Costantino I Enciclopedia Costantiniana Sulla Figura E L’Immagine Dell’Imperatore Del Cosiddetto Editto Di Milano 313-2013

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Costantino I Enciclopedia Costantiniana Sulla Figura E L’Immagine Dell’Imperatore Del Cosiddetto Editto Di Milano 313-2013 costantiniana III copertina estratto.qxp:Impaginato 2a prova.qxp 18-06-2013 16:50 Pagina 1 Estratto COSTANTINO I ENCICLOPEDIA COSTANTINIANA SULLA FIGURA E L’IMMAGINE DELL’IMPERATORE DEL COSIDDETTO EDITTO DI MILANO 313-2013 volume primo isbn 978-88-12-00171-2 ISTITVTO DELLA ENCICLOPEDIA ITALIANA FONDATA DA GIOVANNI TRECCANI ROMA 2013 31 Gregori Filippini II IMP.qxp:Impaginato 2a prova.qxp 18/06/13 19.35 Pagina 517 Gian Luca Gregori - Alister Filippini L’epigrafia costantiniana La figura di Costantino e la propaganda imperiale Sommario : La titolatura di Costantino: fra tradi - Spello e di Orcistos ), questioni specifiche che zione costituzionale altoimperiale e ‘prospettiva comunque hanno avuto una notevole importanza carismatica’ tardoantica ▭ La dinastia costantiniana: per la comprensione della politica costantiniana da parenti, relazioni familiari e ruoli ufficiali ▭ Sacrae parte degli studiosi moderni 1. litterae : la voce dell’imperatore nei rescritti costan - In questo saggio s’intende fornire una rifles - tiniani ▭ Costantino e Roma: il Palazzo e il Senato sione generale sul contributo offerto dai testi epi - ▭ Costantino, le città e le province: interventi urba - grafici riferibili al regno di Costantino e una sil - nistici e difesa del territorio ▭ I miliari come stru - loge dei più significativi documenti, che possano mento della propaganda costantiniana ▭ Appen - concorrere a sottolineare il senso di complessità, dice epigrafica costantiniana. Selezione di documenti continuità, ma anche di rottura rispetto al recente latini. Rescritti e lettere imperiali – Roma e Ostia – pas sato tetrarchico, sui diversi piani: politico, socio- Diocesi delle Gallie – Diocesi Viennese – Diocesi delle economico, religioso. Spagne – Diocesi d’Italia – Diocesi d’Africa – Dio - cesi delle Pannoni e – Diocesi di Tracia – Diocesi d’A - sia – Diocesi d’Oriente La titolatura di Costantino: fra tradizione costituzionale altoimperiale e ‘prospettiva carismatica’ tardoantica La documentazione epigrafica, consistente per la maggior parte di iscrizioni in lingua latina, con - In linea generale i mutamenti nella titolatura tribuisce significativamente, insieme alle fonti let - di un imperatore, puntualmente registrati nelle terarie, giuridiche, archeologiche e numismatiche, a iscrizioni ufficiali, scandivano le tappe e i momenti delineare il quadro storico del trentennio costanti - salienti del suo regno, marcandone sviluppi, svolte, niano (306-337). Attraverso le iscrizioni, in partico - rotture; in particolare, analizzando l’evoluzione dei lare, è possibile ricostruire le tappe della carriera e formulari epigrafici costantiniani, Thomas Grüne - dell’ascesa di Costantino al potere e individuare le wald ha potuto distinguere le seguenti sette fasi 2: principali linee programmatiche del suo lungo regno: • fase I (306-307): caratterizzata dal titolo di pius dalla figura ideale di imperatore, che egli intese incar - nobilissimus Caesar ; essa segue all’acclamazione impe - nare, alle parole-chiave della sua propaganda, espresse ratoria di Costantino da parte delle truppe del defunto enfaticamente nei suoi provvedimenti legislativi, padre, l’Augusto d’Occidente Costanzo Cloro (305- dalle relazioni familiari alla promozione dinastica al 306), avvenuta a Eburacum (York) in Britannia (25 cesarato dei figli, dai rapporti con il Senato romano, luglio 306), e al suo riconoscimento quale Cesare i governatori e i funzionari delle province alla spe - d’Occidente da parte di Galerio, l’Augusto d’O - cifica attenzione per la rinascita e la tutela delle sin - riente e primo imperatore del collegio tetrarchico gole città dell’ancora vasto Impero. (senior Augustus ). Da questo momento Costantino In particolare alcuni documenti, come i rescritti sottolinea enfaticamente, per mezzo della formula imperiali, consentono di vedere come Costantino di filiazione divi Constantii Augusti pii filius , la pro - abbia inteso impostare e risolvere questioni di pria devozione ( pietas ) e il vincolo ereditario con carattere giuridico e talora religioso sollevate dalle l’autorevole figura del padre, morto da poco e subito comu nità locali (i casi più famosi sono quelli di divinizzato ( divus ) secondo un’antica consuetudine. 