Department of English Faculty of Cultural Sciences University of Sumatera Utara Medan 2021

A LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF VERBAL HUMOUR FOUND IN THE TRANSCRIPTION OF ANIMATED TV SERIES GRAVITY FALLS

A THESIS

SILVIA NURFAJRI APRILLA WANANDA

REG. NO. 170705049

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2021

Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, SILVIA NURFAJRI APRILLA WANANDA, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

Date : April, 20th 2021

Universitas Sumatera Utara COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : SILVIA NURFAJRI APRILLA WANANDA

TITLE OF THESIS : A LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF VERBAL HUMOUR FOUND IN THE TRANSCRIPTION OF ANIMATED TV SERIES GRAVITY FALLS QUALIFICATION : S-1 / SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

Date : April, 20th 2021

Universitas Sumatera Utara ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To begin with, I want to thank God, the Almight, for everything including His blessing and peace throughout my research so that I could successfully complete my thesis.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D., the Head of the English Department, for sharing her expertise in helping me finish my thesis. Then, Mr. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., the English Department Secretary who is also the supervisor of my research thesis, also the co-supervisor of my thesis, Mr. Muhammad Yusuf, S.Pd., M.A., to whom I am indebted for their interest in me, as well as their patience and guidance in assisting me in completing my thesis. They have consistently provided me with support and inspiration to see my own thesis through to completion.

I am indebted to my parents, Anda Yudas, S.E. and Sriwati, who have given everything they have, including their love, care, and sacrifices, to educate and prepare me for my future. I am very thankful for my sisters, Puti Ayu Sriwananda, S.E. and Noveliza Swanda, and my brothers, M. Arizky Putera Swanda and Alridwan Demarco Swanda who have been very supportive of me by not troubling me when I was doing my research. I also thank my classmates in Class A 2017, especially Andini, Anisah, Dinda, and Ulfa, who have always been supportive of me throughout my college career, and I thank all of my friends outside of college, particularly Zidni, for her patience, encouragement, prayers, and company as I complete my study..

Finally, I hope that the readers will find this study useful and that it will lead to more important studies for the betterment of mankind.

Medan,

Silvia Nurfajri Aprilla Wananda

Reg. No. 170705049

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Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRACT

This thesis explored the analysis of verbal humours found in the transcription of animated TV series, Gravity Falls. It was a qualitative descriptive research with General Theory of Verbal Humour as its approaches. Its aims were: 1) to find out what types of verbal humour found in the transcription of animated TV series Gravity Falls, and 2) To find out how the verbal humour found in the transcription of animated TV series Gravity Falls analysed linguistically using General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH). The study found that there were 29 verbal humours in the object of the research which categorized into 9 out of 12 categories. The most ubiquitous verbal humour was joke (27.5%), followed by wit (13.7%), pun, parody, irony, and sarcasm with 10.3% for each, each riddle and farce with 6.8%, and satire with 3.4%. The verbal humour found before was analysed linguistically by applying the six Knowledge Resources in the General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH); Script Opposition (SO), Logical Mechanism (LM), Situation (SI), Target (TA), Narrative Strategy (NS), and Language (LA). The analysis was done in a hierarchical order of the KRs to analyse the verbal humour.

Keywords: Humour, Verbal Humour, GTVH, Knowledge Resources

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Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini memeriksa humor verbal yang ditemukan dalam transkrip serial TV animasi, Gravity Falls. Penelitian ini bersifat penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: 1) untuk menemukan jenis-jenis humor verbal apa yang ditemukan pada transkrip serial TV animasi Gravity Falls dan 2) untuk mencaritahu bagaimana humour verbal yang ditemukan pada transkrip tersebut dianalisa secara linguistic menggunakan General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH). Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ada 29 humor verbal ditemukan didalam objek penelitian tersebut yang dikategorikan menjadi 9 dari 12 kategori. Dimana humor verbal yang paling sering ditemukan adalah joke (27.5%), diikuti oleh wit (13.7%), pun, parody, irony, dan sarcasm sebanyak 10.3% masing- masing, masing-masing riddle dan farce sebanyak 6.8%, dan satire sebanyak 3.4%.Humor verbal yang ditemukan sebelumnya dianalisa secara linguistic dengan mengaplikasikan 6 Knowledge Resources pada General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH); Script Opposition (SO), Logical Mechanism (LM), Situation (SI), Target (TA), Narrative Strategy (NS), and Language (LA). Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam urutan bertingkat dari KRs untuk menganalisa humor verbal.

Kata Kunci: Humor, Humor Verbal, GTVH, Knowledge Resources

Universitas Sumatera Utara TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... v COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... vii ABSTRACT ...... viii ABSTRAK ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x LIST OF TABLES ...... xiii LIST OF FIGURES ...... xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... xvii CHAPTER I ...... 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background of Study ...... 1 1.2 Problems of Study ...... 5 1.3 Objectives of Study ...... 5 1.4 Scope of Study ...... 6 1.5 Significances of Study ...... 6 CHAPTER II ...... 7 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 7 2.1 Humour ...... 7 2.1.1 Verbal Humour ...... 8 2.1.1.1 Pun ...... 8 2.1.1.2 Riddle ...... 9 2.1.1.3 Joke ...... 9 2.1.1.4 Satire ...... 11 2.1.1.5 Limerick ...... 12 2.1.1.6 Parody ...... 12 2.1.1.7 Anecdote ...... 12 2.1.1.8 Farce ...... 13 2.1.1.9 Irony ...... 14 2.1.1.10 Sarcasm ...... 14

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.1.1.11 Tall Tale ...... 15 2.1.1.12 Wit...... 15 2.2 General Theory of Verbal Humour ...... 16 2.2.1 Language (LA) ...... 16 2.2.2 Narrative Strategy (NS) ...... 16 2.2.3 Target (TA) ...... 17 2.2.4 Situation (SI) ...... 17 2.2.5 Logical Mechanism (LM) ...... 17 2.2.6 Script Opposition (SO) ...... 22 2.3 TV Series ...... 23 2.4 Situation Comedy ...... 23 2.5 Review of Related Research ...... 24 2.6 Conceptual Framework ...... 27 CHAPTER III ...... 29 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 29 3.1 Research Design ...... 29 3.2 Data and Source of Data ...... 29 3.3 Data Collection ...... 30 3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ...... 30 CHAPTER IV ...... 33 FINDING AND DISCUSSION ...... 33 4.1 Data Description ...... 33 4.2 Data Classification ...... 37 4.3 Data Analysis ...... 38 4.3.1 Types of Verbal Humours ...... 38 4.3.1.1 Pun ...... 38 4.3.1.2 Riddle ...... 39 Mable: With water balloons? ...... 39 4.3.1.3 Joke ...... 40 4.3.1.4 Satire ...... 42 4.3.1.5 Parody ...... 43 4.3.1.6 Farce ...... 44 4.3.1.7 Irony ...... 45

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.3.1.8 Sarcasm ...... 45 4.3.1.9 Wit...... 46 4.3.2 Verbal Humour Analysis ...... 48 4.3.2.1 Pun Analysis ...... 48 4.3.2.2 Riddle Analysis ...... 50 4.3.2.3 Joke Analysis ...... 52 4.3.2.4 Satire Analysis ...... 58 4.3.2.5 Parody Analysis ...... 58 4.3.2.6 Farce Analysis ...... 61 4.3.2.7 Irony Analysis ...... 62 4.3.2.8 Sarcasm Analysis ...... 65 4.3.2.9 Wit Analysis ...... 67 CHAPTER V ...... 71 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 71 5.1 Conclusions ...... 71 5.2. Suggestions ...... 71 REFERENCES ...... 73

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Universitas Sumatera Utara LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. 1 a wit humour example ...... 3

Table 1. 2 a wit analysis example ...... 3

Table 3. 1 Verbal Humour Sample ...... 31

Table 3. 2 Analysis of Verbal Humour ...... 32

Table 4. 1 Verbal Humour ...... 36

Table 4. 1 Verbal Humour: Pun ...... 38

Table 4. 1 Verbal Humour: Riddle...... 39

Table 4. 1 Verbal Humour: Joke ...... 41

Table 4. 1 Verbal Humour: Satire ...... 43

Table 4. 1 Verbal Humour: Parody ...... 43

Table 4. 1 Verbal Humour: Farce ...... 44

Table 4. 1 Verbal Humour: Irony...... 45

Table 4. 1 Verbal Humour: Sarcasm ...... 46

Table 4. 1 Verbal Humour: Wit ...... 47

Table 4.2. 1 Pun Analysis I ...... 48

Table 4.2. 2 Pun Analysis II ...... 49

Table 4.2. 3 Pun Analysis III ...... 50

Table 4.3. 1 Riddle Analysis I...... 51

Table 4.3. 2 Riddle Analysis II ...... 51

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Universitas Sumatera Utara

Table 4.4. 1 Joke Analysis I ...... 52

Table 4.4. 2 Joke Analysis II...... 53

Table 4.4. 3 Joke Analysis III ...... 54

Table 4.4. 4 Joke Analysis IV ...... 54

Table 4.4. 5 Joke Analysis V ...... 55

Table 4.4. 6 Joke Analysis VI ...... 56

Table 4.4. 7 Joke Analysis VII ...... 56

Table 4.4. 8 Joke Analysis VIII ...... 57

Table 4.5 Satire Analysis ...... 58

Table 4.6. 1 Parody Analysis I ...... 59

Table 4.6. 2 Parody Analysis II ...... 59

Table 4.6. 3 Parody Analysis III ...... 60

Table 4.7. 1 Farce Analysis I ...... 61

Table 4.7. 2 Farce Analysis II ...... 62

Table 4.8. 1 Irony Analysis I...... 63

Table 4.8. 2 Irony Analysis II ...... 64

Table 4.8. 3 Irony Analysis III ...... 64

Table 4.9. 1 Sarcasm Analysis I ...... 65

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Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 4.9. 2 Sarcasm Analysis II ...... 66

Table 4.9. 3 Sarcasm Analysis III ...... 66

Table 4.10. 1 Wit Analysis I ...... 67

Table 4.10. 2 Wit Analysis II ...... 68

Table 4.10. 3 Wit Analysis III...... 69

Table 4.10. 4 Wit Analysis IV ...... 69

Universitas Sumatera Utara LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2. 1 Hierarchical organization of KRs ...... 22

Figure 2. 2 Conceptual Framework of Study...... 27

Figure 3. 1 Component of data analysis: interactive model. Adapted from

Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed., p.32), by M. B.

