fish. The infections are mostly mild in humans; how- and disturbance of the sleep cycle are characteristic features ever, there are 4 genera that cause severe disease: of this stage. Figure – Diagnosis of the disease is in 3 stages: Genus Disease food Clonorchis spp. Clonorchiasis • Screening for potential infection by serological testing Opisthorchis spp Opisthorchiasis borne (only available for T.b.gambiense) and checking for clinical Fasciola spp. Fascioliasis trema- Paragonimus spp. Paragonimiasis signs such as swollen cervical lymph nodes. tode in- fections with severe pathology in humans • Diagnosing by establishing whether the parasite is present in body fluids. These infections are commonly seen in East and South-East Staging to determine the state of disease progression. This Asia, consistent with the diets containing raw fish and crusta- consists of clinical examination and cerebrospinal fluid analysis The mode of treatment is based on the stage of the disease: ceans in these regions. It is estimated that over 40 million peo- Pentamidine and Suramin are used in the first stage and drugs ple are affected world over. Adequate sanitation, behavioural such as melarsoprol, eflornithine, nifurtimox are used in the change, especially with regard to culinary practices and source second stage, while fexinidazole is a new drug which caters to control by treatment (praziquantel) are the mainstay modes of both stages. Prevention and control depend mainly on vector prevention and control. control and surveillance. Human African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) Compiled By Dr. Chathurika Herath, PG Trainee in Community Medicine, Sleeping sickness is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health by a protozoan belonging to the genus Trypanosoma and References: mainly transmitted by the bite of tsetse flies. These flies are a World Health Organisation: Fact sheets on NTDs species of blood sucking flies which acquire the infection from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dracunculiasis-(guinea-worm- infected humans/ other animals during feeding. Tsetse flies are disease) https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/echinococcosis commonly seen in agricultural and rural settings in Sub- https://www.who.int/foodborne_trematode_infections/infections_more/en/ Saharan Africa. The disease also exhibits other modes of https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trypanosomiasis-human-african transmission via blood and blood products as well. -(sleeping-sickness) Page 2 WER Table RDHS Dengue Fever Dysentery Encepha Enteric Food Leptospiro Typhus Viral Human Chickenpox Meningitis Leishmani- WRCD Division litis Fever Poisoning sis Fever Hepatitis Rabies asis 1 : Sri Lanka S A B A B T* C** A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B elected notifiable diseases reported by Medical Officers of Health MedicalofHealth Officers reported by diseases elected notifiable Colombo 53 3585 0 22 0 9 0 5 0 14 3 226 0 2 0 3 0 0 1 185 1 34 0 2 56 100 Gampaha 31 2137 0 8 1 5 0 6 0 19 7 173 3 4 0 5 0 0 1 228 2 22 0 40 42 98 Kalutara 14 1519 0 10 0 5 0 4 0 4 15 490 0 13 0 5 0 0 3 254 0 33 0 0 51 100 - Kandy 105 2494 0 21 0 1 1 9 2 13 7 166 0 82 0 4 0 0 1 142 0 21 2 55 63 100 No. 33 47 Vol. Matale 4 527 1 7 0 3 0 5 0 6 2 87 0 6 0 7 0 1 0 47 0 2 7 221 63 100 NuwaraEliya 1 150 0 23 0 1 0 1 0 9 2 87 1 68 0 3 0 0 0 69 0 10 0 0 23 100 Galle 15 1485 0 27 0 17 0 4 0 14 19 500 3 48 0 3 0 0 2 279 2 43 0 4 30 99 Hambantota 3 317 0 7 0 4 0 2 1 44 1 169 3 46 0 2 0 1 0 155 1 38 18 495 68 100 Matara 3 464 0 21 0 14 0 1 0 3 4 382 2 10 0 7 0 0 1 114 1 17 11 288 16 100 Jaffna 6 1970 2 72 0 0 0 20 1 23 0 20 4 496 0 0 0 1 1 94 0 9 1 1 31 93 Kilinochchi 2 124 0 37 0 2 1 11 0 13 0 18 1 28 0 1 0 0 0 12 0 10 0 13 64 100 Mannar 0 130 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 6 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 7 0 0 39 100 Vavuniya 2 248 1 11 0 0 0 5 1 3 0 40 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 4 0 1 66 100 Mullaitivu
