DOCSLIB.ORG

Activismo Digital En Chile Repertorios De Contención E Iniciativas Ciudadanas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Activismo Digital En Chile Repertorios De Contención E Iniciativas Ciudadanas Salvador Millaleo y Patricio Velasco ############ ############ ############ ############ ############ ############ ############ activismo ############ ############ ############ ############ ############ ############ ############ ############ digital ############ ############ ############ ############ ############ ############ ############ ############ en chile ############ 1 Repertorios de contención e iniciativas ciudadanas 2 Salvador Millaleo y Patricio Velasco activismo digital en chile Repertorios de contención e iniciativas ciudadanas Con el apoyo de 3 Este libro está disponibe para la descarga gratuita en versiones pdf, epub y mobi en www.elquintopoder.cl. Activismo digital en Chile es el primer paper del proyecto «Medios sociales e incidencia ciudadana: ¿un nuevo modelo de legitimidad política?», iniciativa de la Fundación Democracia y Desarrollo que cuenta con la colaboración de International Development Research Center (IDRC, Canadá, Proyecto 106735-001) y ONG Derechos Digitales. Esta publicación se realizó con el apoyo de una subvención del Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (IDRC) de Canadá. Las opiniones expresadas acá no reflejan necesariamente las del IDRC. Activismo digital en Chile primera edición: marzo de 2013 Fundación Democracia y Desarrollo. Roberto del Río 1151, Providencia Teléfono (56-2) 2 3359178 Email [email protected] Santiago de Chile diseño y edición Tipográfica (www.tipografica.cl) Imagen de portada: Universidad Andrés Bello. Este libro está licenciado bajo Creative Commons BY. 4 Contenidos Sobre los autores ............................................................................................. 7 Introducción ................................................................................................... 9 1. Repertorios de acción colectiva ............................................................. 11 2. Repertorios de contención digitales ...................................................... 17 3. Desafíos tecnológicos e identidades ..................................................... 23 4. Formas de activismo digital en Chile .................................................... 29 5. e-Tácticas de activismo digital en Chile ............................................... 97 Referencias .................................................................................................... 99 Comentarios Sthephanie Alenda Activismo digital en Chile: entre crítica social y formas emergentes de participación ciudadana ................................. 105 Jorge Fábrega Activismo digital en contexto .................................................................... 125 Nicolás M. Somma ¿Puede el activismo digital compensar las desigualdades participativas en Chile? .............................................................................. 145 5 6 Sobre los autores Salvador Millaleo es Ph.D. en Sociología en la U. de Bielefeld y abogado. Es profesor en las universidades de Chile y Andrés Bello. Su correo elec- trónico es <[email protected]>. Patricio Velasco es sociólogo y magíster en Sociología en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Actualmente cursa una maestría en Me- dios y Comunicaciones en la London School of Economics. Su correo electrónico es <[email protected]>. Sobre los comentaristas Stéphanie Alenda es directora de la Escuela de Sociología de la Uni- versidad Andrés Bello y profesora asociada de esta misma universidad. Ph.D. en Sociología por la Universidad de Lille 1, Francia. Sus áreas de investigación y docencia son la sociología política y la sociología de la acción colectiva (militancia, movilizaciones). Su correo electrónico es <[email protected]>. Nicolás M. Somma es profesor asistente del Instituto de Sociología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile y Ph.D. en Sociología por la Universidad de Notre Dame, Estados Unidos. Sus áreas de docencia e 7 investigación son la sociología política, los movimientos sociales y la so- ciología histórico-comparada Su correo electrónico es <[email protected]>. Jorge Fábrega es docente de la Escuela de Gobierno de la Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez. Su correo electrónico es <[email protected]>. 