Miles, A. M. Huberman, & J. Saldaña, 1994, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Figure 4. 1 Verbal Humours Found in Gravity Falls Season 2 Episode 11: Not

What He Seems ...... 37

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Universitas Sumatera Utara LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

GTVH : General Theory of Verbal Humour

KR : Knowledge Resource

LA : Language

LM : Logical Mechanism

NS : Narrative Strategy

SI : Situation

SO : Script Opposition

TA : Target

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Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study Humans always communicate with each other. There are various purposes

in communicating with others. Raskin (1985) distinguishes between two

types of communication: bona fide communication, which is functioned to

convey the information and also non-bona fide mode of communication,

which doesn’t refer to exchange information. The purpose of this mode is to

evoke the giggle from the audience. Humour is what this mode referring to.

In this modern era, humour embraces all complex experience and more.

But now, humour is broader beyond humorous creations to the cognitive and

emotive responses of people toward them and also to behavioural traits with

the use of humour on a regular basis. Surprisingly, as its definition has

broadened, humour has become increasingly associated with the individual,

whether in terms of taste, application, transmission, or production. Generally,

humour refers to anything funny (Jay, 2003:306).

However, only few people are interested in conducting a comedy study

because it is thought that Humour would become unfunny if it were studied.

E.B White compares humour analysis to examining frogs as there are only a

few individuals involved and the frog ends up dead. (as cited in Goebel,

2011). It implies that the more people try to figure out how comedy works, it

reduces the amusement.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Humour, through its ambiguity, plays an important role in or lives. Ross

(1998) stresses the importance of humour in culture. On television, there are many sitcoms and variety shows. He also mentioned that a number of comedic books are often among the best-sellers. In addition, according to

Spanakaki (2007), In particular, humour has been an important component of a wide range of literary works, as well as an integral part of human daily contact. Finally, humour is an important part of our everyday lives.

There are several types of humour, according to Shade (1996), but he divides them into four categories: verbal, figural, visual, and auditory humours. Figural humour is commonly referred to cartoons, including comic books, comic strips, political cartoons, and caricatures. Verbal humour has numerous forms, including but not limited to puns, riddles, jokes, satire, limericks, parody, and so on. The delivery of humour is dependent on the use of language. Visual humour includes slapstick, impersonations, mime, and so on related to the use of visual in producing the humour. Auditory humour is related to sound in delivering the humour, including sound effect and imitations.

The researcher examines the verbal humour in the transcription of animated television series Gravity Falls in this review. In this research,

Attardo's General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH) is applied. It is claimed that this hypothesis is capable of analysing a wide range of humorous texts

(Attardo, 2001: 22).

For example:

Universitas Sumatera Utara - Wit

No Transcript 1 Stan: They're getting stronger. Of course, that's it! Tyler: is it just me, or did the entire world just hiccup? Table 1. 1 a wit humour example

The first gimmick demonstrated how two characters in the animation linked two seemingly disparate concepts. They linked two disparate concepts: the hiccup and the vibration. They make a ridiculous comparison by comparing the hiccup to the vibrations generated by Stan's computer. It makes the audiences laugh out loud.

- Wit Analysis

Verbal humour no.1 Transcript: Stan: They're getting stronger. Of course, that's it! Tyler: is it just me, or did the entire world just hiccup? SO Actual vs. non-actual LM False analogy SI Stan and Tyler feel something get stronger on earth while Tyler is on his way TA - KR NS Monologue LA Set-up Tyler: is it just me,

Punch line Tyler: or did the entire world just hiccup? Table 1. 2 a wit analysis example

The SO contrasted the real vs. non-actual in wit number 1 given in table

1.2. It was used to counteract two distinct scripts. The wit uses the Logical

Mechanism (LM), a false analogy, to give ironic meaning to an accident that

happened on his way to work and demanded laughter.

With the SO and LM in place, the wit has a certain circumstance, where

Tyler was feeling something got stronger on earth while he was on his way. In

Universitas Sumatera Utara that situation, the TA is none. The wit is written as a monologue for the NS.

Finally, the wit on table 1.2 shows that the wit ended with a punch line.

Through his book Humorous Text: A Semantic and Pragmatic Analysis, the author employs Salvatore Attardo's GTVH. The theory is a revision of

Raskin's Semantic Script Theory of Humour (SSTH). It was first discussed in

1979. In general, GTVH has a wider scope than SSTH since it considers all aspects of linguistics rather than just semantics. GTVH is a powerful linguistic theory that allows researchers to GTVH is indeed an influential linguistic hypothesis which enables people to investigate about verbal humour from a linguistic standpoint. (Attardo, 2001: 22)

The researcher aims to analyse the transcription of animated TV series entitled Gravity Falls. The researcher chooses Gravity Falls as the object of the analysis because this animation has high rating and based on screenrant.com, this animation is one of the best sitcoms all the time, they added, mixing warmth, wit, pop culture, and charm, the show received many positive reviews.

Compiled from IMDb (Internet Movie Database), this animation received several awards starting from the year 2013 until 2017, such as in 2014 and

2015, they won an Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation from

Primetime Emmy award consecutively, and many award more.

Alex Hirsch created Gravity Falls, a Disney Channel and Disney XD animated mystery comedy television series. The series aired from June 15,

2012, to February 15, 2016.

Knowing how people laugh solely because of the sentences in the transcription is fascinating. As a result, the researcher agrees to perform this

Universitas Sumatera Utara analysis. The researcher's goal in this analysis is to look at the verbal humor in

the transcription of the animated TV show Gravity Falls Season 2: Not What

He Seems. It is achieved by observing the various forms of verbal humor

identified and then linguistically analyzing them using the General Theory of

Verbal Humour (GTVH).

1.2 Problems of Study

The researcher formulates research problems based on the study's context,

which states that this research aims to find solutions to the following issues.

1. What types of verbal humour are found in the transcription of animated TV

series Gravity Falls?

2. How are the verbal humour found in the transcription of animated TV series

Gravity Falls analysed linguistically using General Theory of Verbal

Humour (GTVH)?

1.3 Objectives of Study

This research is done in order

1. To find out what types of verbal humour found in the transcription of

animated TV series Gravity Falls.

2. To find out how the verbal humour found in the transcription of animated

TV series Gravity Falls analysed linguistically using General Theory of

Verbal Humour (GTVH).

Universitas Sumatera Utara 1.4 Scope of Study

The transcription animated TV series Gravity Falls in Season 2 Episode

11, Not What He Seems, is the scope of this study. It is selected from among

all other episodes based on the fact that it has the highest ranking among all

other episodes according to the Internet Movie Database (IMDb). It received

a 9.8/10 rating.

1.5 Significances of Study

In light of the above research goals, the researcher anticipates that the

findings of this study would be beneficial to the following parties.

1. Readers

After reading this research, readers will have a better understanding of

humours and will be able to appreciate them more because being funny is not

easy. Rather than merely loving humour, the current study seeks the viewer to

perceive the complexity and dedication necessary to be considered

entertaining.

2. Other Researchers

Since the subject is still new and unusual, the researcher hopes that after

reading this thesis, some researchers who are having trouble deciding what area

they want to study will be motivated to perform a study on humour.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Humour

The word derives from the Latin word umor. Interestingly, within a

relatively short span of time, this word has undergone a fairly drastic

semantic shift. Originally, the word meant approximately 'moisture' or 'fluid'

(witness the contemporary meaning of such cognates as humid, humidity, or

humidor). From ancient to Renaissance times, it had been a widely held

conviction of human physiology that within a human body there are four

essential fluids or humours. For a person to be in a balanced, healthy state, an

equilibrium between the four humours was required. If any of the fluids

should be secreted in excess, the mood of a person was thought to become

sanguine, choleric, melancholic, or phlegmatic — depending which of the

humours was out of proportion. As long as correct balance was upheld, a

person was said to be in "good humour”. (Lew, 1996: 10)

However, the meaning of the word has been altered. Nowadays, humour is

synonymous with the terms "funny," "laughter," and "amusement." It is true

that describing it is always a challenging task. Since they may also be an

indicator of discomfort, a smile or laughter does not always signify humour.

However, according to Jay (2003:306), humour refers to something that is

amusing, whether intentionally or unintentionally.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.1.1 Verbal Humour

There are several types of humour, according to Shade (1996), but he

categorizes them into four main categories: verbal, figural, visual, and

auditory humour. First, figural humour which deals with cartoons, including

comic books, comic strips, political cartoons, and caricatures. Next, verbal

humour including puns, riddles, jokes, satire, limericks, parody, and so on but

not limited to them because there were several other types of humour that

relied on the use of vocabulary. Third, the visual humour which includes

slapstick, impersonations, mime, and so on related to the use of visual in

producing the humour. And the last, auditory humour which uses sound to

deliver the humour, it includes sound effect and imitations.

According to Shade (1996:14), “verbal humour is humour that relies on

the use of language to create the funny effect.” By introducing contradiction,

understatement, exaggeration, surprise, or reversal through language medium,

verbal humour focuses more on incongruity. He then classified verbal humour

into 12 categories. The explanations for each form are described below.

2.1.1.1 Pun Pun is a form of verbal humour that makes use of wordplay. A pun

is also known as the use of multiple words. The use of similar-sounding

words may be a pun. A pun is a form of alliteration that encompasses a

wide range of textual techniques that combine two similar forms with

similar meanings, according to Delabastita (1996). However, according to

Shade (1996), those two identical forms may have distinct interpretations,

here's a good example of a pun:

Universitas Sumatera Utara “Now is the winter of our discontent Made glorious summer by this sun of York.”

The example was taken from the Richard III (Shakespeare, 1964). In the

example above, the pun is sun. This term sun can be intended as a play of

words “sun” and “son” which have the similar sounds but with the

different meanings, thus it what makes it becomes funny.

2.1.1.2 Riddle A riddle is a mystery or a dilemma used to elicit surprising or

clever responses. When anyone tells a riddle, for the listener, it can be a

tough task to be solved, or it can be a humorous joke meant to make the

audience laugh. Usually, a riddle is shown in a question-and-answer

format (Shade, 1996:3). Collins (1996:4) provides the following example

of a riddle:

Q: If six children and two dogs were under just one umbrella, how come none of them got wet? A: It wasn’t raining.

The unexpected answer shown from the example above makes it funny.

The aim of this puzzle is to persuade the listener that the umbrella is so

massive that it can protect both kids and animals without getting them wet.

The reason for this is simple: it wasn't raining.

2.1.1.3 Joke “Joke refers to anything that is said to provoke laughter which

involves any or all of the following: multiple meaning of words, idiom and

metaphors; ambiguity; incongruity; sudden change of perspective” (Shade,

Universitas Sumatera Utara 1996:3). Shade also added, when examining the verbal humours, there are several types of jokes become the evident:

- Phonological joke, based on the phonological structure of words.