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Opisthorchiasis: an Emerging Foodborne Helminthic Zoonosis of Public Health Significance
    IJMPES International Journal of http://ijmpes.com doi 10.34172/ijmpes.2020.27 Medical Parasitology & Vol. 1, No. 4, 2020, 101-104 eISSN 2766-6492 Epidemiology Sciences Review Article Opisthorchiasis: An Emerging Foodborne Helminthic Zoonosis of Public Health Significance Mahendra Pal1* ID , Dimitri Ketchakmadze2 ID , Nino Durglishvili3 ID , Yagoob Garedaghi4 ID 1Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology, Gujarat, India 2Faculty of Chemical Technologies and Metallurgy, Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia 3Department of Sociology and Social Work, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia 4Department of Parasitology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Abstract Opisthorchiasis is an emerging foodborne parasitic zoonosis that has been reported from developing as well as developed nations of the world. Globally, around 80 million people are at risk of acquiring Opisthorchis infection. The source of infection is exogenous, and ingestion is considered as the primary mode of transmission. Humans get the infection by consuming raw or undercooked fish. In most cases, the infection remains asymptomatic. However, in affected individuals, the clinical manifestations are manifold. Occasionally, complications including cholangitis, cholecystitis, and cholangiocarcinoma are observed. The people who have the dietary habit of eating raw fish usually get the infection. Certain occupational groups, such as fishermen, agricultural workers, river fleet employees, and forest industry personnel are mainly infected with Opisthorchis. The travelers to the endemic regions who consume raw fish are exposed to the infection. Parasitological, immunological, and molecular techniques are employed to confirm the diagnosis of disease. Treatment regimens include oral administration of praziquantel and albendazole. In the absence of therapy, the acute phase transforms into a chronic one that may persist for two decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Disseminated Peritoneal Schistosoma Japonicum: a Case Report And
    [Downloaded free from http://www.saudiannals.net on Monday, May 10, 2010] case report Disseminated peritoneal Schistosoma japonicum: a case report and review of the pathological manifestations of the helminth Salah Al-Waheeb,a Maryam Al-Murshed,a Fareeda Dashti,b Parsotam R. Hira,c Lamia Al-Sarrafd From the aDepartments of Histopathology, and bSurgery, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, cDepartment of Microbiology, Kuwait University, dDepart- ment of Radiology, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Jabriyah, Kuwait Correspondence: Salah Al-Waheeb, MD · Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, PO Box 72, Code 71661, Jabriyah, Shamiyah City, Kuwait · T: +975-531- 2700 ext. 2188 · [email protected] · Approved for publication August 2008 Ann Saudi Med 2009; 29(2): 149-152 Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziasis, bilharziosis or snail fever) is a human disease syn- drome caused by infection from one of several species of parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma. The three main species infecting humans are S haematobium, S japonicum, and S mansoni. S japonicum is most common in the far east, mostly in China and the Philippines. We present an unusual case of S japonicum in a 32-year-old Filipino woman who had schistosomal ova studding the peritoneal cavity and forming a mass in the right iliac fossa. chistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziaa liver (Figure 1). CT examination showed multiple cala asis, bilharziosis or snail fever) is a human disease cific foci throughout the abdomen, particularly in the Ssyndrome caused by infection from one of several RIF. Prominent small bowel dilatation and fluid colleca species of parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma.
