245 25 d ´ an Autographa ,inFloridato T. ni and (Walker). However, this (Walker) by comparison ´ an Szaruk 2012 Society of Chemical Industry c A. californica ¨ ubner), the silver Y it is hypothesized that AA as a microbial- (H 25 and Istv 24 Spodoptera albula c (L.). Chrysodeixis includens and AA and pear ester as a lure for codling moth Trichoplusia ni 11,19–23 for potential use in pest management. Correspondence to: Peter J Landolt, YakimaUSDA-ARS, Agricultural 5230 Research Konnowac Laboratory, Pass Rd, Wapato, WAE-mail: 98951, [email protected] USA. Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Wapato, WA, USA Agricultural Research Center, Plant Protectionof Sciences, Institute, Budapest, Hungarian Hungary Academy USDA-ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL, USA Department of Plant Protection, Faculty ofDebrecen, Agricultural Debrecen, Hungary Sciences, University of Acetic acid may be a general indicator or cue to This paper reports the results of experiments that tested the ∗ c a d b of sugar-rich materials thatand man-made are sugar colonized sources or bynectar,havepotentialforcolonizationbymicrobessuchasyeasts sweet microbes. materials, including Natural floral produced volatile mayflower-produced be scents, for an some nectar-seeking important insects. food cue, alonghypothesis that with acetic acid enhancesmoths attraction to of floral pest scent in compounds. Washington Experiments State were to conducted study Cydia pomonella thatcanproduceAAandotherfermentationbyproducts.Although microbial colonization of aan floral food nectar source, may degrade nectar as S. albula 3 6 , , 11 the but 9 15 (Speyer) and the armyworm Robert L Meagher b (Stephens), (Walker), Thysanoplusia Trichoplusia ni the silver Y moth ´ and oth, Abelia grandiflora 10 2 12 , Berberis aquifolium Much of the research 5 (F.) , and for the armyworm ´ (Stephens) and the soybean looper moth 8 os T . (Speyer), Autographa californica Mikl Chrysodeixis includens ∗ a A. californica Gaura drummondi confusa AAandisobutanolasalurefortemperate 1 , Cirsium arvense Lonicera japonica 16 : 245–249 www.soci.org (L.), 4 , 69 It is by itself a weak attractant for insects Argyrogramma verruca AA and 3-methyl-1-butanol as an attractant for and It is assumed but not well documented that these 7 14,15 13 17,18 Autographa californica 2013; acetic acid; attractant; lure; moth; phenylacetaldehyde; insect trap (F.). sp.blowflies, (L.),

Araujia sericofera

2012 Society of Chemical Industry ¨ Acetic acid (AA) is produced by microbial fermentation of ubner), the soybean looper c Pest Manag Sci Keywords: the golden looper Cestrum nocturnum Buddleia davidii 1 INTRODUCTION Phenylacetaldehyde (PAA) hasof been several moth-visited identified flowersof as and species an an attractant of odorant Plusiinae). for , Flowers a including that number are pestinclude visited loopers by (, moths and produce PAA Abstract BACKGROUND: Phenylacetaldehyde is a flower volatile andfermentation attractant product for that many nectar-seeking is moths. present Aceticadditive in acid or is insect synergistic a with sweet microbial other baits. compounds It to is make more weakly powerful attractive insect toRESULTS: lures. some Acetic moths acid and and otherfor phenylacetaldehyde insects, moths but presented of can together the be in alfalfa traps looper made a stronger lure than either chemical alone pest species of moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Peter J Landolt, phenylacetaldehyde as attractants for trapping (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/ps.3381 Interaction of acetic acid and Research Article Received: 27 February 2012 Revised: 1 June 2012 Accepted article published: 29 June 2012 Published online in Wiley Online Library: 7 August 2012 on moth orientation tospecies floral scent of chemistry Plusiinae