517 31 Gregori Filippini II IMP.qxp:Impaginato 2a prova.qxp 18/06/13 19.35 Pagina 518 GIAN LuCA GREGORI - ALISTER FILIPPINI D’al tra parte, per riaffermare il principio tetrarchico e il cognato Massenzio, signore dell’Italia, per il contro le pretese dinastiche di Costantino e di Mas - controllo sull’intero Occidente 5. senzio, figlio di Massimiano, il collega di Diocle - • fase IV (312/315-324): nel periodo compreso ziano ed ex Augusto d’Occidente (286-305), Gale - tra la vittoria su Massenzio (28 ottobre 312), che rio eleva Severo, già Cesare d’Occidente (305-306), sancisce l’egemonia costantiniana su Italia e Africa, al rango di Augusto 3. e la prosecuzione delle campagne germaniche e goti - • fa se II (307-310): dopo la morte di Severo (307) che sul fronte renano-danubiano (314-315), Costan - Costantino consolida il suo dominio su Britannia, tino assume il titolo di maximus Augustus , nel ten - Gallie e Spagna, e assume di propria iniziativa in tativo di affermare una sua preminenza, in quanto Occidente il titolo di Augustus (che tuttavia non gli senior Augustus , sul collega (e ormai antagonista) viene riconosciuto da Galerio in Oriente, dove con - Licinio, divenuto intanto Augusto d’Oriente dopo tinua a essere considerato come Caesar ), grazie all’ac - aver sconfitto Massimino Daia (estate 313); secondo cordo con l’influente Massimiano, siglato dalle nozze Lattanzio, in questo periodo il Senato romano con la figlia minore Fausta ad Arles (25 dicembre avrebbe ufficialmente decretato a Costantino tale 307). Costantino diventa in tal modo, formalmente, titolo ( primi nominis titulum )6. oltre che genero anche nipote di Massimiano, che • fase V (324-330): Costantino sostituisce l’epi - era stato padre adottivo, in quanto Augusto, di teto di invictus , da lui usato fin dal 310/311, con Costanzo Cloro, suo Cesare d’Occidente (293-305; quello, molto meno frequente nel formulario uffi - Costanzo aveva inoltre sposato in seconde nozze la ciale, di victor , in greco niketès , privo di una parti - figlia maggiore di Massimiano, Teodora): tale cir - colare connotazione religiosa; tale gesto, come osserva costanza si riflette nella titolatura costantiniana, ben acutamente Eusebio di Cesarea, è assai significativo attenta a segnalare i vincoli di parentela legittimanti, e si colloca subito dopo l’importante vittoria conse - con la formula Maximiani Augusti nepos . Nel con - guita su Licinio, nella battaglia di Adrianopoli (3 gresso di Carnuntum (11 novembre 308), convocato luglio 324) o in quella successiva e definitiva di Cri - da Diocleziano, Galerio e Massimiano, Licinio è sopoli (18 settembre 324), quando Costantino riuni - tuttavia nominato Augusto d’Occidente, mentre sce sotto il suo dominio tutto l’Impero 7. sono riconosciuti paritariamente come Cesari • fase VI (330-337): al tempo delle campagne Costantino e Massimino Daia, ai quali viene poi gotiche sul confine danubiano (328-332) sembra conferito il titolo di filius Augustorum 4. risalire l’assunzione dell’epiteto militare di trium - • fase III (310-312/315): dopo la rottura del - phator , che accompagna e rafforza quello di victor l’intesa con il suocero Massimiano e l’eliminazione (maximus victor ac triumphator semper Augustus )8. del vecchio tetrarca (310). Si tratta di una fase par - • fase VII (dal 337): dopo la morte di Costan - ticolarmente critica, in cui Costantino sente la tino (22 maggio 337) il figlio e successore Costanzo necessità di trovare nuove forme, sia religiose sia II promuove la tradizionale cerimonia di diviniz - dinastiche, di legittimazione del proprio potere: zazione ( consecratio ), ufficialmente ratificata dal aggiunge allora, fra 310 e 311, alla sua titolatura Senato romano; all’imperatore è così conferito il l’epiteto di invictus (pius felix invictus Augustus ), titolo di divus (divus Augustus Constantinus ), al pari in greco aniketos , già presente nel formulario impe - del padre, il divus Constantius pius , e del presunto riale del III secolo e proprio della suprema divi - antenato, il divus Claudius 9. nità solare ( deus Sol Invictus ). Al contempo scom - Come ha osservato Michel Christol, la titola - pare dalla titolatura il riferimento alla parentela tura imperiale registrata dalle iscrizioni rappresenta con Massimiano (si ricorre spesso all’erasione del la formulazione ufficiale dell’identità imperiale e suo nome dalle iscrizioni precedenti); è invece atte - offre quindi una definizione dell’immagine di prin - stato il sorprendente richiamo mitistorico alla ceps secondo la volontà dell’imperatore stesso 10 . discendenza dall’imperatore illirico Claudio il Dalla sequenza di nomi, cariche e titoli, con le loro Gotico (268-270), presentato come parente del ripetizioni, sostituzioni e variazioni, emergono ele - divus Costanzo Cloro, tramite le formule divi Claudi menti indispensabili per l’analisi della rappresen - nepos e dis genitus («generato da dei», con riferi - tazione del potere imperiale da parte di Costantino. mento a entrambi i divi ). Contestualmente sia lo Innanzitutto va osservata la compresenza da un lato speciale legame religioso di Costantino con il dio di elementi tradizionali risalenti alla definizione dei Apollo- Helios , sia il suo presunto vincolo paren - poteri costituzionali del princeps in epoca alto-impe - tale con Claudio il Gotico sono celebrati
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