    [Show full text]
  • Ultrasound of Tropical Medicine Parasitic Diseases of the Liver
    Ultrasound of the liver …. 20.11.2012 11:05 1 EFSUMB – European Course Book Editor: Christoph F. Dietrich Ultrasound of Tropical Medicine Parasitic diseases of the liver Enrico Brunetti1, Tom Heller2, Francesca Tamarozzi3, Adnan Kabaalioglu4, Maria Teresa Giordani5, Joachim Richter6, Roberto Chiavaroli7, Sam Goblirsch8, Carmen Cretu9, Christoph F Dietrich10 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, San Matteo Hospital Foundation- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Muenchen Perlach, Munich, Germany 3 Department of Infectious Diseases, San Matteo Hospital Foundation- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy 4 Department of Radiology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 5 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy 6 Tropenmedizinische Ambulanz, Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany 7 Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Caterina Novella Hospital, Galatina, Italy 8 Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 9 University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Parasitology Department Colentina Teaching Hospital, Bucharest, Romania 10 Caritas-Krankenhaus Bad Mergentheim, Germany Ultrasound of parasitic disease …. 20.11.2012 11:05 2 Content Content ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Amoebiasis ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Model-Based Spatial-Temporal Mapping of Opisthorchiasis in Endemic
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.12.20126169; this version posted June 14, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Model-based spatial-temporal mapping of opisthorchiasis in endemic 2 countries of Southeast Asia 3 Ting-Ting Zhao,1 Yi-Jing Feng,1 Pham Ngoc Doanh,2 Somphou Sayasone,3 Virak Khieu,4 Choosak 4 Nithikathkul,5 Men-Bao Qian,6,7 Yuan-Tao Hao1,8 Ying-Si Lai,1,8* 5 1Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 6 Guangdong, People's Republic of China. 7 2Department of Parasitology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of 8 Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Sciences and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. 9 3Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic 10 Republic. 11 4National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, 12 Cambodia. 13 5Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, 14 Mahasarakham, Thailand. 15 6National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 16 People's Republic of China. 17 7WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, 18 Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. 19 8Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic 20 of China.
    [Show full text]
  • Cerebral Paragonimiasis
    CEREBRAL PARAGONIMIASIS REPORT OF FOUR CASES MAJOR SUN KEUN KIM, M.C.* 3rd Army Hospital (Republic of Korea), Pusan, Korea (Received for publication October 6, 1954) ARAGONIMIASIS, or infestation by the lung fluke Paragonimus wester- p manii, is known to be endemic in certain areas of the Far East, par- ticularly in Korea, Japan, and Formosa. In Korea it is found particu- larly in the areas of Yong Hung, Jun Joo, and the Yak Dong river valley. It is acquired by man by the ingestion of raw fresh water fish, an old tradi- tional delicacy in this part of the world. The disease is so common that it is referred to as "To-Zil," or endemic hemoptysis, and it presents a great problem from the standpoint of medical treatment, public health control and national economy. It is known that Paragonimus westermanii may involve the lungs, pleura, liver, intestinal wall, mesenteric lymph glands, testes, muscles, peritoneum, and brain. The following 4 cases of cerebral cysts caused by paragonimiasis, which were encountered during the last year, are reported because of the rarity of cerebral involvement. CASE REPORTS Case 1. An 8-year-old Korean lad was admitted because of motor aphasia, right hemiparesis, and right 7th nerve paresis. He had a history of epileptiform seizures every 2-3 weeks from the age of 8 to 6 years, at which time the seizures stopped but there was insidious onset of right-sided hemiparesis. Examination. He was a somewhat drowsy boy in no acute distress. His face was slightly puffy. His mentality was low.
    [Show full text]
  • Biliary Obstruction Caused by the Liver Fluke, Fasciola Hepatica
    CME Practice CMAJ Cases Biliary obstruction caused by the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica Takuya Ishikawa MD PhD, Vanessa Meier-Stephenson MD PhD, Steven J. Heitman MD MSc Competing interests: None 20-year-old previously healthy man declared. presented to hospital with a two-day This article has been peer A history of right upper quadrant pain reviewed. and vomiting. Nine months earlier, he had The authors have obtained immigrated to Canada from Sudan, but he had patient consent. also lived in Djibouti and Ethiopia. Four Correspondence to: months before he presented to hospital, he Steven Heitman, received a diagnosis of tuberculous lymphade- [email protected] nitis and a four-drug course of tuberculosis CMAJ 2016. DOI:10.1503 treatment was started. However, he was non- /cmaj.150696 adherent after only two months of treatment. In addition, results from screening tests at that time showed evidence of schistosomiasis for Figure 1: A flat, leaf-shaped, brown worm emerg- which he was prescribed praziquantel. ing from the common bile duct of a 20-year-old On examination, he was alert and without man with abdominal pain. jaundice or scleral icterus. He had right upper quadrant tenderness on abdominal examination, ter of 1.1 cm. A computed tomography scan of but there were no palpable masses. The remain- the abdomen also showed prominence of the der of his examination was unremarkable. Labo- common bile duct, but no calcified stone was ratory test results showed elevated liver enzymes identified (Appendix 1). A hepatobiliary imino- (aspartate transaminase 133 [normal < 40] U/L, diacetic acid scan suggested distal obstruction in alanine transaminase 217 [normal < 41] U/L, the common bile duct.