8 Introducción Hace algún tiempo se está debatiendo acerca de qué manera y en qué me- dida Internet está determinando cambios en las formas de acción colecti- va. Internet parece proveer a los movimientos sociales de nuevas oportu- nidades para reestructurar sus comunicaciones internas, así como el uso externo de medios para mejorar sus posibilidades estratégicas (Bräuer, 2008: 229). Incluso entre los críticos de las potencialidades políticas de Internet, hay coincidencia en que la red permite que coaliciones gran- des y flexibles sean capaces de organizarse muy rápidamente (Hindman, 2009: 10). El drástico ahorro de los costos de coordinación y moviliza- ción en la acción colectiva, así como las capacidades para dar visibilidad a discursos que no son seleccionados en la esfera pública hegemónica, son rasgos que ya han dado múltiples evidencias en la experiencia global. Algunos han propuesto la hipótesis de que Internet estaría forman- do un repertorio completamente nuevo para la acción colectiva de los movimientos sociales. Esta afirmación se fundamenta en los análisis disponibles en la literatura que ha observado el impacto de la red en la acción colectiva. Por una parte, Internet facilita y soporta la acción co- lectiva offline, ofreciendo posibilidades de organización, movilización y transnacionalización (Van Laer y Van Aelst, 2010: 1147) y, por otra, crea nuevos modos de acción colectiva. Internet ha sido usada para ha- cer aparecer nuevas formas y actividades de protesta online, así como para crear versiones virtuales de acciones de protesta que surgieron en el mundo real. 9 El propósito de este ensayo consiste en revisar precisamente cómo pueden ser descritos los repertorios digitales de las iniciativas relevantes de activismo digital que están relacionadas con Chile, tomando en cuen- ta tanto la dimensiones tecnológicas de las relaciones de los sitios web y plataformas de esas iniciativas como también las dimensiones simbólicas de las formas de discurso que se realizan en las interacciones entre los activistas y sus públicos. 10 1 Repertorios de acción colectiva El activismo social no existe fuera de los momentos históricos en que se está desarrollando. Los activistas deben aprender cómo protestar y esco- ger entonces sus tácticas dentro de un escenario cultural e históricamente específico. En efecto, la investigación social ha mostrado que la elección de los movimientos sociales de tácticas particulares de protesta para al- canzar sus objetivos son normalmente predecibles, limitadas y vincula- das a los repertorios que los miembros del movimiento han aprendido (Taylor y Van Dike, 2006: 265). Asaltos, motines, sabotaje a máquinas, rebeliones tributarias, inmola- ciones, venganzas, linchamientos o el uso de mailing-lists, entre muchos otros, pertenecen a repertorios estándar de acción colectiva de un grupo durante un período de tiempo determinado. A través de ellos, la gente re- conoce rutinariamente prácticas como posibilidades de acción legítima y posible para mostrar su insatisfacción o sus aspiraciones (Tilly, 1978: 153). McAdam, Tarrow y Tilly han explicado la dinámica de la política con- tenciosa mediante cuatro conceptos clave: las oportunidades políticas, sean estáticas o dinámicas; las estructuras de movilización, mediante or- ganizaciones formales e informales; marcos discursivos de acción colec- tiva; y, finalmente, los repertorios de contención (2001: 14 ff). El concepto de repertorio de contención se refiere a los conjuntos de «herramientas» de las tácticas específicas de protesta, que se repiten de manera recurrente y predecible en las prácticas de actores colectivos en sus campañas concretas. Este concepto permite analizar las tácticas es- 11 Cambio social Estructuras movilizadoras Oportunidades Proceso y amenazas de encuadre Repertorios en disputa Interacción conflictiva Figura 1 La agenda clásica de los movimientos sociales para explicar la política contenciosa (en base a McAdam, Tarrow&Tilly, 2001: 17). pecíficas de un movimiento de acuerdo a su lugar en un conjunto más amplio del repertorio de acción colectiva al que se refiere. Cada instancia o ejemplo particular de una protesta se basa en scripts o pautas compartidas. Estas instancias, que Tilly denomina performances o puestas en escena, vinculan a varios sujetos, al menos a dos: el que reclama y el que es objeto del reclamo (Tilly, 2006: 34). Las puestas en escena son vías de protesta aprendidas e históricamente fundadas, que li- mitan en el corto plazo las opciones disponibles de los que desean protes- tar (Tilly, 2008: 4-5). Los repertorios de contención son creados a partir 12 del aprendizaje y experiencias previas de un grupo en relación a plantear y recibir demandas y a las específicas formas de acción colectiva, formas organizativas y de conexión entre grupos. El repertorio está constituido por todas las escenificaciones que carac- terizan la interacción entre conjuntos específicos de actores, dentro de un régimen determinado (Tilly, 2005: 437). Estos repertorios pueden variar entre inexistentes, débiles, fuertes hasta rígidos. La idea de los repertorios contestan la cuestión acerca de hasta qué grado un grupo prefiere usar los medios que han sido usados antes y que están disponibles para los mismos propósitos (Tilly, 1978: 153). Un repertorio de contención consiste en el conjunto actual de tácticas