Rebecca: What’s this? Waiter: It’s bean soup. Rebecca: I don’t care what it’s been. What is it now?

The words "bean" and "been" have the same pronunciation. Thus,

those two words cause a misunderstanding, which is amusing and

turns into a source of laughter.

- Lexical joke, centered on the fact that words have many meanings.

Dave: What has 18 legs and catches flies? Lynn: A baseball team.

The example above is funny, Dave is actually asking questions

about animal but because of the question; 18 legs which can be

meant to be 9 people and then catches flies can be meant to be

catching something flying. Then, it can be inferred as the baseball

team. As a result, the multiple interpretations become the source of

laughter.

- Surface Structure joke, based on the alternative grouping of

words.

Don: What kind of flowers like to be kissed? Joan: Tulips.

The alternate grouping of words: tulips, which is perceived as two

lips, creates ambiguity and a humorous effect.

- Deep Structure joke, involved alternative interpretations of a

word.

Universitas Sumatera Utara ‘My parents are stuck at Waterloo Station. There’s been a bomb scare’ ‘Are they safe?’ ‘No, bombs are really dangerous’. (Ross. 1998:25)

In the preceding example, the term they will be applied to two

items: the explosives also the parents. The next speaker meant to

ask about the parents' health, but the answers he gets has

everything to do with the explosion. This example is humorous

because of the ambiguity, and it makes people laugh.

- Metalinguistic joke, Instead of concentrating on the meaning, they

concentrated on the language form.

Kathy: What’s at the end of everything? Joan: The letter g.

The dialogue above demonstrates that a humorous language type

can exist.

2.1.1.4 Satire Satire involves both humour and criticism and it becomes an

artistic way to criticise human behaviours. Satire is a literary work that

uses irony, sarcasm, invective, or wit to mock a current vice or folly

(Shade, 1996:4). The following is satire:

An old lady was sent on a 10-day cruise paid for by her son. She wrote to complain: “The food on this ship is absolutely awful. And such small portions!”

This satire shows an old lady who gives criticism toward a food on her

ship she paid for. She feels that the food is not worth because it tastes

awful and also it is served in a small portion. It provokes laughter and the

hearer considers it funny.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.1.1.5 Limerick

Limericks are five-line poems which intended to be witty. The 1st,

2nd, and 5th lines have to be seven to ten syllables long, rhyme, and have

the same verbal rhythm; the 3rd and 4th lines have to be seven to ten

syllables long, rhyme, and have the same verbal rhythm (aa,bb,a). (Shade,

1996:4) claimed that limerick is a five-lined nonsense verse. Here's an

example of a limerick from King Lear (1700s).

There was an Old man with a beard Who said “it’s just as I feared! Two owls and a hen, Four larks and a wren, Have all built their nests in my beard!”

The limerick recounts the story of an elderly man with a beard, whose

nightmare comes true, it is the animals started to build nest in his beard as

if his beard is the branches of a tree.

2.1.1.6 Parody For satirical effect, a parody is a caricature of something actual,

often even mocking its own location. It can be a poem, album, novel, or

movie with the same style but a completely different theme. The example

of parody is the movies produced by Mel Brooks entitled Spaceballs,

which imitates a movie entitled Star wars created by George Lucas.

2.1.1.7 Anecdote Anecdote text, according to Gerot and Wignell (1995:202), tells

about an unexpected occurrence or thing that is amusing. An anecdote is a

very short story involving real people and real events that is generally

interesting or funny. An auditory description of an actual or imagined

Universitas Sumatera Utara event is referred to as a biographical anecdote. (Shade, 1996:5). Mello

wrote the following anecdote as an example of anecdote (1982) entitled

Searching in the Wrong Place.

A neighbour found Nasruddin on hands and knees. “What are you searching for Mullah?” “My key” Both men get on their knees to search. After a while the neighbour says, “Where did you lose it?” “At home” “Good Lord! Then why are you searching here?” “Because it’s brighter here”

The nonsensical aspect in the anecdote story serves to make the listener or

reader smile or laugh.

2.1.1.8 Farce Absurdity, physical humour, and a deft manipulation of a situation

are typical elements of farce. (Shade, 1996:4) explained that farce is a

style of comedy marked by boisterous humour and extravagant gesture;

absurd; ludicrous. The following is a farce example taken from Uber

Dork's monologue as an economics teacher in the film entitled Ferris

Bueller’s Day Off.

In 1930, the Republican-controlled House of Representatives, in an effort to alleviate the effects of the... Anyone? Anyone? The Great Depression. Passed the... Anyone? Anyone? The tariff bill, the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act which... Anyone? Raised or lowered? Raised tariffs in an effort to collect more revenue for the federal government. Did it work? Anyone? Anyone know the effects? It did not work and the United States sank deeper into the Great Depression.

A lecture is being given by the teacher to his students. However, he seems

to be talking to himself because no one seems to be listening to his

Universitas Sumatera Utara explanation, even though he asks, "Anyone?" but no student answers. The

scenario has a humorous effect on the viewer, causing them to laugh.

2.1.1.9 Irony Irony is used to convey a meaning that is diametrically opposed to

the literal meaning. It's a difference between what's said and what's done,

between what's planned and what's happened. The example of irony is:

“Telling a quiet group. “Don’t everybody speak all at once””

It's ironic that the sentences instructed the silent community not to talk all

at once, implying that "no sound or noise would be made by them." The

discrepancy between what is predicted and what actually occurs leads to

amusing outcomes.

2.1.1.10 Sarcasm Sarcasm is a literary and rhetorical instrument used to ridicule,

often with sarcastic or cynical comments, with the aim of simultaneously

amusing and hurting someone or a group of people. Sarcasm employs

taunt, scoffing gibe, veiled sneer, and irony to elicit laughter (Shade,

1996:5). He also provides an example of sarcasm:

It was bitter cold outside and someone stated “Hey, it’s really cold outside!” and another person replied, “No – actually I’d really enjoy a snow cone to cool off right now”.

It is sarcasm because the other person is simply trying to make fun of how

the first person explains a situation that everybody already knows about by

doing the exact opposite of what he does.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.1.1.11 Tall Tale The wild exploits of extravagantly inflated folk heroes are depicted

in tall tales. The secret to the success of the tall story, according to (Shade,

1996:5), is exaggeration. Rather than the literal nature of the tall stories,

the audience appreciates the inventive invention. Pecos Bill and Paul

Bunyan is an example of tall tales he gives.

2.1.1.12 Wit Wit has a paradoxical, mocking quality to it, and the way it's

phrased makes people laugh. Wit has long been considered a symbol of a

well-developed intelligence and mind. (Shade, 1996:5) proposed that

intellect; understanding; ingenuous connection of amusingly incongruous

ideas; humour are used to evoke the laughter. Shade also added an

example for this type:

Judge: Order. Order in the courtroom! Lawyer: Okay. I guess I’ll have a cheeseburger.

The lawyer demands a cheeseburger on the inside of the courtroom after

the judge asks it, as seen in the illustration above. This is a

misinterpretation of the grammatical structure in the setting of a

courtroom.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.2 General Theory of Verbal Humour Raskin proposed the Semantic Script Theory of Humour (SSTH) in 1979,

and the GTVH is a modification of it. In general, GTVH is a broader theory

than SSTH since it considers all aspects of linguistics rather than just

semantics. GTVH is a prominent linguistic theory that enables practitioners to

assess to investigate verbal humour from a linguistic perspective. (Attardo,

2001: 22).

Knowledge Resources (KR) will be used to analyze verbal humor in

GTVH. These criteria make it possible to equate one comedy to another. They

are Target (TA), Situation (SI), Language (LA), Script Opposition (SO),

Logical Mechanism (LM), and Narrative Strategy (NS).

2.2.1 Language (LA) This KR, according to Attardo (2001:22), includes all of the

information needed for a text's verbalization. The KR is in charge of the

text's proper syntax as well as the realistic components that make it up.

Due to the importance of the linguistic aspect, as it must be vague and link

the two opposing senses in the text, Attardo also added that the proper

punch line wording of verbal jokes is strongly necessary. As a result, the

placement of the punch line is critical in our review.

2.2.2 Narrative Strategy (NS) Any joke, according to Attardo (2001:23), must take a fundamental

story, a (pseudo-)riddle, an interaction (question and answer), a

conversational aside, and so on as the examples of narrative organization.

The issue of whether or not all jokes are narratives is a difficult one to

Universitas Sumatera Utara answer. Thus, Narrative Strategy (NS) is concerned with the narrative

organization of humour.

2.2.3 Target (TA) The joke's "butt" is chosen by Target (TA). The KR includes

names of organizations or people, as well as (humorous) stereotypes.

(Attardo, 2001:23). The name of the individual or group to whom the

humour is directed is provided by TA, but this KR is said to be of no value

because it is not necessary to use humour in order to ridicule someone or

some group.

2.2.4 Situation (SI) In Situation (SI), humour should be performed in a specific

situation, as (Attardo, 2001:24) explained that the “props” of a joke are the

subjects, actors, instruments, activities, and so on. The joke's props are

provided by the activation of the appropriate scripts. As just a

consequence, the SI of the KR is not peculiar to jokes in the sense that it is

a feature shared by both amusing and – anti humourous texts.

2.2.5 Logical Mechanism (LM) Other varieties of KR pay more attention to the abstract parameter

than the term Logical Mechanism (LM). This word must refer to the

manner in which humour is produced in order to satisfy the need for

laughter. According to Attardo (1997), in the well-known incongruity-

resolution model, the LM represents the resolution of the incongruity. This

argument has a logical implication since resolution is optional in humour.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Pasaribu and Kadarisman (2015:3) proposed ten different kinds of

LM. It progresses from the simple to the complex, from the smaller to the

larger. They are false analogy, twisting (prepositions, homonymy,

idiomatic expressions, and figurative language), fallacious

reasoning,absurd (neologism & interpretation), insult or put-down humour

and word repetition.

Each types of Logical Mechanism have their own characteristics.

Here are some explanations of them:

- Twisting Prepositions

This LM is about how prepositions are used to generate ambiguity, and it

can be amusing. Pasaribu and Kadariman (2015) provide an example:

One golfer tells another: “Hey, guess what! I got a set of golf clubs for my wife!” The other replies: “GREAT trade” (p.28)

The offered punch line "Great trade!" succeeds in twisting the entire

intended sense of the set-up in the example above, which is also consistent

with the text. This response is suitable once the reader learns that the

preposition "for" makes for ambiguity.

