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Global and National Soils and Terrain Digital Databases (SOTER)

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Global and National Soils and Terrain Digital Databases (SOTER) Global and National Soils and Terrain Digital Databases (SOTER) Procedures Manual Version 2.0 ISRIC Report 2013/04 ISRIC – World Soil Information has a mandate to serve the international community as custodian of global soil information and to increase awareness and understanding of soils in major global issues. More information: www.isric.org V.W.P. van Engelen and J.A. Dijkshoorn ISRIC – World Soil Information has a strategic association with Wageningen UR (University & Research centre) Global and National Soils and Terrain Digital Databases (SOTER) Procedures Manual Version 2.0 V.W.P. van Engelen and J.A. Dijkshoorn ISRIC Report 2013/04 Wageningen, May 2013 © 2013, ISRIC – World Soil Information, Wageningen, Netherlands All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination for educational or non-commercial purposes are permitted without any prior written permission provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of materials for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from ISRIC. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Director, ISRIC – World Soil Information PO B0X 353 6700 AJ Wageningen The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] The designations employed and the presentation of materials do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ISRIC concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Disclaimer While every effort has been made to ensure that the data are accurate and reliable, ISRIC cannot assume liability for damages caused by inaccuracies in the data or as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. ISRIC provides no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does an authorized distribution of the data set constitute such a warranty. ISRIC reserves the right to modify any information in this document and related data sets without notice. Citation Engelen V.W.P. van and J.A. Dijkshoorn (eds.), 2013. Global and National Soils and Terrain Databases (SOTER). Procedures Manual, Version 2.0, ISRIC – World Soil Information, Wageningen. 198 pages, 10 figures and 9 tables. ISRIC Report 2013/04 Contents Preface 1 Background 3 1 General introduction 9 1.1 Objectives 9 1.2 Procedures 9 2 Mapping approach and database construction 11 2.1 Mapping approach 11 2.2 SOTER source material 12 2.3 Associated and miscellaneous data 13 3 SOTER differentiating criteria 15 3.1 Terrain 15 3.2 Terrain components 17 3.3 Soil components 17 3.4 SOTER unit identification 18 3.5 Additional conventions 19 3.6 SOTER unit mapability 20 3.7 The SOTER approach at other scales 21 4 SOTER database structure 23 4.1 Geometric database 24 4.2 Attribute database 24 5 Additional SOTER conventions 29 5.1 SOTER unit codes 29 5.2 Minimum size of the SOTER unit 29 5.3 Number of soil and terrain components 30 5.4 Representative soil profiles 30 5.5 Updating procedures 30 5.6 Miscellaneous polygons 31 6 Attribute coding 33 6.1 Terrain 33 6.2 Terrain component 46 6.3 Terrain component data 47 6.4 Soil component 51 6.5 Additional soil profiles 56 6.6 Profile 56 6.7 Horizon data 59 7 Coding convention 79 7.1 Land use 79 7.2 Vegetation 79 8 Reference files 87 8.1 Source map 87 8.2 Laboratory information 89 8.3 Soil profile database 90 Annex 1 Miscellaneous polygons 91 Annex 2 Hierarchy of landforms 93 Annex 3 Diagnostic horizons, properties and materials of Soil Reference Groups and WRB Legend 97 Annex 4 Legends 149 Annex 5 Hierarchy of land use 167 Annex 6 Hierarchy of vegetation 171 Annex 7 ISO country codes 177 Annex 8 Analytical methods 181 References 187 List of figures Figure 1 Relation between SOTER units and their composing parts. 12 Figure 2 Terrain subdivided according to major landform. 15 Figure 3 Terrain subdivided according to parent material. 16 Figure 4 Terrain after differentiation for soil components. 17 Figure 5 SOTER map with SOTER unit identification numbers. 18 Figure 6 SOTER unit, their terrain components (tc), attributes and location. 23 Figure 7 SOTER attribute database structure (1:M = one to many, M:1 = many to one relations). 25 Figure 8 Texture groups of parent material (FAO 2006). 49 Figure 9 Texture classes of the topsoil according to (CEC 1985; ESB 1998). 53 Figure 10 USDA texture classes of fine earth fraction (<2 mm). Source: Soil Survey Division Staff (1993). 72 List of tables Table 1 Non-spatial attributes of a SOTER unit. 27 Table 2 Hierarchy of major landforms. 35 Table 3 The revised soil parent material classification (after Schuler et al. 2013). 39 Table 4 Event and surface processes. 44 Table 5 Size classes for structure elements of various types according to guidelines for soil description (FAO 2006; FAO and ISRIC 1990; Soil Survey Staff 1951). 