    [Show full text]
  • Imaging Parasitic Diseases
    Insights Imaging (2017) 8:101–125 DOI 10.1007/s13244-016-0525-2 REVIEW Unexpected hosts: imaging parasitic diseases Pablo Rodríguez Carnero1 & Paula Hernández Mateo2 & Susana Martín-Garre2 & Ángela García Pérez3 & Lourdes del Campo1 Received: 8 June 2016 /Revised: 8 September 2016 /Accepted: 28 September 2016 /Published online: 23 November 2016 # The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Radiologists seldom encounter parasitic dis- • Some parasitic diseases are still endemic in certain regions eases in their daily practice in most of Europe, although in Europe. the incidence of these diseases is increasing due to mi- • Parasitic diseases can have complex life cycles often involv- gration and tourism from/to endemic areas. Moreover, ing different hosts. some parasitic diseases are still endemic in certain • Prompt diagnosis and treatment is essential for patient man- European regions, and immunocompromised individuals agement in parasitic diseases. also pose a higher risk of developing these conditions. • Radiologists should be able to recognise and suspect the This article reviews and summarises the imaging find- most relevant parasitic diseases. ings of some of the most important and frequent human parasitic diseases, including information about the para- Keywords Parasitic diseases . Radiology . Ultrasound . site’s life cycle, pathophysiology, clinical findings, diag- Multidetector computed tomography . Magnetic resonance nosis, and treatment. We include malaria, amoebiasis, imaging toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, echino- coccosis, cysticercosis, clonorchiasis, schistosomiasis, fascioliasis, ascariasis, anisakiasis, dracunculiasis, and Introduction strongyloidiasis. The aim of this review is to help radi- ologists when dealing with these diseases or in cases Parasites are organisms that live in another organism at the where they are suspected.
    [Show full text]
  • Endemicity of Opisthorchis Viverrini Liver Flukes, Vietnam, 2011–2012
    LETTERS Endemicity of for species identification of Opisthor- A total of 4 fish species were in- chis fluke metacercariae 7( ). fected with O. viverrini metacercariae Opisthorchis Fish were collected from Tuy (online Technical Appendix Table 1, viverrini Liver Hoa City and from the districts of Hoa wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/20/1/13- Flukes, Vietnam, Xuan Dong, Tuy An, and Song Hinh; 0168-Techapp1.pdf). Metacercariae these 3 districts are areas of large prevalence was highest (28.1%) 2011–2012 aquaculture production of freshwater among crucian carp (Carasius aura- To the Editor: Fishborne zoo- fish. Fresh fish from ponds, rice fields, tus). Specific identification was con- notic trematodes are highly prevalent rivers, and swamps were purchased at firmed by morphologic appearance of in many Asian communities (1,2). Al- local markets from April 2011 through adult worms recovered from hamsters though presence of the liver flukeClo - March 2012. The fish sellers provided (Figure) and PCR and sequence anal- norchis sinensis is well documented information about the source of the ysis of the partial metacercarial CO1 in Vietnam (3), evidence of the pres- fish (e.g., type of water body). Fish gene, amplified by CO1-OV-Hap- ence of the more common liver fluke were transported live with mechani- F&R primers (7). Infected fish origi- of Southeast Asia, Opisthorchis viver- cal aeration to the Research Institute nated predominantly from so-called rini, is only circumstantial. Surveys of for Aquaculture No. 3 in Nha Trang, wild water (i.e., swamps, rice fields, human fecal samples have frequently where they were examined for meta- rivers).
