Communication in Our Lives
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Communication in Our Lives Fifth Edition Julia T. Wood Lineberger Distinguished Professor of Humanities University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Communication in Our Lives © 2009, 2006 Wadsworth/Cengage Learning Julia T. Wood ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 Brief Contents Preface ix About the Author xvii Introduction xviii Part I: Foundations of Communication 1 The World of Communication 1 2 Perception and Communication 30 3 Communication and Personal Identity 53 4 Listening Effectively 77 5 The Verbal Dimension of Communication 102 6 The Nonverbal Dimension of Communication 129 7 Communication and Culture 154 Part II: Interpersonal and Group Communication and Media Literacy 8 Foundations of Interpersonal Communication 182 9 Communication in Personal Relationships 209 10 Foundations of Group and Team Communication 234 11 Effective Communication in Task Groups and Teams 258 12 Communication in Organizations 284 13 Media and Media Literacy 305 Part III: Public Communication 14 Planning Public Speaking 333 15 Researching and Developing Support for Public Speeches 358 16 Organizing and Presenting Public Speeches 385 17 Informative Speaking 423 18 Persuasive Speaking 444 Closing: Pulling Ideas Together 471 Appendix A Annotated Sample Speeches 476 Appendix B Interviewing 486 Glossary 503 References 510 Index 529 Contents Preface ix 2 Perception and Communication 30 About the Author xvii Human Perception 31 Introduction xviii Selection 32 Organization 33 Interpretation 37 Part I: Foundations of Communication Influences on Perception 39 1 The World of Communication 1 Physiology 40 Why Study Communication? 2 Culture 40 Defining Communication 3 Social Roles 43 Values of Communication 4 Cognitive Abilities 44 Personal Values 5 Enhancing Communication Competence 46 Relationship Values 5 Perceptions, Communication, and Professional Values 6 Abstraction 46 Cultural Values 7 Guidelines for Enhancing Competence 47 Models of Communication 9 Chapter Summary 50 Linear Models 9 Case Study: College Success 52 Interactive Models 10 3 Communication and Personal Identity 53 Transactional Models 11 What Is the Self? 54 The Breadth of the Communication Field 12 The Self Arises in Communication with Intrapersonal Communication 13 Others 54 Interpersonal Communication 13 The Self Is Multidimensional 61 Group Communication 14 The Self Is a Process 61 Organizational Communication 15 We Internalize and Act from Social Mass and Social Media 16 Perspectives 62 Public Communication 18 Social Perspectives on the Self Are Intercultural Communication 19 Constructed and Changeable 67 Unifying Themes in the Field 20 Enhancing the Self 69 Symbolic Activities 20 Make a Strong Commitment to Improve Meaning 21 Your Self 69 Critical Thinking 22 Gain Knowledge as a Basis for Personal Ethics and Communication 23 Change 70 Careers in Communication 24 Set Realistic Goals 70 Research 24 Accept Yourself as Being in Process 72 Education 24 Create a Supportive Context for Media Production, Analysis, and Change 72 Criticism 25 Chapter Summary 74 Training and Consulting 25 Case Study: Parental Teachings 75 Human Relations and Management 26 4 Listening Effectively 77 Chapter Summary 27 The Listening Process 79 Case Study: A Model Speech of Self- Being Mindful 79 introduction 28 Physically Receiving Messages 81 Selecting and Organizing Material 81 Contents • v Interpreting Communication 82 Regulates Interaction 132 Responding 83 Establishes Relationship-level Remembering 83 Meanings 133 Obstacles to Effective Listening 83 Reflects Cultural Values 136 External Obstacles 83 Types of Nonverbal Communication 138 Internal Obstacles 85 Kinesics 138 Forms of Nonlistening 88 Haptics 139 Pseudolistening 88 Physical Appearance 139 Monopolizing 88 Artifacts 