- Twisting Homonymy

This LM, which deals with humour, uses homonymy, a form of joke, to

evoke laughter. Pasaribu and Kadariman (2015) provide an example:

Woman’s Instruction: If he asks what sort of books you’re interested in, tell him checkbooks. (p.30)

The spatial incongruity of the two words is linked by the same spelling of

the second syllable in checkbook and book, as well as the same tone,

/buk/. Because the distinct words have the same spelling and tone, they

Universitas Sumatera Utara are portrayed as a single word on the surface of the humour. By insisting

that a checkbook is a type of book, the punch line is twisted.

- Twisting Idiomatic Expressions

This LM looks at how idiomatic speech can be used to make people

laugh. Pasaribu and Kadariman (2015) provide an example:

What are two reasons why women don’t mind their own business? 1) No mind. 2) No business. (p.31)

The disconnection between the meanings of the terms in the idiomatic

arrangement causes absurdity and incongruity, causing surprise. The

idiomatic expression employs the verb "mind" as a synonym for "attend."

Meanwhile, "business" is used as a metaphor for a relationship. It's

strange to describe "mind" [ABILITY TO BELIEVE] and "company"

[EMPLOYMENT] individually, and it makes people laugh.

- Twisting Figurative Language

In figurative language, figures of speech are used to say something in a

connotative manner. Aside from its widespread use in the media and

communication, figurative language is often employed in comedy.

Pasaribu and Kadariman (2015) provide an example:

Q: What do you do with a man who thinks he’s God’s gift? A: Exchange him. (p.32)

The phrase "God's gift" calculates the time with a different connotation

from its usual meaning. The humour is effective in eliciting laughter from

some individuals. This humour is solely intended to mock men who are

stereotyped for such psychological traits, such as boasting. Man is often

Universitas Sumatera Utara considered insignificant in this humour; He is an “available for sale”

thing.

- Absurd Neologism and Interpretation

Absurd Neologism humour is based on the simple juxtaposition of an old

word with a new, absurd, and inappropriate idea. Pasaribu and Kadariman

(2015) provide an example:

Bar-be-que (bar*bi*q) n. You bought the groceries, washed the lettuce, chopped the tomatoes, diced the onions, marinated the meat and cleaned everything up, but, he “made the dinner”. (p.34)

“In any English dictionary, the term "barbeque" is definitely not described

in this way. As a result, the word's meaning, which is far from the agreed

reality, makes people laugh. There is ridiculous interpretation, which

includes false translation, in addition to absurd neologism. Pasaribu and

Kadariman (2015) also provide an example:

Woman’s translation: Do you love me? = I’m going to ask for something expensive. (p.34)

The humorous portrayal, on the other hand, represents the outside social

world, in which male superiority in economic power, particularly in the

labour force, continues to be the norm. (Wilis, 2002).

- False Analogy

A comparison of two items that are identical in some way is called an

analogy. Daniel Kies (Online, 2012) claimed that false analogy is a

comparison based on a few similarities while ignoring a significant

number of differences. Surprisingly, the more illogical the comparisons

Universitas Sumatera Utara are, the more bizarre the script becomes, and the more fun it becomes.

Pasaribu and Kadariman (2015) provide an example:

What do men and beer bottles have in common? They are both empty from the neck up! (p.34)

The incongruous contrast between bottles and men in this riddle is based

on a false analogy.

- Fallacious Reasoning

Sometimes, People can make mistakes and fall into logical fallacies.

(Soedjatmiko, 1988) gives an example when a person experiences bad

luck three times on three consecutive Wednesdays, he or she may infer

that Wednesday is his unlucky day. The premises can lead to absurdity if

they are vague, incongruent, or otherwise illogical; others, when

combined with stereotyping and provocation, can lead to laughter.

- Word Repetition

A word repetition is one of LM that employs the use of words to show

comparison and come up with catchy words. Pasaribu and Kadariman

(2015) provide an example:

A successful man is one who makes more money than his wife can spend. A successful woman is one who can find such a man. (p.37)

For this sentence, the word “successful” is being repeated and it shows

the contrast between man and woman.

- Insult and Put-Down

This KR deals with degrading expressions, statements, or behaviors that

can occur at any time and are either intentionally or unintentionally

created. In gender humor, deliberate attacks are conveyed as a result of

Universitas Sumatera Utara underestimating the intellect or expertise of others. Pasaribu and

Kadariman (2015) provide an example:

I date this girl for two years - and then the nagging starts: “I wanna know your name...”(p.38)

This humor incorporates less incongruity elements than the previous

humours. It is based on the idea that a girl is only good at one thing is

constantly bothering you.

2.2.6 Script Opposition (SO) Attardo (2001:26) said that This KR addresses the SSTH's

condition for script opposition/overlapping. It should be noted that of all

the KRs, SO is the most abstract. Any text with a SO emphasis on

narrative organization, social and historical instantiation, and so on would

differ depending on where and when it was written.

As previously mentioned, these six KRs are viewed in a hierarchical order, with Script Opposition being at the top. KRs are clearly organized hierarchically, as Attardo (2001:28) shows.

Figure 2. 1 Hierarchical organization of KRs

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.3 TV Series Television series are a significant social and psychological phenomenon,

with a huge cultural influence and a high level of artistic complexity. They

are popular cultural items that are seen by millions of people around the

world; even a moderately successful movie, if it lasts long enough to be

distributed in syndication, is seen by hundreds of millions of people.

(Douglas 2011: 21).

Television is a type of mass media that allows people to watch television

shows. (Lippi-Green 2012: 101) Television is a socialisation agent that has a

huge effect on our sociolinguistic climate (Coupland 2007: 185). The cultural

media dialectic can be described as the mechanism by which television

discourse both constructs and represents cultures and ideologies. In addition

to being central to how televisual narratives work, discourse is a valuable

source of knowledge about language and culture (Queen 2015).

There are several types (genre) of TV series, such as sitcom, documentary,

sports, soap, drama, and so on. Each of them has their own characteristics and

in one TV series, it can be more than one genre or the genres are combined

together.

2.4 Situation Comedy According to Pill Wickham (2004:1) Television sitcom (situation comedy) is

a genre that has sparked a great deal of critical controversy over the years, yet

as well as being enormously successful in terms of ratings it has also spawned

some important programmes that have proved creative highpoints for

television both in Britain and America. In addition of sitcom, more than any

Universitas Sumatera Utara other genre apart from soap, opera, aspires to offer a look at the real world,

albeit from a comic perspective. For all these reasons sitcom is an important

area of the media that is well worth studying. And you get to laugh too.

Sitcom simply means comedy arising from a situation. Because of the need

for a lot of time and space to establish characters and setting and to develop a

relationship with the audience, sitcom is a form exclusive to broadcasting.

2.5 Review of Related Research The researcher needs some previous studies in finishing this study. There

are several previous researches cited by the researcher. First, the research

which is done by Agustina (2011) from University of Sumatera Utara entitled

Pragmatics Analysis in Humorous Text in Reader’s Digest Magazine. This

study is done to analyse context from the humorous dialogue and how the

humours are interpreted and the result showed that context is very important

in affecting the funny things inside humours and the humours are interpreted

in the text through the effect of misunderstanding which the speaker utters.

This research finds the humour based on the pragmatics theory by Yule and it

can be a reference in how context has a big role in humours.

Second, a research which is done by Bowers (2004) entitled Wit, Humor,

and Elizabethan Coping: Sir John Harington and The Metamorphosis of

Ajax. This study is done to integrate literary and scientific approaches to

examine ideas of wit, humour, and coping in relation to Harington's

characteristic personal procedures. This research conducts one of verbal

humour type, wit. It focuses on the wit only and the relation to someone

personality and characteristics.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Third, a research done by Oring (2011) entitled Parsing the Joke: The

General Theory of Verbal Humor and Appropriate Incongruity. The aim of this study is to put the SSTH and GTVH theories to the test. These theories have been used to identify the variables that make up a joke, explain the components of jokes and their interrelationships, and provide a model for joke text analysis.

Oring's research is in several ways linked to the writer's current research, though not explicitly. It uses the incongruity principle to analyze humor, and it's quite close to what's known as script opposition, which is one of the parameters (KRs) used to analyze verbal humour in this study. In general, incongruity theory states that humor is amusing due to the incongruity it creates.

Fourth, a study done by Marino (1988) entitled Puns: the good, the bad, and the beautiful. This study looked at a variety of poor, mediocre, and even beautiful puns, which were previously thought to be a matter of taste, but script-based semantics can provide a way to make critical pun judgments. The script of a lexical object is a section of semantic material, a linguistic internalization of the Speaker's world knowledge. It can be used as a guide for deciding pun in this study.

Last, a study done by Fallianda (2018) entitled Analyzing Humor in

Newspaper Comic Strips Using Verbal-Visual Analysis. The purpose of this study was to examine by using a multitude of incomprehensible multimodal

Universitas Sumatera Utara rhetorical combinations to explore the meaning of humour in newspaper comic strips

The research done by Fallianda is the most relatable study of what the writer is conducting now. Analyzing Humor in Newspaper Comic Strips

Using Verbal-Visual Analysis investigates the humour based on the Verbal- visual analysis by using the theory proposed by Attardo too. It is quite relevant to the current research, but the author is different, she uses the

General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH) only for verbal humour analysis.

The previous study deals with the data from comic strips which result a verbal-visual analysis but, the current research deals with the transcription of the animation. Thus, the researcher only focused on the verbal humour.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.6 Conceptual Framework Humour TV series

Figural Verbal Visual Auditory Soap Situation Drama Comedy

Gravity Falls

The definition of The GTVH The transcription verbal humour

Types of verbal Knowledge Resources humour of GTVH

The analysis

Conclusion Figure 2. 2 Conceptual Framework of Study.

The conceptual structure used in this analysis is illustrated in the diagram above.

The aim of this study is to look into the verbal humor in the Gravity Falls Season

2 Episode 11: Not What He Seems transcription. The researcher has two research

questions related to the topic. In Gravity Falls Season 2 Episode 11: Not What He

Seems, the first question is about determining the form of verbal humor. The

second point to consider is how discovered verbal humor is linguistically analyzed

using the General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH).

All hypotheses related to some problems were discussed at the preceding

paragraph. The first is the hypothesis and types of verbal humour. The next theory

is the General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH) that describes how humour can

Universitas Sumatera Utara be understood linguistically using the six Knowledge Resources (KRs), and the final theory is about situation comedy in television shows.