hasand (Noctuidae), involved developing pest with lures themoths for attracted goal to PAA females include of the or cabbage discovering (H looper for both sexes. Plusiinae sugars and is aattract volatile insects. chemical produced by sweet baits that moths respond to PAAmeans of and seeking sugar-rich other floral floral nectars. scent compounds as a vespid wasps, orichalsea alfalfa looper Autographa gamma with phenylacetaldehyde alone. CONCLUSION: These results indicate both positivephenylacetaldehyde, and a floral negative scent interactions cue, in of eliciting acetic orientationlure acid, responses for of a moths. the sugar This alfalfa fermentation research looper provides odor a cue, new two-component and gamma combination of chemicals reduced captures of the cabbage looper moth is a coattractant or synergist withpowerful other attractants compounds for to a form variety more of different insectinclude taxa. the Examples combination ofCalliphora AA and ethanol as an attractant for . et al were moths : 245–249 69 001; for females: . 2013; A.californica 0 response to methyl < Autographa californica P response when added 79, = Autographa californica Pest Manag Sci 9, df . A. californica 001) (Table 1). Greater numbers of 15 . A. californica 0 = < F P -myrcene. Chemicals were dispensed from vials ) in Levy County, Florida. For the first experiment, 79, β ´ asztelek, Hungary, on 27 July and was maintained = 1, df . 14 For each trap, catch data were summed over the duration of = Arachishypogaea as described above. A randomizeddesign complete was block used, experimental withalong ten the replicate edges blocks. ofWashington. Traps apple Traps were were orchards set located near upthe preceding Zillah, and experiment from 29 Yakima maintained September to as County, 20 October. describedwere Lures replaced for on 14 October. 2.2 Florida experiment Two experiments conducted infour Florida treatments: compared (1) unbaited the trap, following PAA. (2) Chemicals AA, were (3) loaded PAA at and aa (4) rate 3 AA of mm and 5 diameter mL hole in ineach an the chemical 8 lid. was mL For dispensed vial multicomponent from with treatments, complete a block separate experimental vial. design A was randomized used,blocks. with Traps ten replicate were located( along the edgestraps of were maintained fields from of 4experiment, peanut to traps were 20 maintained from August 5 August 2009. to 14 For September 2010. the Lures were second replaced after 2 weeks inchecked the field, each and traps week. were When trapswere were removed, checked, and captured treatments insects block. were rerandomized within each 2.3 Hungary experiment Two experiments comparedAA AA, with PAA PAA, using and twotreatments the were types the of combination same dispenser for of (vialsuntreated both control, and experiments, (2) bags). and AA were The in (1) aand an PAA vial, in a (3) second PAA vial, (5) in AA ain in a vial, a bag, (4) bag (6) AA PAA and in in PAA a bag adesign in and vial (7) a was AA second used, bag. with A fivewas randomized complete set replicate block up blocks. near The Debrecen, firstJune Hungary, to experiment and 28 was September maintained 2009.lures from Traps were 3 were checked replaced each every week,set 3 and up weeks. near The Hal seconduntil experiment 5 was October 2009.lures were Traps replaced were every 3 checked weeks. twice per week, and the experiment. For eacha experiment, one-way data analysis were of analyzed varianceseparated using (ANOVA). using Treatment means Tukey’s were Tukey–Kramer test test (Hungary). (Washington and Florida) or the (8) AA, PAA and 33.1 RESULTS Washington fieldInthefirsttrappingexperiment,maleandfemale experiments trapped with PAA andPAA combinations (for of males: chemicals ANOVA that included F to PAA or whenmoths added were to not PAA capturedacetic with