140 Selective Listening 89 Proxemics 142 Defensive Listening 90 Environmental Factors 143 Ambushing 90 Chronemics 144 Literal Listening 90 Paralanguage 146 Adapting Listening to Communication Silence 147 Goals 91 Improving Nonverbal Communication 148 Informational and Critical Listening 91 Monitor Your Nonverbal Relational Listening 93 Communication 148 Other Purposes of Listening 97 Interpret Others’ Nonverbal Chapter Summary 98 Communication Tentatively 148 Case Study: Family Hour 100 Chapter Summary 150 5 The Verbal Dimension of Communication 102 Case Study: Nonverbal Cues 151 Symbols and Meaning 103 7 Communication and Culture 154 Symbols Are Arbitrary 104 Understanding Culture 155 Symbols Are Ambiguous 105 Multiple Social Communities in a Single Symbols Are Abstract 107 Society 156 Principles of Verbal Communication 108 Cultures Are Systems 161 Interpretation Creates Meaning 108 Communication’s Relationship to Culture and Communication Is Rule Guided 110 Social Communities 162 Punctuation Affects Meaning 112 Communication Expresses and Sustains Symbolic Abilities 113 Cultures 162 Symbols Define 113 Cultures Consist of Material and Symbols Evaluate 115 Nonmaterial Components 164 Symbols Organize Perceptions 116 Cultures Are Shaped by Historical and Symbols Allow Hypothetical Thought 117 Geographic Forces 167 Symbols Allow Self-reflection 117 We Learn Culture in the Process of Enhancing Effectiveness in Verbal Communicating 169 Communication 119 Cultures Are Dynamic 170 Engage in Dual Perspective 119 Improving Communication between Cultures Own Your Feelings and Thoughts 120 and Social Communities 172 Respect What Others Say about Their Resist the Ethnocentric Bias 172 Feelings and Ideas 122 Recognize That Responding to Diversity Is a Strive for Accuracy and Clarity 123 Process 173 Chapter Summary 125 Chapter Summary 177 Case Study: The Roommates 127 Case Study: The Job Interview 179 6 The Nonverbal Dimension of Communication 129 Part II: Interpersonal and Group Principles of Nonverbal Communication 131 Communication and Media Literacy Verbal and Nonverbal: Similar Yet 8 Foundations of Interpersonal Different 131 Communication 182 Supplements or Replaces Verbal Communication 132 Self-disclosure 184 Self-disclosure and Personal Growth 184 vi • Contents Self-disclosure and Closeness 185 Chapter Summary 230 Communication to Build Supportive Case Study: Wedding Bells? 232 Climates 187 10 Foundations of Group and Team Levels of Confirmation and Communication 234 Disconfirmation 187 What Are Groups and Teams? 235 Defensive and Supportive Climates 190 Potential Limitations and Strengths of Evaluation versus Description 190 Groups 237 Certainty versus Provisionalism 191 Potential Limitations of Groups 237 Strategy versus Spontaneity 192 Potential Strengths of Groups 239 Control versus Problem Orientation 193 Features of Small Groups 240 Neutrality versus Empathy 194 Cohesion 240 Superiority versus Equality 194 Group Size 241 Conflict in Relationships 195 Power Structure 242 Conflict May Be Overt or Covert 196 Interaction Patterns 244 Conflict May Be Managed Well or Group Norms 245 Poorly 196 Cultural Influences on Group Decision Conflict Reflects and Expresses Cultures Making 245 and Social Communities 198 Individualism 246 Conflict May Be Good for Individuals and Assertiveness 246 Relationships 199 Equality 246 Guidelines for Creating and Sustaining Progress, Change, and Speed 247 Healthy Climates 200 Risk and Uncertainty 247 Actively Use Communication to Shape Informality 248 Climates 200 Communication in Small Groups 249 Accept and Confirm Others 200 Forms of Group Communication 249 Accept and Confirm Yourself 202 Chapter Summary 253 Self-disclose When Appropriate 203 Case Study: The Class Gift 255 Respect Diversity in Relationships 204 11 Effective Communication in Task Groups and Chapter Summary 205 Teams 258