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ¿RECESIÓN O NUEVA NORMALIDAD? Pág
    N° 45 | 03.2019 ¿RECESIÓN O NUEVA NORMALIDAD? Pág. 06 El sector portuario se mueve 18 Electromovilidad en Chile 22 Los imperdibles del Sudeste Asiático 34 EDITORIAL CÓMPRALOS DE FORMA FÁCIL, RÁPIDA Y SEGURA Usa la aplicación MI_INVERSIÓN y retira tus dólares que estarán disponibles en las sucursales Banco de Chile. MARZO 2019 NÚMERO 45 | AÑO 12 DIRECTOR: Cambio de viento Cristián Spencer El 2018 nos estaba dejando, en el fondo, con una buena sensación. El crecimiento COMITÉ EDITORIAL: sincronizado que se observó en los primeros meses del año fue una grata sorpresa para Cristián Spencer todos, a pesar de los nubarrones que se vislumbraban en el horizonte con el conflicto Soluciones digitales Raúl Ferro comercial entre Estados Unidos y China y la difícil negociación de Gran Bretaña para para optimizar tu tiempo. Francisca Fariña abandonar la Unión Europea. COLUMNISTAS: Pero este mundo feliz, en el que Wall Street no se cansaba de marcar récords, comenzó a También puedes comprarlos con la aplicación Germán Serrano parecerse a un sueño del que el mundo financiero comenzaba a despertar en los últimos Matías Solorza meses del año, con los nubarrones más cerca que nunca. Tanto, que de un año de crecimiento y relativa bonanza pasamos a los temores de una recesión en el corto o mediano plazo. Rodrigo Guendelman o en bancochile.cl Así, el 2019 comenzó con una sensación negativa. Afortunadamente, parece que las lecciones COLABORADORES: de las últimas crisis dejaron clara la importancia de los bancos centrales independientes y Ana María Donoso profesionales. Ante la incertidumbre de los mercados en diciembre y la evidencia de una Claudia Navarrete desaceleración de la economía estadounidense, la Reserva Federal señaló que suspendería Carmen de Ferrari su estrategia de subida de tasas y restricción paulatina de liquidez.
    [Show full text]
  • Representación Política De Mujeres En El Poder Legislativo
    REPRESENTACIÓN POLÍTICA DE MUJERES EN EL PODER LEGISLATIVO Análisis de la aplicación de las cuotas de género en las elecciones parlamentarias de 2017 Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Al servicio de las personas 2 REPRESENTACIÓN POLÍTICA DE MUJERES EN EL PODER LEGISLATIVO y las naciones REPRESENTACIÓN POLÍTICA DE MUJERES EN EL PODER LEGISLATIVO Análisis de la aplicación de las cuotas de género en las elecciones parlamentarias de 2017 Al servicio Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo de las personas y las naciones REPRESENTACIÓN POLÍTICA DE MUJERES EN EL PODER LEGISLATIVO: Análisis de la aplicación de las cuotas de género en las elecciones parlamentarias de 2017 Primera edición: Febrero de 2018 ISBN: 978-956-7469-97-0 Diseño y diagramación: Camilo González Leiva Fotografía de portada: Pedro Bell Documento preparado por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo en Chile Representante residente: Silvia Rucks Coodinadora del estudio: Marcela Ríos Tobar Investigadores: Sebastián Madrid, Elizabeth Guerrero, María José Maldonado y Sofía Sacks Agradecemos aportes y comentarios de: Exequiel Gaete, Nicolás Benkel, Tiare Masihy y Matías Cociña 4 REPRESENTACIÓN POLÍTICA DE MUJERES EN EL PODER LEGISLATIVO Contenido INTRODUCCIÓN 6 PANORAMA GENERAL DE LAS CANDIDATURAS POR SEXO, ELECCIONES LEGISLATIVAS 9 CANDIDATURAS DE MUJERES AL CONGRESO EN 2017 11 ANÁLISIS POR PACTOS Y PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS 12 ANÁLISIS TERRITORIAL 17 RESULTADOS: MUJERES ELECTAS AL CONGRESO EN 2017 20 ANÁLISIS POR PACTOS Y PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS 23
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Candidates' Profile and Campaign Decisions In
    mathematics Article The Impact of Candidates’ Profile and Campaign Decisions in Electoral Results: A Data Analytics Approach Camilo Campos-Valdés 1,2 , Eduardo Álvarez-Miranda 3,*, Mauricio Morales Quiroga 4 , Jordi Pereira 5 and Félix Liberona Durán 6 1 Doctorado en Sistemas de Ingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Curicó 3340000, Chile; [email protected] or [email protected] 2 Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 5 Poniente 1670, Talca 3460000, Chile 3 School of Economics and Business, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile 4 Departamento de Ciencia Política y Administración Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad de Talca, Santiago 8320000, Chile; [email protected] 5 Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Av. Padre