The hypotheses raised within the framework are used to assist the researcher in the problems. The goal of this review is to discover verbal humour in the script of Gravity Falls. Using the definition of verbal humour, the researcher is able to accumulate the verbal humour present in the item. After accumulating all of the verbal humour in the transcript, the scholar organizes it using the theory of forms of verbal humour.

Meanwhile, the second research question is answered by using the GTVH.

Because it is concerned with the linguistic theory of verbal humour, this theory is particularly useful in the second study. The researcher can linguistically analyse the verbal humour by concentrating on each KR in GTVH.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design In this study, the investigation is based on library research. Library

research was one of the methods applied by collecting the data or the

information from references which had been written, by linguists or other

experts. The researcher used a descriptive qualitative method in this library

research. A qualitative approach was described as a non-quantitative

description of an observation. The use of numerical indicators was not

suggested, but other methods of description were emphasized. According to

Nazir (1998:64), the descriptive method is a research method that involves

the definition of a circumstance, case, or occurrence. As a consequence, this

approach could only handle the simplest accumulative data. As a result,

descriptive design was a research method that was solely intended to define

the variable.

3.2 Data and Source of Data The data which was taken by the researcher are the sentences and words

including verbal humours in the transcription of animated TV series Gravity

Falls. The data source of this study is the transcription of animated TV series

Gravity Falls. These data were taken from the internet on November 26th,

2020. The writer chooses the episode called “Not What He Seems” as the

reason the writer has mentioned on the previous chapter.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 3.3 Data Collection A systematic method of collecting observations or measurements is known as

data collection. Data collection helps you to gain first-hand expertise and

unique insights into your research issue, whether you are conducting research

for industry, government, or academia. In order to keep to the objectives of

the study, data collection follows the procedure listed as follows.

1. Search and visit the transcription website of Gravity Falls

2. Download the transcription from the website

3. Take note of any verbal humour that appears on the transcription

4. Identify the verbal humours found into 12 different categories.

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis When analysing the data, the study utilized Miles and Huberman's data

analysis approach. Miles and Huberman (1994:10) define analysis as three

parallel activity currents. Figure 3.1 depicts ‘a continuous, iterative enterprise'

(ibid).

Figure 3. 1 Component of data analysis: interactive model.

For the purposes of learning, data analysis is a process that should be well

known. It could be divided into three sections, as shown in the diagram

above. These sections are briefly discussed by Miles and Huberman (2014).

Universitas Sumatera Utara 1) Data Reduction

A process of choosing, focusing, standardizing, reduction, and/or

transforming data from written observational data, surveys, documents,

and other analytical materials is known as data reduction. The

researcher chose some verbal humour sentences from the transcription

of the animated TV show Gravity Falls and grouped them into 12

categories in this research.

2) Data Display

The data display is where the information is shown. According to

Miles and Huberman, a 'display' is an ordered, compact set of data that

allows for conclusion drawing and action. In this research, the writer

will display the classification of 12 categories by using table 3.1

No Transcript 1. 2. Table 3. 1 Verbal Humour Sample

3) Drawing and Verifying Conclusions

Conclusions are available in the early stages of qualitative analysis,

according to Miles and Huberman, when a researcher notes the

"patterns, interpretations, causal flows, and propositions," but they are

tentative and could be strengthened. In this section, the researcher will

use Attardo's (2001) General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH) as a

reference. The researcher analyses the verbal humour found by using

table 3.2

Verbal Humour No. Transcript: SO

Universitas Sumatera Utara LM KR SI TA NS LA Table 3. 2 Analysis of Verbal Humour

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Data Description The data of this study is the sentences and words that include verbal

humour. There are twenty nine verbal humours found in the transcription of

Gravity Falls Season 2 Episode 11: Not what He Seems.

No Transcription Types of Verbal Humour

1. Stan: Come on, come on. Should be just enough to finish the Joke job.

Whew. Can't be too careful with this stuff … I've come this far. I'm not givin' up now!

Stan: It's gonna be a bumpy ride, but it'll all be worth it.

2. Mable: Okay, so I was just opening random doors - because I'm Sarcasm a creep - when I found something amazing!

Dipper: If it was worth waking up at seven AM for, that will be amazing.

3. Mable: Bro we’re both thinking about it. Joke

Mable and Dipper: Crazy rooftop party!

Stan: Not so fast, kids! There is no way on earth you're setting off those dangerous, illegal fireworks...without me.

4. Stan: Here you go, sweetie. Set something on fire for your Parody Grunkle Stan.

Mable: I AM THE GOD OF DESTRUCTION!

5. Blubs: Hold on a minute. Do you have a permit for those? Sarcasm

Stan: Uh, do you have a permit for being totally lame?

Universitas Sumatera Utara 6. Stan: But seriously though we should probably clean this mess Riddle up.

Mable: With water balloons?

Stan: I don't see why not.

7. Stan: Ah. This is what Saturdays are for. Doing dumb things Satire forever.

8. Mable: To Grunkle Stan! Not just a great uncle… Sarcasm

Dipper: The greatest uncle!

Stan: Alright, alright. I tell you it’s unnatural for siblings to get along as well as you do.

9. Stan: Kids, there's something I, uh, something I should tell you. Farce It's um…Well it's complicated. I... I'm gonna go refresh my soda.

10. Agent: Kids are secure. Roof team! Go! Joke

Agent 2 & 3 : Clear!

Agent 4: Pig secure! We have secured a pig!

11. Dipper: The government guys? I thought you got eaten by Irony zombies!

Trigger: We survived. Barely.

Powers: I used Trigger as a human shield. He cried like a baby.

12. Powers: Don't play dumb with us, Pines. Wit

Stan: But I actually am dumb!

13. Mable: Wait! Grunkle Stan! You've got the wrong guy! Our Wit Grunkle Stan might shoplift the occasional tangerine, but he's not some evil super villain!

14. Agent 5: Icy-pop. Clear. Joke

Mable: Hey!

15. Wendy: Headin' into work. Doo-doo-doo-doo-doooo. Joke

Universitas Sumatera Utara Agent 6: Ground team! Move! Move! Move!

Agent 7: Break down the door!

Wendy: Or maybe not.

16. Powers: Stanford Pines, you stand accused of theft of Pun government waste, conspiracy, and possession of illegal weapons. How do you plead to these charges?

Stan: Uh, guilti-cent! I mean, inno-guilty!

17. Powers: Stanford Pines, you stand accused of theft of Parody government waste, conspiracy, and possession of illegal weapons. How do you plead to these charges?

Stan: … Um, can I have my phone call?

18. Soos: Okay, gimme whatever you got that comes with a free toy. Wit

Stan: Soos!

Soos: Mr. Pines? Is this some sort of... possession situation?

19. Stan: Just pick up! Joke

Soos: Mr. Pines, what happened? I heard you got arrested or something? I had to go get some panic food.

20. Soos: Time for a repair guy to become a repair man. Irony

Drive-thru employee: Sir, your Junior Yum-Yum Baby-Time Kiddo Meal?

21. Surgeon: I'm about to make the incision... Parody

Justin: KER-PRANK!

TV Announcer: You're watching "KER-PRANK'D" with Justin Kerprank!

22. Stan: They're getting stronger. Of course, that's it! Wit

Tyler: Is it just me, or did the entire world just hiccup?

23. Tyler: Is it just me, or did the entire world just hiccup? Pun

Susan: I'm sure it's just a baby-sized earthquake.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 24. Agent 1: So is it a rock, or is it a face? Riddle

Agent 2: I think, it's... a metaphor.

25. Dipper: Alright. If I was Stan, where would I hide those Pun surveillance tapes?

Mable: Wait! The antelabbit!

Dipper: Don't you mean "jackalope?"

26. Dipper: "Hal Forrester?" "Andrew '8-Ball' Alcatraz?" These are Joke fake IDs, Mable! You wouldn't need these unless you were trying to hide your real identity!

27. Mable: There has to be some explanation. Maybe we're getting Farce Ker-Prank'd! Justin Kerprank is gonna jump up from behind one of these plants any minute now! ...Any minute, Justin.

28. Soos: Aah! Attack glitter! It's pretty, but it hurts! Irony

29. Dipper: I was wrong the whole time. The machine was meant to Joke create knowledge but it is too powerful. I was deceived, and now it is too late. The device, if fully operational, could tear our universe apart! It must not fall into the wrong hands. If the clock ever reaches zero, our universe is doomed!

Soos: It's the final countdown! Just like they always sung about!

Table 4. 1 Verbal Humour

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.2 Data Classification In classifying the data, there are some considerations to be done in detail.

Based on the definition of verbal humour explained by Shade (1996), the data

can be simplified by dividing them into 12 types of verbal humour.

The researchers collected twenty nine verbal humours in the object of the

research. Those are divided into twelve categories, but three of them, limerick,

anecdote, and tall tale, have no value. Figure 4.1 shows the total number of

verbal humours discovered.

Verbal Humour Found in Gravity Falls Season 2 Episode 11: Not What He Seems 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Figure 4. 1 Verbal Humours Found in Gravity Falls Season 2 Episode 11: Not

What He Seems

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.3 Data Analysis In data analysis, the discussion would be the explanation of how the sentences

are categorized into a certain type of verbal humours. Furthermore, they will

be analysed by using the GTVH (General Theory of Verbal Humour).

4.3.1 Types of Verbal Humours

4.3.1.1 Pun According to Shade (1996:3), pun is the humorous use of words so as to suggest a different meaning or application; a play on words. The researcher has collected 3 verbal humours that refer to this type.

No Transcript 16. Powers: Stanford Pines, you stand accused of theft of government waste, conspiracy, and possession of illegal weapons. How do you plead to these charges? Stan: Uh, guilti-cent! I mean, inno-guilty! 23. Tyler: Is it just me, or did the entire world just hiccup? Susan: I'm sure it's just a baby-sized earthquake. 25. Dipper: Alright. If I was Stan, where would I hide those surveillance tapes? Mable: Wait! The antelabbit! Dipper: Don't you mean "jackalope?" Table 4. 2 Verbal Humour: Pun

Powers questioned Stan about his excuse in verbal humour no.16. Stan then replied, "Uh, guilti-cent!" Inno-guilty!” I mean. They wouldn't exist if you looked up guilti-cent or inno-guilty in your dictionary because they are made up of the words "guilty" and "innocent." The laughter is elicited by those word combinations, which results in a hilarious scenario.

There was a scenario where the earth vibrated a little, so Tyler asked

Susan if the entire world had just hiccupped, but Susan responded randomly by saying "it's just a baby-sized earthquake." The term "baby-sized" normally refers

Universitas Sumatera Utara to something small; however, the term "earthquake" makes the audience laugh, turning the situation into a comedy.