in acid AA. traps did baited not with acetic increase acid, and male and female mothscombination were captured of in PAA trapsgreater baited numbers and of with AA both the sexescombination as of moths of opposed were PAA, captured toPAA with methyl plus the PAA methyl salicylate salicylate (Table alone, and 1). and AA as opposed to were not captured in traps baitedchemical with did methyl salicylate, not and this increase - β trap plastic + www.soci.org PJ Landolt (Hercon  -myrcene  β 2012 Society of Chemical Industry . Information -myrcene and c -myrcene and β β andusedPAAplus T.ni A. gamma 5 cm) made of 0.02 mm . -myrcene were formulated 1 β (Agrisense BCS, Pontypridd, C until use. In a second test × moths and included PAA plus ◦ 0  . 18 − -myrcene, (7) AA and β 1 cm plastic strips for easy handling when A. californica × and in Hungary to study 27 26 C. includens The first Washington experiment, with eight treatments, The second experiment, with eight treatments, compared Experiments in Hungary used the CSALOMON VARL -myrcene as a positive control because it is particularly attractive compared (1) unbaitedPAA, traps (5) with methyl salicylate, (2)and AA, (6) methyl PAA salicylate (3) and PAA, andmulticomponent methyl (8) treatments, (4) AA, each AA salicylate, chemical PAA was (7) dispensed and and from AA methyl a separate vial. salicylate. A For randomized completewas block used, experimental with design ten replicate blocks.edges Traps of were apple located orchards along near the Zillah,Traps were Yakima set up County, in Washington. the field on 2on September 29 2008 September and 2008. taken Each down week during that timewere interval, removed insects from traps and placed in prelabeled Ziplock wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps to this species. methyl salicylate as a positiveexperiment control targeted for that moth.β The second 2.1 Washington fieldTwo experiments experiments were conducted in Washingtoneffects to of evaluate acetic the acidexperiment was on planned for moth the trapping of response to floral lures. The first Experiments conducted in Washington State and Floridauniversal used the moth trap, or Unitrap 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS study was incidentally obtained for several other species of pest moths. in Hungary, vials were usedfor as the experiments chemical in dispensers Washington aswere and described changed Florida. at In 2–3 the week field,similar intervals, lures baits as previous had experience shown with thatthis period. they may start to lose activity after UK), which isa a green white lid bucket about topped 3 cm by above a the yellow cone. cone Vaportape and myrcene, (6) PAA and (1) unbaited traps with (2) AA, (3) PAA, (4) AA and PAA, (5) bags for transport to the laboratory, andwithin traps blocks. were Lures rerandomized were replaced on 15 September. methyl salicylate) were dispensed from(Nalge 8 Nunc, mL Rochester, polypropylene vials NY), eachthe lid with to a provide chemical 3 release. mm Chemicals wereper diameter loaded at vial, hole 4 in in mL cottoncotton balls holds pushed the into chemicals the (allreduced liquids bottom the at of risk room of the temperature) spillage. vial. and separate Each The chemical vial. was Acetic dispensed acid, fromwere PAA, a purchased methyl from Aldrich salicylate Chemical and Co. (Milwaukee, WI). Environmental Inc., Emigsville, PA) was placed into each kill trap captured bucket moths. Chemicals tested (AA, PAA, produced by the Plant Protectionof Institute (Hungarian Sciences, Academy conducted Budapest, in Hungary, AA, Hungary). PAAin and In polyethylene bag dispensers. oneof For each making of compound these baits, was the(Celluron; 400 loaded mg Paul onto two Hartmann a AG, 1 Heidenheim,put tests cm Germany) piece into which of was a dental polyethylene roll bag (1 assembling and baitingaluminum traps. foil and Lures stored were at wrapped singly in linear polyethylene foil.and The attached bait to 8 dispensers were heat sealed