Hurtado 750, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile; [email protected] 6 Escuela de Postgrado, Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; fl[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +56-950-186-692 Abstract: In recent years, a wide range of techniques has been developed to predict electoral results and to measure the influence of different factors in these results. In this paper, we analyze the influence of the political profile of candidates (characterized by personal and political features) and their campaign effort (characterized by electoral expenditure and by territorial deployment strategies Citation: Campos-Valdés, C.; retrieved from social networks activity) on the electoral results. This analysis is carried out by Álvarez-Miranda, E.; Morales using three of the most frequent data analyitcs algorithms in the literature. For our analysis, we Quiroga, M.; Pereira, J.; consider the 2017 Parliamentary elections in Chile, which are the first elections after a major reform Liberona Durán, F.
    [Show full text]
  • Chile and the International and Transnational Anti-Corruption Campaign
    Inclusion of a paper in the Working Papers series does not constitute publication and should limit in any other venue. Copyright remains with the authors. Inclusion of a paper in the Working Papers serve to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior publicaton encourage exchange ideas and academic debate. Working GIGA GIGA Research Programme: Power, Norms and Governance in International Relations ___________________________ Convergence, Divergence and a Complex Interplay: Chile and the International and Transnational Anti-Corruption Campaign Malte Gephart No 224 May 2013 www.giga-hamburg.de/workingpapers GIGA Working Papers 224/2013 Edited by the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Leibniz‐Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien The GIGA Working Papers series serves to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior to publication in order to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presenta‐ tions are less than fully polished. Inclusion of a paper in the GIGA Working Papers series does not constitute publication and should not limit publication in any other venue. Copy‐ right remains with the authors. When working papers are eventually accepted by or pub‐ lished in a journal or book, the correct citation reference and, if possible, the corresponding link will then be included on the GIGA Working Papers website at <www.giga‐hamburg.de/workingpapers>. GIGA Research Programme “Power, Norms and Governance in International Relations” Copyright for this issue: © Malte Gephart WP Coordination and English‐language Copy Editing: Errol Bailey Editorial Assistance and Production: Silvia Bücke All GIGA Working Papers are available online and free of charge on the website <www.giga‐hamburg.de/workingpapers>.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 1349386 The politics of decentralization in Chile: Allende and Pinochet Villar, Daniel, M.A. The American University, 1992 Copyright ©1991 by Villar, Daniel.
    [Show full text]
  • El 4 De Junio: Birth of a Legend Ronald E
    Wayne State University DigitalCommons@WayneState Wayne State University Theses 1-1-1973 El 4 de junio: Birth of a Legend Ronald E. Raven Wayne State University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_theses Recommended Citation Raven, Ronald E., "El 4 de junio: Birth of a Legend" (1973). Wayne State University Theses. Paper 223. This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. El 4 de junio: Birth of a Legend b y Ronald E. Raven A n E s s a y - Submitted to the Office for Graduate Studies, Graduate D ivision of Wayne State U niversity, D etroit, Michigan in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OP ARTS 1 9 7 3 Major: H istory Approved by: Foreword Sources on this period of Chilean history are very scarce in Notth America and often contradictory. Consquently I have adopted the following method of referencing: Direct quotes from sources are cited immediately; Souroes used to create a composite pioture of a time period are all cited together at the end of that period, i.e. each day; Bibliography includes sources consulted as well as cited; An additional biblio­ graphy of sources known to this author, which should be of primary importance but were unavailable to him during this re­ search, is included at the end. This paper is presented in two sections; A calendar of known facts of the "Social­ ist Republic” ; and Interpretations of those facts, primarily the Socialist legend which has grown up around the "Republic", as well as other viewpoints, including this author’s, challenging that legend.