From verbal humour no.25, we can see Mable and Dipper were looking at the jackalope head on the wall which has a bolt on it. Then, confidently Mable told Dipper that it’s an “antelabbit”. Same case as the verbal humour no.17 shown, the word antelabbit is actually the combination of “antelope” and “rabbit”, but the one mounted on the wall is not just a rabbit, but it’s a jackrabbit. That’s why they actually called it “jackalope”. Those absurd combinations of words once again trigger the laugh.

4.3.1.2 Riddle A riddle is a problem, a mystery, a sentence, or a remark that is intended to elicit surprising or clever responses. The researchers found two riddles from the data.

No Transcript

6. Stan: But seriously though we should probably clean this mess up.

Mable: With water balloons? Stan: I don't see why not.

24. Agent 1: So is it a rock, or is it a face?

Agent 2: I think, it's... a metaphor.

Table 4. 3 Verbal Humour: Riddle

Verbal humour no.6 tells us about a riddle where Mable asking Stan to clean the mess by using water balloons. Then, Stan unexpectedly answered “I

Universitas Sumatera Utara don’t see why not.” Stan's unexpected response causes the audience to laugh out loud.

In verbal humour no.24, there were two agents that observing a Rock that looked like a face. Then, one of them giving a question “so is it a rock or is it a face?” then another agent answered “I think it’s… a metaphor.” The shocking answer from the second agent triggers a humorous effect in the story.

4.3.1.3 Joke A joke is something that is said to make people laugh and contains one or more of the following elements: numerous interpretations of words, idioms, and metaphors; ambiguity; incongruity; and a sudden shift in viewpoint (Shade,

1996:3). Two lexical jokes, one deep structure joke, one metalinguistic joke, and the rest are general jokes were discovered in the transcription by the researcher.

No Transcript 1. Stan: Come on, come on. Should be just enough to finish the job. Whew. Can't be too careful with this stuff … I've come this far. I'm not givin' up now! Stan: It's gonna be a bumpy ride, but it'll all be worth it. 3. Mable: Bro we’re both thinking about it. Mable and Dipper: Crazy rooftop party! Stan: Not so fast, kids! There is no way on earth you're setting off those dangerous, illegal fireworks...without me. 10. Agent: Kids are secure. Roof team! Go! Agent 2 & 3: Clear! Agent 4: Pig secure! We have secured a pig! 14. Agent 5: Icy-pop. Clear. Mable: Hey! 15. Wendy: Headin' into work. Doo-doo-doo-doo-doooo. Agent 6: Ground team! Move! Move! Move! Agent 7: Break down the door! Wendy: Or maybe not. 19. Stan: Just pick up! Soos: Mr. Pines, what happened? I heard you got arrested or something? I had to go get some panic food. 26. Dipper: "Hal Forrester?" "Andrew '8-Ball' Alcatraz?" These are fake

Universitas Sumatera Utara IDs, Mable! You wouldn't need these unless you were trying to hide your real identity! 29. Dipper: I was wrong the whole time. The machine was meant to create knowledge but it is too powerful. I was deceived, and now it is too late. The device, if fully operational, could tear our universe apart! It must not fall into the wrong hands. If the clock ever reaches zero, our universe is doomed! Soos: It's the final countdown! Just like they always sung about! Table 4. 4 Verbal Humour: Joke

Verbal humour no.1 is called a deep structure joke. Where there is a word

“bumpy ride” which actually is not really a bumpy ride. “Bumpy rides” usually occur when we are in a car, or in something that can bump. But, in this situation

Stan is in a room and waiting for his device to be turned on and it made the ambiguity for the situation.

Verbal humour no.3 shows sudden change of perspective. Firstly, Stan made a nerve-wrecking situation where he didn’t allow Mable and Dipper to have a firework party, but suddenly he smiled and said “without me”. That sudden change triggers laughter from the audience and it refers to a joke.

Verbal humour no.10 shows the incongruity with the fourth agent understanding. The first agent asked them to clear the roof, it meant to collect all important evidence and secure the victims. But, the fourth agent took the pigs which didn’t have any relation to the inspection. The incongruity triggers the laugh.

Verbal humour no. 14 experienced the same case as no.10 did, the incongruity happened again and this time it occurred to the sixth agent. He took the icy-pop by the girl’s hand. It affects laughter once again and it is a joke.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Verbal humour no.15 shows the sudden change of perspective. At first,

Wendy was in a spirit to go to work, even she murmured a rhyme, but once she saw several cops break into the house. She was afraid and changed her mind to go home instead.

Verbal humour no.19 shows that Stan and Soos were phoning each other and Soos claimed that he was panicking and he wanted to give the panic food. It triggers laughter because Soos used panic food to show that he was buying food because he was panicked, it makes the laughter and it is included in a joke.

Verbal humour no.26 shows Dipper in confusion to see many fake IDs for

Stan. And one of the names is 8-ball, as many people know that 8-ball refers to the pool, it is a metalinguistic joke because the word itself can support the laughter from the audience.

In verbal humour no.29, Soos talks about the final countdown, but he misunderstands the meaning of the final countdown in that situation, he refers to the final countdown as a song which people always sing to open the concert. The multiple meanings of this word can be the reason for the laughter and it belongs to a joke.

4.3.1.4 Satire Satire is a literary work that uses irony, sarcasm, invective, or wit to mock a current vice or folly (Shade, 1996:4). In the data, the researcher found one satire included.

No Transcript 7. Stan: Ah. This is what Saturdays are for. Doing dumb things

Universitas Sumatera Utara forever. Table 4. 5 Verbal Humour: Satire

The verbal humour above is a satire because it shows Stan who gave his criticism toward the purpose of Saturday to himself by saying that he did dumb things forever on Saturdays. So, Stan combines both humorous words and criticism, that’s what we call satire in verbal humour.

4.3.1.5 Parody According to Shade (1996:4), A parody is a spoof of a poet, music, narrative, or film in which the style is similar but the subject matter is completely different. There are three parodies found in the data by the researcher.

No Transcript 4. Stan: Here you go, sweetie. Set something on fire for your Grunkle Stan. Mable: I AM THE GOD OF DESTRUCTION! 17. Powers: Stanford Pines, you stand accused of theft of government waste, conspiracy, and possession of illegal weapons. How do you plead to these charges? Stan: … Um, can I have my phone call? 21. Surgeon: I'm about to make the incision... Justin: KER-PRANK! TV Announcer: You're watching "KER-PRANK'D" with Justin Kerprank! Table 4. 6 Verbal Humour: Parody

Verbal humour no.4 shows parody of Dragon Ball. Mable shouted “The

God of Destruction” which imitates the characters of Dragon Ball which is called as God of Destruction, who are the deities that destroy planets, races, or threats. It has a different meaning. It takes the same name but Mable means it positively, in contrast to what Dragon Ball means with the words.

In verbal humour no.17, Powers asked a question to Stan but Stan replied

“Can I have my phone call?” and it reminds us about a show named “Who Wants

Universitas Sumatera Utara to Be a Millionaire?” and there is one help choice, it is calling friends. So, this dialogue imitates the host with the participant in that TV show.

For verbal humour no.21, it imitates an American-hidden camera joke reality TV series which is hosted by Ashton Kutcher, Punk’d. Meanwhile in the

Gravity Falls, it’s named as Kerprank’d and the host is Justin.

4.3.1.6 Farce Shade (1996:4) explained that farce is a style of comedy marked by boisterous humour and extravagant gesture; absurd; ludicrous. The following is the farce found by the researcher in the data.

No Transcript 9. Stan: Kids, there's something I, uh, something I should tell you. It's um…Well it's complicated. I... I'm gonna go refresh my soda. 27. Mable: There has to be some explanation. Maybe we're getting Ker-Prank'd! Justin Kerprank is gonna jump up from behind one of these plants any minute now! ...Any minute, Justin. Table 4. 7 Verbal Humour: Farce

Verbal humour no.9 shows us that Stan is stuttering and being confused to tell Dipper and Mable about something but then he just says that he wanted to refresh his soda. It creates laughter to the audience ludicrously.

In verbal humour no.27, Mable was expecting that she and Dipper were getting pranked by Kerprank’d, so she called Justin several times but no one responded to her. This extravagant and absurd situation gives the audience a humorous effect and it provokes laughter from them and it belongs to farce.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.3.1.7 Irony Irony, according to Shade (1996:5), is a way for people to communicate in which the exact message contradicts the literal meaning. The researcher found three ironies from the data.

No Transcript 11. Dipper: The government guys? I thought you got eaten by zombies! Trigger: We survived. Barely. Powers: I used Trigger as a human shield. He cried like a baby. 20. Soos: Time for a repair guy to become a repair man. Drive-thru employee: Sir, your Junior Yum-Yum Baby-Time Kiddo Meal? 28. Soos: Aah! Attack glitter! It's pretty, but it hurts! Table 4. 8 Verbal Humour: Irony

In verbal humour no.11, it is “irony” because Trigger cried like a baby but he was used as a human shield. Human shield was supposed to be strong and brave but he cried like a baby. It creates a humorous effect on the audience.

Verbal humour no.20 is irony due to the meaning between the expectation and the reality. At first, Soos claimed himself had changed from a repair guy into a repair man. In other words, he claimed to be an adult. Meanwhile, the drive-thru employee came and delivered his order and his order created laughter because he ordered “junior yum-yum baby-time kiddo meal.

Verbal humour no.28 also an irony because it shows the opposition of glitter, as Soos said that glitter is pretty but it hurts, the contrasting meaning of glitter affects laughter to the audience.

4.3.1.8 Sarcasm Sarcasm is a various stylistic device used to criticize, often with sarcastic or ironic comments, with the goal of simultaneously amusing and hurting

Universitas Sumatera Utara someone or a group of people. The following are the sarcasms found from the data.

No Transcript 2. Mable: Okay, so I was just opening random doors - because I'm a creep - when I found something amazing! Dipper: If it was worth waking up at seven AM for, that will be amazing. 5. Blubs: Hold on a minute. Do you have a permit for those? Stan: Uh, do you have a permit for being totally lame? 8. Mable: To Grunkle Stan! Not just a great uncle… Dipper: The greatest uncle! Stan: Alright, alright. I tell you it’s unnatural for siblings to get along as well as you do. Table 4. 9 Verbal Humour: Sarcasm

Verbal humour no.2, Dipper shows sarcasm by insulting what has been

Mable state in her statement, “I found something amazing.” The sarcasm that

Dipper said triggers laughter and creates the humorous effect.

In verbal humour no.5, Stan shows sarcasm toward Blub’s statement by restating and modifying the sentence and he tried to mock by using the word

“lame.” The sarcasm creates a humorous effect.