246 247 6, in . 7 and MS 136, 102, BM 4, df . 5a 0001) 0001) 1c 3c 2a 0a 1a . 5b 1b = + ...... + . . . = = 0 0 3 2 0 4 0 0 0 10 15 F S. albula ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± < < = PAA PAA 1 7 6 4 1 0 1 . . ´ . . 9 . . . asztelek the 0, df P 6, df . F P . + S. albula + . C. includens 6, 6, 24 10 = = = = moths of either sex F F 0c 13 2c 19 0c 0 0d 0 1, df . . . 1a 0 . 1d 72 0d 18 0b 0 . . 7, df . . . MS AA 0 0 0 BM AA 0 . 0 0 0 0 15 + in traps baited with AA ± ± ± + ± 10 ± ± ± ± 0 6 0 0 . . . = 1 . 1 0 0 . . . . = F moths captured with AA plus F C. includens ´ asztelek (for Debrecen: wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps 4a 0 6a 0 3a 0 1a 0 . . . . moths were also captured in traps 8a 0 3a 0 2ab 0 8b 0 BM AA . . . . 8 3 0 0 MS AA 0001; for females: ´ 0 0 asztelek: C. includens 1 1 0001; for females: . + . moths were trapped again in Florida ± ± ± ± ´ + 0 asztelek: 0 ± ± ± ± 2 5 8 2 A. gamma . . . . 0 5 6 9 < . . . . < P moths were captured in traps baited with PAA P 102, 136, 0a 0 0d 73 0d 22 0b 0 . 0001; for Hal . . . . 0c 1 = 0d 2 0 0 0 0 0c 10 0a 8 . . C. includens = 0 0001; for Hal . . 0 . 0 were attracted to PAA in this test. Numbers of 0 0 ± ± ± ± 0 < ± 0 ± 0 0 0 ± ± . a . . . 6, df 0 0 P < . 0 0 . . 2, df . . 05 by Tukey’s test. 05 by Tukey’s test. 0001) (Table 3). 0001) (Table 3). Numbers of . . . . . P 6, 9 24 0 0 0 0 a = 6, S. albula ≤ ≤ In 2010, MacDunnoughia confusa = = < < 3c 0 1a 0 P P 1b 0 1b 0 . . . . of female moths, but not males, werePAA increased plus in AA traps baited compared with F with PAA alone or AA alone (for males: P (Table 3). As in 2009,traps numbers baited of with female PAA and were male significantlytraps, greater than while in unbaited numberswere of not significantly greaterF than in unbaited traps (for males, P were significantly reduced in traps baitedtogether with compared the with two PAA chemicals alone. Theother numbers pest of species of moths were too few for statistical analyses. 3.3 Hungary fieldAutographa experiments gamma in vials, both at Debrecen and Hal df responses by moths to PAADebrecen, from numbers bags of and vials were similar. At = PAA were numerically lowernumbers captured but with PAA not alone. statistically different from baited with PAA in vials and in bags (for Debrecen: (Table 4). Moth capture wasmoths not in affected by traps AA, baited andcompared with numbers with traps of with PAA PAA plus inof vials. AA At moths were Debrecen in the greatly numbers fewer traps reduced than in baited traps baited with with PAA PAA in vials, in but at bags Hal were considerably (Table 4), and fewer mothsPAA were were presented captured together in when traps acetic as acid opposed to and PAA alone. 2 0 moths captured in traps baited with combinations of acetic acid (AA) and moths captured in traps baited with combinations of acetic acid (AA) and 8 0 0c 0 3a4a 0 0 PAA BM PAA 1d 0 . . . . 0 4 3 ± 0 ± ± ± PAA MS PAA + - 2 1 6 1 T. ni T. ni ± ± ± . ± . . . + β 0 1 8 2 79, 79, . . . . and and = = in traps (Walker), -myrcene 4c 36 8c 8 1a 0 3a 0 4, df . . . . β . C. includens 2 0 2b 19 3b 0 8b 12 4b 0 0 0 2012 Society of Chemical Industry . 8, df . . . 3 moths when . + 2 0 1 0 ± ± ± ± c 001) (Table 2), 001) (Table 1). were captured . . = 0 5 21 2 7 ± ± ± ± 55; for females: . . 0 0 . . . A. californica A. californica 8 5 2 0 F -myrcene (BM). Washington 0 . . . . T. ni 0001; for females: T. ni β = < < . 0 < C. includens P P F P < 79, 79, 0a 0 0d0d 21 5 0b 0 . P . . . 1c 10 0c0c 7 1 0d 1 . . . 0 79, 0 0 0 . Spodoptera albula = = 0 0 0 0 ± ± ± ± = ± ± ± ± moths were not trapped with 0 0 0 0 136, . . . . 1 0 0 0 . . . . 6, df 2, df . . = 8, df . 