69 Table 6 Hierarchy of land use. 80 Table 7 Hierarchy of vegetation classes. 82 Table 8 Attributes of source material related tables. 87 Table 9 Codes for non-soil units in the GIS file and attribute database. 91 Annex 1 Miscellaneous polygons. 91 Annex 2 Hierarchy of landforms. 93 Annex 3 Diagnostic horizons, properties and materials of Soil Reference Groups and WRB Legend. 97 Annex 4 Legends. 149 Annex 5 Hierarchy of land use. 167 Annex 7 ISO country codes. 177 Annex 8 Analytical methods. 181 Preface Soil is one of the most important natural resources and it plays a vital role in the Earth’s ecosystem: foothold for plant roots, storage of nutrients for plants to grow, filtering of rainwater and regulating its discharge, storage of organic matter, buffering of pollutants. Sustainable use of this resource can only be assured if adequate information on its spatial and temporal variation can be provided. The standardized SOil and TERrain SOTER methodology has been proposed by the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) as a method to make soils and terrain information available to a wide spectrum of land users. The 1995 version of the Procedures Manual has been the outcome of extensive consultations and applications of earlier versions of the method. Since then, new techniques for capturing soil and terrain information have been developed; some of these have been incorporated in the present version of SOTER. Compatibility of this version of the Procedures Manual with earlier versions is maintained in so far as possible. Further, the input software for version 2.0 will allow for a conversion of the previous format into the current one. Comments on this version are welcome and should be sent to the Manager of the SOTER project1. Prem Bindraban Director ISRIC – World Soil Information 1 C/o Director, ISRIC – World Soil Information, P.O.Box 353, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]. ISRIC Report 2013/04 1 2 ISRIC Report 2013/04 Background Adequate soil and terrain information is essential for the proper management of natural resources, not only for sustainable agricultural production but also for the protection of water resources and for the use and conser- vation of forests and natural ecosystems. Any use of the land will have an impact on the natural resources. Therefore, human activities and interventions should be based on reliable information in space and time on soils and terrain. Human interventions in the land have often detrimental effects like soil erosion, contamination, acidification and loss of organic carbon. Most of these issues do not stop at international borders. Whether any regionally suitable action will be effective, will depend amongst others on the availability of standardized soil and terrain information. Globally such information is available as the 1:5M FAO-UNESCO Soil Map of the World (SMW) (FAO et al. 1974) based on data collected in the pre-1970 years. Newer data has been incorporated in the Harmonized World Soil Database (FAO et al. 2008 and 2012), which has a nominal resolution of 1x1 km, that includes amongst others existing regional SOTER databases, the European soil database and an update of the national soil map of China. For areas not covered by these revised data material from the FAO-Unesco SMW is maintained. Thus there is a continued need for up-to-date quantitative soil coverage at a global scale. At the same time, regional and national institutions and organizations will also need such information, often at a larger resolution. Based on a discussion paper ‘Towards a Global Soil Resources Inventory at Scale 1:1M’ prepared by Sombroek (1984), the International Society of Soil Science (ISSS)2 convened a workshop of international experts on soils and related disciplines in January 1986 in Wageningen, the Netherlands, to discuss the ‘Structure of a Digital International Soil Resources Map annex Data Base’ (Baumgardner and Oldeman 1986). Based on the findings and recommendations of this workshop a project proposal was written for SOTER, a World SOils and TERain Digital Data Base at a scale of 1:1 million (Baumgardner 1986). A small international committee was appointed to propose criteria for a ‘universal’ map legend suitable for compilation of small scale soil-terrain maps, and to include attributes required for a wide range of inter- pretations such as crop suitability, soil degradation, forest productivity, global environmental change, irrigation suitability, agro-ecological zonation, and risk of drought. The committee compiled an initial list of attributes. The SOTER approach received further endorsement at the 19862 ISSS Congress in Hamburg, Germany. A second meeting, sponsored by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), was held in Nairobi, Kenya, in May 1987 to discuss the application of SOTER for preparing soil degradation assessment maps.
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