In verbal humour no.8, it is sarcasm because after getting praised, he said that it’s not natural for siblings to get along so well which is known as the stereotype of sibling community that it’s hard to get along well. The sarcasm triggers laughter.

4.3.1.9 Wit Shade (1996:5) proposed that intellect; understanding; ingenuous connection of amusingly incongruous ideas; humour are used to evoke laughter.

The researcher found five wits from the data.

Universitas Sumatera Utara No Transcript 12. Powers: Don't play dumb with us, Pines. Stan: But I actually am dumb! 13. Mable: Wait! Grunkle Stan! You've got the wrong guy! Our Grunkle Stan might shoplift the occasional tangerine, but he's not some evil super villain! 18. Soos: Okay, gimme whatever you got that comes with a free toy. Stan: Soos! Soos: Mr. Pines? Is this some sort of... possession situation? 22. Stan: They're getting stronger. Of course, that's it! Tyler: Is it just me, or did the entire world just hiccup? Table 4. 10 Verbal Humour: Wit

In verbal humour no.12, Stan replied Power’s statement by saying “But I actually am dumb!” It shows wit because he says the one-line joke which is included in the wit area.

Wit has such a mocking quality in it so verbal humour no.13 can be included to wit. Mable is intended to help Stan by defending him but unintendedly, she also mocks him by saying “Our Grunkle Stan might shoplift the occasional tangerine.” It creates a funny effect unconsciously.

In verbal humour no.18, wit is shown by Soos. Soos connected the incongruous situation by saying “possession situation”. It is funny because Soos gave an absurd analogy by connecting Stan’s call to possession situation directly before Stan explained what happened.

Verbal humour no. 22 shows how Tyler also connects two incongruous ideas toward what Stan stated. They connected two different ideas, hiccup and the vibration. It produces laughter from the audiences.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.3.2 Verbal Humour Analysis This section is completed in order to respond to the second research question. It primarily addressed how the General Theory of Verbal Humour was used to analyse verbal humours discovered in the transcription of the animated TV series Gravity Falls. This section also includes a critique of the analysis.

GTVH proposed by Attardo (1994) is used mainly to analyse the object of research. There will be six parameters used to analyse verbal humour in this theory. Those variables make it possible to compare one humour to another. The

KRs are Script Opposition (SO), Language (LA), Situation (SI), Target (TA),

Logical Mechanism (LM), and Narrative Strategy (NS).

For the analysis, the researcher used the verbal humours found. Thus, there are twenty nine samples to be analysed. The following discussion will include the result and the discussion for every type.

4.3.2.1 Pun Analysis Verbal humour no.16 Transcript: Powers: Stanford Pines, you stand accused of theft of government waste, conspiracy, and possession of illegal weapons. How do you plead to these charges? Stan: Uh, guilti-cent! I mean, inno-guilty! SO Normal vs. abnormal LM Twisting Homonymy SI Powers asked Stan about his excuse to the charges. TA Stan NS Dialogue KR LA Set-up Powers: How do you plead to these charges?

Punch line Stan: Uh, guilti-cent! I mean, inno-guilty! Table 4.2. 1 Pun Analysis I

According to table 4.2.1, the pun opposes normal “innocent and guilty” and abnormal “inno-guilty or guilti-cent”, and it makes them as the SO of the pun.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Twisting homonymy was applied in the process of the combination of the two words, then it resulted in ambiguous meaning. Then, in this case, the situation (SI) in the pun was Powers who asked Stan about his excuse to the charges, Therefore,

Stan targeted this humour to himself. Furthermore, the pun was shown by using a dialogue NS where Powers and Stan did a question and answer. At last, the verbalization on the pun was constructed as shown in the table 4.2.1 with set up came first and the punch line was placed in the end.

Verbal humour no.23 Transcript: Tyler: Is it just me, or did the entire world just hiccup? Susan: I'm sure it's just a baby-sized earthquake. SO small vs. baby-sized LM Twisting Homonymy SI When Tyler asked about what happened with the entire world, Susan told him that it’s just a baby-sized earthquake. TA The world KR NS Dialogue LA Set-up Powers: did the entire world just hiccup?

Punch line Stan: I'm sure it's just a baby-sized earthquake. Table 4.2. 2 Pun Analysis II

According to table 4.2.2, the pun opposed “small” and “baby-sized”, and they are the SO of the pun. This pun applied Twisting Homonymy as the Logical

Mechanism. Furthermore, in this data, the situation was done when Tyler asked about what happened with the entire world, Susan told him that it’s just a baby- sized earthquake. Thus, humour focused on the world. After that, the pun was shown by using a dialogue which is displayed by question and answer. Finally, the verbalization on the pun was constructed as shown in the table 4.2.2 and the set up came first then the punch line was placed in the end.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Verbal humour no.25 Transcript: Dipper: Alright. If I was Stan, where would I hide those surveillance tapes? Mable: Wait! The antelabbit! Dipper: Don't you mean "jackalope?" SO jackalope vs. antelabbit LM Twisting Homonymy SI Dipper used antellabit instead of jackalope to tell where the surveillance tapes are. TA the head of an animal which looked like “antelope” and KR “rabbit” NS Dialogue LA Set-up Dipper: Alright. If I was Stan, where would I hide those surveillance tapes? Mable: Wait! The antelabbit!

Punch line Dipper: Don't you mean "jackalope?" Table 4.2. 3 Pun Analysis III

Based on table 4.2.3, the pun opposed “jackalope” with “antellabit”. And for the

Logical Mechanism, the twisting homonymy is applied. Then, the situation happened when Dipper looked for the surveillance tapes then Mable said that Stan hid it in an antellabit. But instead of antellabit, it’s actually called a jackalope.

Next, the humour was targeted to the head of an animal which looked like

“antelope” and “rabbit”. Also, the pun was shown by using a dialogue. Finally, the verbalization on the pun was constructed as shown in the table 4.2.3 with the set up came first then the punch line was placed in the end.

4.3.2.2 Riddle Analysis Verbal humour no.6 Transcript: Stan: But seriously though we should probably clean this mess up. Mable: With water balloons? Stan: I don't see why not. SO Possible vs. Impossible LM Fallacious reasoning SI Stan agreed to clean the mess by using water balloons.

Universitas Sumatera Utara TA - NS Dialogue KR LA Set-up Stan: But seriously though we should probably clean this mess up. Mable: With water balloons?

Punch line Stan: I don't see why not. Table 4.3. 1 Riddle Analysis I

In table 4.3.1, we can see that this riddle opposed possible and impossible things, which Stan said it is possible to clean the mess by using water balloons when it’s actually not. The fallacious reasoning was applied to this riddle because the premise is totally illogical, then it might result in absurdity and create laughter. Moreover, in this verbal humour, the situation (SI) was Stan agreed to clean the mess by using water balloons, and he doesn’t target anyone in this humour. After that, this riddle used a dialogue where both agents did a question and answer. At last, the verbalization was constructed as shown in the table 4.3.1 with set up came first and the punch line was placed last.

Verbal humour no.24 Transcript: Agent 1: So is it a rock, or is it a face? Agent 2: I think, it's... a metaphor. SO Metaphor vs. rock LM False analogy SI Two agents debated about a rock looks like a face. TA Rock NS Riddle KR LA Set-up Agent 1: So is it a rock, or is it a face?

Punch line Agent 2: I think, it's... a metaphor. Table 4.3. 2 Riddle Analysis II

According to table 4.3.2, the riddle opposed rock with metaphor. The false analogy was being used in this riddle because the comparison is used and the

Universitas Sumatera Utara comparison is totally illogical and it what makes laughter. Moreover, in this verbal humour, the situation (SI) was two agents debated about a rock looks like a face and targeted to the rock for the target humour. After that, this riddle used a dialogue where both agents did a question and answer. At last, the verbalization on the riddle was constructed as shown in the table 4.3.2 with set up came first and the punch line was placed last.

4.3.2.3 Joke Analysis Verbal humour no.1 Transcript: Stan: Come on, come on. Should be just enough to finish the job. Whew. Can't be too careful with this stuff … I've come this far. I'm not givin' up now! Stan: It's gonna be a bumpy ride, but it'll all be worth it. SO Bumpy ride vs. vibration LM Absurd neologism SI Stan started his device and he said it will be a little bumpy TA - NS Monologue KR LA Set-up Stan: Come on, come on. Should be just enough to finish the job. Whew. Can't be too careful with this stuff … I've come this far. I'm not givin' up now!

Punch line Stan: It's gonna be a bumpy ride, but it'll all be worth it. Table 4.4 1 Joke Analysis I

According to table 4.4.1, the words opposed this joke are bumpy ride with vibration. Because of the simplistic incongruity by interpreting the old term with absurd concept, the absurd neologism was used in this joke. Moreover, in this verbal humour, the situation (SI) was when Stan started his device and he said it will be a little bumpy. Next, this joke used a monologue. Finally, the verbalization

Universitas Sumatera Utara of this verbal humour was built as shown in table 4.4.1, with the set up comes first and the punch line coming last.

Verbal humour no.3 Transcript: Mable: Bro we’re both thinking about it. Mable and Dipper: Crazy rooftop party! Stan: Not so fast, kids! There is no way on earth you're setting off those dangerous, illegal fireworks...without me. SO Allowance vs. forbidden LM Fallacious reasoning SI Stan forbid Mable and Dipper to have crazy rooftop party without him TA - KR NS Conversation LA Set-up Mable: Bro we’re both thinking about it. Mable and Dipper: Crazy rooftop party! Stan: Not so fast, kids! There is no way on earth you're setting off those dangerous, illegal fireworks...

Punch line Stan: without me. Table 4.4 2 Joke Analysis II

According to table 4.4.2, the words opposed this joke are kinds of allowance and forbidden which the crazy rooftop party is forbidden, but Stan allowed them if they did it with him. The fallacious reasoning was being used in this joke. Moreover, in this verbal humour, the situation (SI) was Stan forbid

Mable and Dipper to have crazy rooftop party without him. Next, this joke used a conversation. Lastly, the verbalization was constructed as shown in the table 4.4.2 with set up came first and the punch line was placed last.

Verbal humour no.10 Transcript: Agent: Kids are secure. Roof team! Go! Agent 2 & 3: Clear! Agent 4: Pig secure! We have secured a pig! SO Normal vs. abnormal LM False analogy SI Agents secured all the valuable things but the fourth agent

Universitas Sumatera Utara secured a pig instead. TA - KR NS Conversation LA Set-up Agent: Kids are secure. Roof team! Go! Agent 2 & 3: Clear!