16 10 0 0a 0 = = 0d0d 0 0 0b 0 0c 0 0c 0 0c 0 4, df . 0d 0 . . . moths were attracted to PAA, and not 0001) (Table 3). Numbers of = ...... 0 numbers captured were small, and were 0 0 0 F F 0 0 0 females. As in the previous experiment, 0 0 001) (Table 2). PAA and PAA F 25 . ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0 : 245–249 < 0 0 0 0 Control AA PAA AA 0 0 0 . 0 moths, as well as . . . Control AA PAA AA . . . = . SE) numbers of male and female SE) numbers of male and female 0 0 0 0 P T. ni 69 0 0 0 < 0 F ± ± P 136, -myrcene was not more attractive than PAA plus 2013; 79, β in traps baited with PAA were significantly greater = A. californica Autographa californica Mean ( Mean ( = Trichoplusia ni C. includens moths in this experiment, but AA added to traps baited 7, df . 001; for females: 004; for females: 6, df . . . 0 0 4 22 T. ni Means in a row followed by the same letter are not significantly different at Means in a row followed by the same letter are not significantly different at In the second experiment (for males: < = = = a A. californica Table 2. a A. californica Table 1. the floral odorants phenylacetaldehyde (PAA) and methyl salicylate (MS). Washington the floral odorants phenylacetaldehyde (PAA) and T. ni A. californica T. ni A. californica T. ni T. ni -myrcene, but this compound enhanced the attractiveness of -myrcene. Interaction of acetic acid and phenylacetaldehyde as attractants for trapping months www.soci.org PAA to both malesAA, and PAA females. and The three-component blend of β myrcene, but was more attractive than PAA plusexperiment, AA. small numbers As of in male the and prior female in this test (for males: results were similar toand those female of the preceding experiment; male to acetic acid. Again,both AA sexes. enhanced the attractiveness of PAA to There was no evidence of attractivenessfor or coattractiveness of AA with PAA resulted inPAA fewer alone. moths captured by comparison with P F baited with AA weretraps not (for significantly males: greater than in unbaited F Pest Manag Sci salicylate. significantly greater than unbaited traps onlyPAA in and traps PAA baited plus with methyl salicylate (for males: P 3.2 Florida fieldIn experiments 2009, than in unbaited traps, while numbers of added to traps with PAAβ and when added to traps with PAA and were trapped in FloridaC. includens (Table 3). Numbers of female and male were attractive to AA significantly reduced numbers of female moths of either sex were significantly reducedthe in two traps chemicals baited with together as opposed to PAA alone. Both sexes . T. ni et al 32 a 09 a 8b 4b 13 b 25 b ...... 2a 3a PAA 2b 4b 0 0 Similar 10,12,27 0 1 0 0 . . . . 1 3 0 0 and + ± ± ± ± ± ± : 245–249 32 ± ± ± ± 1 8 PAA in bag . . 20 41 69 (Barnes and 46 57 8 4 2 6 ...... + 2013; A. californica 1a 3 3a 5 2b 0 2b 0 . . . . 1 1 0 0 ± ± ± ± 2 6 6 4 Pest Manag Sci . . . . Lacanobia subjuncta 0a 5 1a 3 10 a69 a85 a 0 0 0 17 b 1 ...... -myrcene for 3 2 0 0 0 0 β ± ± ± ± ± ± 3 9 . . 33 11 20 53 suggesting that it may reduce the quality 0b 0 0b 0 0b 7 0b 7 ...... 0 0 0 0 25 ± ± ± ± 0 0 0 0 . . . . 2ab 0 0b 0 0b 0 4b 0 05 by an ls means test using Proc Mixed SAS v.9.2. 05 by the Tukey–Kramer test...... 0 0 0 0 These combinations of floral compounds have been found to 0 0 ± ± ± ± ≤ ≤ It has been suggested that chemical lures that are attractive The dispenser and release rate (by vial hole size) of AA used This work confirms attraction of these species to PAA, confirms PAA in vial AA in bag PAA in bag AA 02 c02 c 9 14 10 bc 0 03 b00 b03 b 0 3 4 ...... 4 0 0 6 P P . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 + to female moths, or to both sexes, may be more useful for some nectar in the natural environmentto that respond would to lead AA as someand a species lead coattractant other with species a to floral befloral scent deterred scent compound, chemicals. by Yeast colonization the of presence floral nectars of degrades nectar AA quality with for bees, anddemonstratescoattractivenessofmethylsalicylateandPAAfor T. ni. be preferentially attractive to different species of Plusiinae. of nectar as food for moths. However, informationis on this unavailable question for Lepidoptera. Perhaps,in then, their tolerance moth or species use of differ clean versus fermented nectars as foods. in this study wereresponses drawn of other from moths such results as ofMacDunnough) prior to work acetic to acid optimize plus 3-methyl-1-butanol. informationontheeffectsofvariedreleaseratesofAAonattractionresponses of other moth species such as the looperhere species studied is unavailable. So,be it obtained with is changes possiblevials. in that In the Hungary, different amounts the results ofpolyethylene release may AA rates bags released of probably chemicals from chemicals differed dispensed from from from vials, thegeneral providing release differences a rates possible of infloral explanation chemicals catches in for bags of versus the vials.lure moths Future evaluations component of in varying release traps ratesdetermine optimum baited and lure parameters ratios with for these should pests. be pursued to coattractiveness of PAA and ± ± ± ± ± ± . 02 02 28 06 00 03 ...... moths captured in traps baited with acetic acid (AA) and the floral odorant moths captured in traps baited with acetic acid (AA) and the floral odorant www.soci.org PJ Landolt 3a 0 1a 0 9a 0 7a 0 . . . . 1 1 2 1 Microbial ) respond M. confusa sensu lato) ± ± ± ± 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 24 6 4 6 6 S. albula . . . . c M. confusa and social Vespidae T. ni, C. includens, and moth attraction to a and 16,30 2b 3 0b 3 0b 9 0b 6 03 c04 c00 c 0 0 0 03 b00 b05 b 0 0 0 ...... suggesting that AA may 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a ± ± ± ± ± ± ± S. albula ± ± ± 2 0 0 0 C. includens . . . . Control AA PAA AA A. gamma 14,15 moth attraction to PAA when 04 08 00 04 00 09 ...... Chrysoperla carnea A. californica, S. albula 0 0 0 0 0 0 and 0b 0 0b 0 0b 0 0b 0 . . . . 0 0 0 0 ± ± ± ± A. californica T. ni, C. includens, A. gamma 0 0 0 0 Control AA in vial PAA in vial AA SE) numbers of SE) numbers of . . . . A. californica calypterate flies and spotted wing drosophila, 0 0 0 0 (Matsumura), to ethanol, and codling moth to pear ester. ± ± 17,18 Mean ( Mean ( 31 ) respond negatively. Perhaps there are fundamental 19,23,28,29 A. gamma C. includens C. includens S. albula C. includens M. confusa S. albula C. includens A. gamma M. confusa Means in a row followed by the same letter are not significantly different at Means in a row followed by the same letter are not significantly different at It is puzzling that some moths ( These results add to an increasing body of information phenylacetaldehyde (PAA). Hungary 2009 phenylacetaldehyde (PAA). Florida, 2009 and 2010 a Debrecen Table 4. a 2009 Table 3. 2010 Halasztelek wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps indicating roles ofAcetic AA acid in enhances the the1-butanol, response food-finding of behavior many of moths to insects. 3-methyl- For the latter pest looper species,effect AA on had moth a attraction negative to orcapture in PAA, deterrent traps. as All of evidenced these species by areto their Plusiinae PAA. and reduced are attracted Acetic acid enhanced 4 DISCUSSION dispensed from vials infor traps, the but related moths did not have the same effect to isobutanol Drosophila suzukii indicate a source of sugar. Thiscoattractant compound may in serve conjunction as a with feeding annectar attractive is floral colonized scent by where Perhapsthisiswhy microbes that fermentthe the floral nectar scent sugar. compoundAA. PAA A is similar explanation enhanced can by begreen suggested the lacewings for (Neuroptera: presence the Chrysopidae). of In case that of group, certain with species adults that feedrespond better at to a flowers blend of ( AA andon PAA its than own. to either compound positively to AA released with PAA, whileA. others ( gamma differences in where the different species of moths seek and obtain fermentation of sweet baits that are attractiveAA, to among insects produces other volatile odorants,