    [Show full text]
  • South America List of Political Parties
    Manifesto Project Dataset: South America List of Political Parties [email protected] Website: https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu/ Version 2019b from December 17, 2019 Manifesto Project Dataset: South America - List of Political Parties Version 2019b 1 Coverage of the Dataset including Party Splits and Merges The Manifesto Data Collection: South America covers parliamentary and presidential elections in South America. The following list documents all the parties, candidates and elections contained in the dataset. The list includes the name of the party or (candidate) alliance in the original language and in English, the party/alliance abbreviation, the name of the presidential candidate (if this applies) as well as the corresponding party identification number. In the case of an alliance, it also documents the member parties it comprises. Within the list of alliance members, parties are represented only by their id and abbreviation if they are also part of the general party list. If the composition of an alliance has changed between elections this change is reported as well. If parliamentary and presidential elections occur at roughly the same time (not necessarily on the same date but within a time frame of one or two months) parties and candidates usually run on the same manifesto. In these cases we report the party/alliance that backed a candidate and the candidate’s name. The same information is provided for presidential elections. If a parliamentary election occurred independently from a presidential election we only report parties and alliances but no candidates. Furthermore, the list records renames of parties and alliances. It shows whether a party has split from another party or a number of parties has merged and indicates the name (and the party id if it exists) of this split or merger parties.
    [Show full text]
  • As Senator and Vice-President of the Socialist Party of Chile I Would Like to Express My Solidarity with You and Your Family in These Ungrateful Days of Detention
    Santiago Chile, 4 February 2021. Dear Efraín: As Senator and Vice-President of the Socialist Party of Chile I would like to express my solidarity with you and your family in these ungrateful days of detention. I share the common statement of the whole Paraguayan opposition in your goodwill, and even of other parties that are not coalition members, and of course, the warmth and solidarity in all Latin-American political parties and countries, and also by democrats internationally recognized. We are part of those who, like you, have fought for truth, justice and human rights. For this reason, we understand your faithful condemnation of the close relationship between organized crime and politics, as well as the way in which some justice systems in the region are involved. We know all of these means impunity by criminal organizations and increase their power in politics, and on the other hand, to harshly persecute those who face this situation. We know that you have been accused with minimum evidence. Also we are proud that you voluntarily cooperate with the Paraguayan justice system is the right way, because you have nothing to hide, and that the accusation was cleared up in due time. Likewise, we are fully aware that candidates by the President of the Republic, according to the national law, do not deal with administrative matters in electoral campaigns. We trust the strong international support and the observation by the global community will lead to a thorough and quick weighing of all the available background information. We hope that the truth will triumph and that you can overcome this bitter moment, demonstrating your total innocence, in the briefest time.
    [Show full text]
  • Briefing European Parliamentary Research Service
    At a glance April 2015 Chile: political parties The political party system in Chile developed from fierce competition between three distinct blocs along a wide right-centre-left spectrum before the military coup of 1973, to a narrower two-bloc political spectrum (centre-right to centre-left) after 1990, mainly due to the establishment of a binomial election system by General Augusto Pinochet, originally to guarantee his power base. Background From 1958 until the collapse of democracy in 1973, Chile's political party system was based on a competitive dynamic between three ideological blocs along a wide right-centre-left spectrum. The right-wing Liberal and Conservative parties were first founded over a century ago, and dominated prior to the 1965 parliamentary elections. After the poor results of that year, they merged, becoming the National Party (1966-1994). The Christian Democratic and Radical parties held the Chilean political centre, and the Socialist and Communist parties took up the left side of the spectrum. The Radical Party, which dates back to 1861, allied itself with the Communists and Socialists in the Popular Unity coalition which won the Presidency for Salvador Allende in 1970. Following the Pinochet dictatorship (1973-1990), the system has shown a new pattern of unequal, bipolar competition between two large coalition blocs along a reduced left-right spectrum, behaving like a two-party system (currently New Majority on the centre-left and Alliance on the centre-right). This is mainly due to the binomial system introduced by General Pinochet, and helps to explain the current stability of the Chilean political system.