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 136/Wednesday, July 15, 2020
    Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Notices 42883 interest to the IRS product DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: manufacturers who submitted timely HUMAN SERVICES Table of Contents exceptions, to determine whether the companies remained interested in Food and Drug Administration I. Background: Priority Review Voucher pursuing their appeals of the ALJ’s Program [Docket No. FDA–2008–N–0567] II. Diseases Being Designated Initial Decision. FDA informed the A. Opisthorchiasis companies that, if they did not respond Designating Additions to the Current B. Paragonimiasis and affirm their desire to pursue their List of Tropical Diseases in the Federal III. Process for Requesting Additional appeals by January 8, 2018, the Office of Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Diseases To Be Added to the List the Commissioner would conclude that IV. Paperwork Reduction Act AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, V. References the companies no longer wish to pursue HHS. the appeal of the ALJ’s Initial Decision ACTION: Final order. I. Background: Priority Review and will proceed as if the appeals have Voucher Program been withdrawn. The Office of the SUMMARY: The Federal Food, Drug, and Section 524 of the FD&C Act (21 Commissioner did not receive a Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) authorizes the U.S.C. 360n), which was added by response from any of the companies by Food and Drug Administration (FDA or section 1102 of the Food and Drug the given date; therefore, the Agency) to award priority review Administration Amendments Act of Commissioner now deems the vouchers (PRVs) to tropical disease 2007 (Pub.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the WHO Expert Consultation on Foodborne Trematode Infections and Taeniasis/Cysticercosis
    Report of the WHO Expert Consultation on Foodborne Trematode Infections and Taeniasis/Cysticercosis Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic 12-16 October 2009 © World Health Organization 2011 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader.
    [Show full text]
  • Infographic Paragonimiasis
    Foodborne parasitic infections PARAGONIMIASIS (Lung fluke) Paragonimiasis, or lung fluke The most common species Paragonimus spp. is a common disease, is caused by infection in Asia are P. westermani, parasite of crustacean-eating with several species of trematodes P. heterotremus and mammals such as dogs, cats, ? belonging to the genus P. philippinensis. tigers, mongooses and monkeys. Introduction Paragonimus. (reservoir definitive hosts). The adult flukes live in the lungs of infected mammals and lay eggs that are coughed up through the airways and either expectorated in the sputum or swallowed and Transmission defecated. and risk When the eggs reach freshwater, they develop Eating into miracidia that will inhabit various species undercooked factors infected of aquatic snails where they will asexually freshwater reproduce and eventually give rise to more crustaceans Lack of developed larvae called cercariae. Definitive host sanitation (Fluke) and open The cercariae will then further inhabit various defecation freshwater crustaceans, which act as second intermediate hosts, such as crabs and nd 2 intermediate Free living crayfish but also shrimp and even frogs. host When the crustaceans are eaten raw or undercooked, the metacercariae that is the infective stage for several mammals will excyst 1st intermediate in the intestine and penetrate their way through the intestinal wall, peritoneum, diaphragm Free living host and pleura - eventually reaching the lungs and completing the cycle. The incubation period is 65 to 90 days. When worms reach the lungs, symptoms Triclabendazole and praziquantel are both in humans may include chronic cough with WHO-recommended medicines for treatment of blood-stained sputum, chest pain with difficult paragonimiasis in humans.
    [Show full text]
  • TCM Diagnostics Applied to Parasite-Related Disease
    TCM Diagnostics Applied to Parasite-Related Disease by Laraine Crampton, M.A.T.C.M., L. Ac. Capstone Advisor: Lawrence J. Ryan, Ph.D. Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine Yo San University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Los Angeles, California April 2014 TCM and Parasites/Crampton 2 Approval Signatures Page This Capstone Project has been reviewed and approved by: April 30th, 2014 ____________________________________________________________________________ Lawrence J. Ryan, Ph. D. Capstone Project Advisor Date April 30th, 2014 ________________________________________________________________________ Don Lee, L. Ac. Specialty Chair Date April 30th, 2014 ________________________________________________________________________ Andrea Murchison, D.A.O.M., L.Ac. Program Director Date TCM and Parasites/Crampton 3 Abstract Complex, chronic disease affects millions in the United States, imposing a significant cost to the affected individuals and the productivity and economic realities those individuals and their families, workplaces and communities face. There is increasing evidence leading towards the probability that overlooked and undiagnosed parasitic disease is a causal, contributing, or co- existent factor for many of those afflicted by chronic disease. Yet, frustratingly, inadequate diagnostic methods and clever adaptive mechanisms in parasitic organisms mean that even when physicians are looking for parasites, they may not find what is there to be found. Examining the practice of medicine in the United States just over a century ago reveals that fully a third of diagnostic and treatment concerns for leading doctors of the time revolved around parasitic organisms and related disease, and that the population they served was largely located in rural areas. By the year 2000, more than four-fifths of the population had migrated to cities, enjoying the benefits of municipal services, water treatment systems, grocery stores and restaurants.
    [Show full text]