248 249 , ´ es et al ´ eszeti :276–281 Lacanobia (Saussure) 35 Fla Entomol (Coleoptera: JChemEcol Ann Entomol Fla Entomol (Lepidoptera: (Lepidoptera: .TheBlakiston J Econ Entomol L. (Lepidoptera: JKansasEntomol Int J Pest Manag s.l.). ´ es a Kert spp. (Lepidoptera: :1229–1234 (1998). armigera 27 ) Mocis Environ Entomol Xestia c-nigrum (Hb.) (Lep., Pyralidae) on sweet (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with ´ alt Termeszt Lacanobia subjuncta, Xestia c- :53–58 (2001). Pyralis farinalis Heliothis Vespula pensylvanica ( :179–185 (1999). 55 ,and :366–374 (2007). :101–106 (2000). Integr Harris (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), in hop Chrysoperla carnea 123 100 93 :2236–2244 (2007). wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps :44–49 (2000). Environ Entomol Diabrotica virgifera virgifera 33 21 JLepidSoc Helicoverpa (Fab.) and ¨ ocs G, Non-sticky, non-saturable, high capacity :656–662 (2001). :1028–1035 (2005). Ostrinia nubilalis :148–154 (2012). ´ akban 30 34 ´ ur 136 :609–614 (1999). 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(1979). composition of bladder flower and to blacklight traps. ´ oth M, Szaruk 8 El Sayed AM, Byers JA, Manning LM, Jurgens A, Mitchell VJ and 7 Guedot C, Landolt PJ and Smithhisler CL, Odorants of flowers of 6 Landolt PJ and Smithhisler CL, Characterization of the floral odor of 9 Meagher RL, Jr, Collection of soybean looper and other noctuids in 4 Heath RR, Landolt PJ, Dueben B and Lenczewski B, Identification of 3 Haynes KF, Zhao JZ and Latif A, Identification of floral compounds 5 Schlotzhauer WS, Pair SD and Horvat RJ, Volatile constituents from the 2 Teranishi R, Buttery RG, Kint S, Takeoka G and Lindgren PD, Chemical 1 Cantelo WW and Jacobson M, Phenylacetaldehyde attracts moths to 11 T 10 Landolt PJ, Adams T, Reed HC and Zack RS, Trapping alfalfa looper 12 Meagher RL and Landolt PJ, Attractiveness of binary blends of floral 15 El Sayed AM, Heppelthwaite VJ, Manning LM, Gill AR and Suckling DM, 13 Stringer LD, El-Sayed A, Cole LM and Manning LAM, Floral attractants 14 Utrio P and Eriksson K, Volatile fermentation products as attractants Interaction of acetic acid and phenylacetaldehyde as attractants for trapping months www.soci.org technical assistance. This work wasfrom supported in the part Washington by funding grant State K Potato 81494 Commission, ofsuggestions and the to by Hungarian improve OTKA Academy theMunyaneza and of manuscript Richard Zack. Sciences. were Helpful made by Joseph Pest Manag Sci REFERENCES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thankGracie Anita Galindo, James Bagarus, Hansen, S Jewel Brumley, Daryl Green, The development of attract-and-kill technology using thesebasedfeedingattractants floral- couldprovideanalternativetopesticidal cover sprays on numerous vegetablepest crops species of that Plusiinae loopers, are reducing damaged both pesticide by used amounts and pesticide contact with the crop. pest management purposes than lures that attractexample, only the males. trapping For of females, comparedmales, may with provide the better information trapping on of the timing ofactivity adult moth trapping or baiting of females versus males may havenegative a impact more on direct pest populations. Preliminary demonstrations have been made of attract-and-kill approaches using similarbased floral- lures against the cabbage looper