    [Show full text]
  • Socialism in Latin America : a History of Socialism in Chile and Cuba
    SOCIALISM !M LATIM AMERICA "A HISTORY OF SOCIALISM IN CHILE AND CUBA" by CARLOS SANTIAG0-G0N7ALEZ B.A., Kansas State University, 1984 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted in partial fullment of the requirements for the decree MASTER OF ARTS Department of Political Science KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1PR7 Approved by: Major Professor -^ A11BD7 303131 ^^^^ .^^ TABLE OF CONTENTS ?v.sc \°\n CHAPTER ONE: Introduction Saivo c, X CHAPTER TWO: A History of Socialism in Chile CHAPTER THREE A History of Socialism in Cuba CHAPTER FOUR: Conclusion Footnotes Bibliography Appendices A. Acronyms B. Spanish phrases, names or words C. Presidential Elections. Results of 1952, 1958, 1964, 1970 in Chile. IHTRODUCTION Between the years 1804 and 1825, all of the present independent Latin Anerican countries were established, except three. The Domin- ican Republic, gained independence from Spain in 1848, Cuba in 1902 and Panama was established out of present-day Colombia in 1903.1 Democratic socialist parties, that is, parties that have been ideologically (to various degrees) closely aligned with the parties of the so-called second, or socialist, international, have existed in many of the Latin American countries. The older ones date from the last decades of the 19th century. With one or two exceptions, the democratic socialist parties have not developed into major parties. Furthermore, in recent decades the group as a whole has tended to decline in importance, some of the parties disappearing altogether and others undergoing damaging schisms. Most have lost influence in the labor movement and other groups in which they were formerly important. The socialists have usually considered them- selves Marxists and parties of the left and have frequently found the competition of the Communists to be embarrassing.
    [Show full text]
  • South America List of Political Parties
    Manifesto Project Dataset: South America List of Political Parties [email protected] Website: https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu/ Version 2015a from May 29, 2015 Manifesto Project Dataset: South America - List of Political Parties Version 2015a 1 Coverage of the Dataset including Party Splits and Merges The Manifesto Data Collection: South America covers parliamentary and presidential elections in South America. The following list documents all the parties, candidates and elections contained in the dataset. The list includes the name of the party or (candidate) alliance in the original language and in English, the party/alliance abbreviation, the name of the presidential candidate (if this applies) as well as the corresponding party identification number. In the case of an alliance, it also documents the member parties it comprises. Within the list of alliance members, parties are represented only by their id and abbreviation if they are also part of the general party list. If the composition of an alliance has changed between elections this change is reported as well. If parliamentary and presidential elections occur at roughly the same time (not necessarily on the same date but within a time frame of one or two months) parties and candidates usually run on the same manifesto. In these cases we report the party/alliance that backed a candidate and the candidate’s name. The same information is provided for presidential elections. If a parliamentary election occurred independently from a presidential election we only report parties and alliances but no candidates. Furthermore, the list records renames of parties and alliances. It shows whether a party has split from another party or a number of parties has merged and indicates the name (and the party id if it exists) of this split or merger parties.
    [Show full text]
  • Pink Tide: the Struggle of Venezuela and Bolivia for Social Sustainability
    Pink Tide: The Struggle of Venezuela and Bolivia for Social Sustainability Imelda Masni Juniaty Sianipar1, Arthur Jefferson Maya2 {[email protected]; [email protected]} Department of International Relations and Center for Social Justice and Global Responsibility (CSJGR)LPPM – Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Abstract. Since Latin America's transition to neoliberalism in the 1980s, the state has been directed to support privatization and implement structural adjustment to integrate the national economy into the global market. The neoliberal model dominated Latin America for a decade, but in the late 1990s, the community support to neoliberal platform declined due to the increase of social inequality and poverty of the middle class, working-class and indigenous population. Resistance starts in Venezuela then spread to Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador and other Latin American countries known as the "Pink Tide". In the pink tide framework, countries are directed to redistribute the state wealth to low-income families so that the sustainability of society can be maintained. Governments implements such kind of policy is categorized as state left. Keywords: Pink tide, Venezuela, Bolivia, Social Sustainability, State Left 1 Introduction Pink tide is a unique phenomenon in Latin America. This term appeared in the New York Times article, 2005 written by a journalist named Larry Rohter, to describe the general election in Uruguay that won the President from the left, and was a sign of a left turn in Latin America. Three-quarters of Latin America's population has been under a leftist government that has succeeded in coming to power since 1998.
    [Show full text]