Punch line Agent 4: Pig secure! We have secured a pig! Table 4.4 3 Joke Analysis III

In table 4.4.3, the opposition is in the normal things to be secured to the abnormal things like that pig. Because of the misunderstanding of the fourth agent, the false analogy was being used in this joke. Furthermore, in this verbal humour, the situation (SI) was when the agents secured all the valuable things but the fourth agent secured a pig instead. Then, this joke used a conversation. Lastly, the verbalization on the joke was constructed as shown in the table 4.4.3 which started by the set up then following to the punch line last.

Verbal humour no.14 Transcript: Agent 5: Icy-pop. Clear. Mable: Hey! SO Normal vs. abnormal LM False analogy SI Agents secured all the valuable things and the fifth agents secured icy pop instead. TA - KR NS Conversation LA Punch-line Agent 5: Icy-pop. Clear. Table 4.4 4 Joke Analysis IV

In table 4.4.4, the opposition is in the normal things to be secured to the abnormal things like that icy-pop. Because of the misunderstanding of the fifth agent, the false analogy was being used in this joke. Furthermore, in this verbal humour, the situation (SI) was when the agents secured all the valuable things but the fifth agent secured an icy pop instead. Then, this joke used a conversation.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Lastly, the verbalization on the joke was constructed as shown in the table 4.4.4 which there is no set up but directly goes to the punch line.

Verbal humour no.15 Transcript: Wendy: Headin' into work. Doo-doo-doo-doo-doooo. Agent 6: Ground team! Move! Move! Move! Agent 7: Break down the door! Wendy: Or maybe not. SO Spiritful vs. spiritless LM Fallacious reasoning SI Wendy was spiritful to start her work but when she saw the mess she became spiritless and changed her mind. TA - KR NS Monologue LA Set-up Wendy: Headin' into work. Doo-doo-doo-doo-doooo. Agent 6: Ground team! Move! Move! Move! Agent 7: Break down the door!

Punch line Wendy: Or maybe not. Table 4.4 5 Joke Analysis V

Based on table 4.4.5, the spiritful and spiritless opposed this joke, which was triggered because of the agents. The fallacious reasoning was being used in this joke. Moreover, in this verbal humour, the situation (SI) was when Wendy was spiritful to start her work but when she saw the mess she became spiritless and changed her mind. Next, this joke used a monologue. Lastly, the verbalization on this joke was constructed as shown in the table 4.4.5 with set up came first and the punch line was placed last.

Verbal humour no.19 Transcript: Stan: Just pick up! Soos: Mr. Pines, what happened? I heard you got arrested or something? I had to go get some panic food. SO Food vs. feeling LM Absurd interpretation SI Stan called Soo while he’s ordering his food so he was panic and claiming that he got panic food.

Universitas Sumatera Utara TA Food KR NS Conversation LA Set-up Stan: Just pick up! Soos: Mr. Pines, what happened?

Punch line Soos: I heard you got arrested or something? I had to go get some panic food. Table 4.4 6 Joke Analysis VI

Based on table 4.4.6, Soos opposed food with his feeling in this joke. The absurd interpretation was being used in this joke where Soos absurdly claimed that when we’re panic than that food became our panic food. Moreover, in this verbal humour, the situation (SI) was when Stan called Soos while he’s ordering his food so he was panic and claiming that he got panic food, so this joke refers to his “food”. Next, this joke used a conversation by phone. Lastly, the verbalization on this joke was constructed as shown in the table 4.4.5 which is started by a set up and the punch line was placed last.

Verbal humour no.26 Transcript: Dipper: "Hal Forrester?" "Andrew '8-Ball' Alcatraz?" These are fake IDs, Mable! You wouldn't need these unless you were trying to hide your real identity! SO game vs. name LM Twisting homonymy SI Dipper found out that Stan had fake IDs TA - NS Monologue KR LA Punch line Dipper: "Hal Forrester?" "Andrew '8-Ball' Alcatraz?" Table 4.4 7 Joke Analysis VII

Based on table 4.4.7, this joke opposed a billiard game named “8-ball” with his name. The twisting homonymy was being used in this joke where the word 8-ball which is actually a game became Stan’s fake middle name. Moreover, in this verbal humour, the situation (SI) was when Dipper found out that Stan had

Universitas Sumatera Utara fake IDs. Next, this joke used a monologue to deliver the joke. Lastly, the verbalization on this joke was constructed as shown in the table 4.4.7 is not started with the set up but go to the punch line directly instead.

Verbal humour no.29 Transcript: Dipper: I was wrong the whole time. The machine was meant to create knowledge but it is too powerful. I was deceived, and now it is too late. The device, if fully operational, could tear our universe apart! It must not fall into the wrong hands. If the clock ever reaches zero, our universe is doomed! Soos: It's the final countdown! Just like they always sung about! SO Countdown vs. song LM False analogy SI Dipper told about that clock reaches zero, then Soos thought it’s a song. TA Countdown KR NS Conversation LA Set up Dipper: I was wrong the whole time. The machine was meant to create knowledge but it is too powerful. I was deceived, and now it is too late. The device, if fully operational, could tear our universe apart! It must not fall into the wrong hands. If the clock ever reaches zero, our universe is doomed!

Punch line Dipper: It's the final countdown! Just like they always sung about! Table 4.4 8 Joke Analysis VIII

In table 4.4.8, this joke opposed a countdown with the title of song,

“countdown”. Because of that misunderstanding and misinterpretation between two comparisons, then the false analogy was being used in this joke which targeted to the countdown. Moreover, in this verbal humour, the situation (SI) was when Dipper told about that clock reaches zero so Soos thought it’s a song. Next, this joke used a conversation to deliver the joke. Lastly, the verbalization on this joke was constructed as shown in the table 4.4.8 was started with the set up and continued to the punch line.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.3.2.4 Satire Analysis Verbal humour no.7 Transcript: Stan: Ah. This is what Saturdays are for. Doing dumb things forever. SO Actual vs. Non-actual LM Insult/Put Down Humour SI Stan found the purpose of Saturday. TA Saturday NS Monologue KR LA Set up Stan: Ah. This is what Saturdays are for.

Punch line Stan: Doing dumb things forever. Table 4.5 1Satire Analysis

This parody pitted real vs. non-real, as shown in Table 4.5. As satire was done to criticize something, insult humour became the Logical Mechanism (LM) of this satire. Furthermore, the scenario (SI) in this verbal humour was when Stan discovered the intent of Saturday, where he believed it would be doing stupid things forever, implying that Saturday was the target of this humour. Next, this joke used a monologue to deliver the joke. Finally, the verbalization for this satire was built as shown in table 4.5, beginning with the set up and ending with the punch line.

4.3.2.5 Parody Analysis Verbal humour no.4 Transcript: Stan: Here you go, sweetie. Set something on fire for your Grunkle Stan. Mable: I AM THE GOD OF DESTRUCTION! SO Actual vs. non-actual. LM Insult and put-down humour SI Stan asked for something on fire and Mable imitate the words from Dragon-Ball TA Mable KR NS Conversation LA Set up Stan: Here you go, sweetie. Set something on fire for your

Universitas Sumatera Utara Grunkle Stan.

Punch line Mable: I AM THE GOD OF DESTRUCTION! Table 4.6. 1 Parody Analysis I

In table 4.6.1, the spoof compares the exact words used by Mable to show that she's on fire with the exact words used by dragon-ball to show that he's the

God of Destructions in that movie. Because Mable uses the stereotype that something on fire means destructions, insult or put-down humour became the

Logical Mechanism (LM) of this spoof. Furthermore, the scenario (SI) in this verbal humour was when Stan asked for something on fire and Mable imitated the words from the Dragon-Ball movie, referring the joke to herself. Next, this joke used a conversation to deliver the joke. Lastly, the verbalization on this parody was constructed as shown in the table 4.6.1 was started with the set up and continued to the punch line.

Verbal humour no.17 Transcript: Powers: Stanford Pines, you stand accused of theft of government waste, conspiracy, and possession of illegal weapons. How do you plead to these charges? Stan: … Um, can I have my phone call? SO Actual vs. non-actual. LM - SI Stan answers Powers’ question by imitating a TV show named ‘who wants to be a millionaire?’ TA - KR NS Dialogue LA Set up Powers: Stanford Pines, you stand accused of theft of government waste, conspiracy, and possession of illegal weapons. How do you plead to these charges?

Punch line Stan: … Um, can I have my phone call? Table 4.6. 2 Parody Analysis II

Universitas Sumatera Utara In table 4.6.2, the parody shows that the script opposition was actual vs. nonfactual where the actual one is from the TV shows mentioned before and it’s one of a hint, so Stan imitated that scene in this humour. Moreover, in this verbal humour, the situation (SI) was Stan answered Powers’ question by imitating a TV show named ‘who wants to be a millionaire?’ Next, this joke used a dialogue and they did a question-answer way to deliver the joke. Lastly, the verbalization on this parody was constructed as shown in the table 4.6.2 was started with the set up and continued to the punch line.

Verbal humour no.21 Transcript: Surgeon: I'm about to make the incision... Justin: KER-PRANK! TV Announcer: You're watching "KER-PRANK'D" with Justin Kerprank! SO Actual vs. non-actual. LM Twisting Homonymy SI The surgeon was pranked and the TV Announcer and Justin suddenly out of their hidden place. TA - KR NS Simple Narrative LA Set up Surgeon: I'm about to make the incision... Justin: KER-PRANK!

Punch line TV Announcer: You're watching "KER-PRANK'D" with Justin Kerprank! Table 4.6. 3 Parody Analysis III

According to table 4.6.3, the parody shows that the script opposition was actual vs. nonfactual and the actual one is actually the name of a TV shows in

America, Punk’d and the writer imitated that title and the show by changing the title as Kerprank’d. For the Logical Mechanism, this humour used the twisting homonymy by using the same way in showing the ‘passive’ form of a punk and kerprank by adding apostrophe and the letter d only (-‘d) when it was supposed to

Universitas Sumatera Utara be punked and kerpranked. Moreover, in this verbal humour, the situation (SI) was when the surgeon was pranked and the TV Announcer and Justin suddenly out of their hidden place. Next, this joke used a simple narrative to deliver the joke. Lastly, the verbalization on this parody was constructed as shown in the table 4.6.2 was started with the set up and continued to the punch line.

4.3.2.6 Farce Analysis Verbal humour no. 9 Transcript: Stan: Kids, there's something I, uh, something I should tell you. It's um…Well it's complicated. I... I'm gonna go refresh my soda. SO Expectations vs. reality LM Word repetition SI Stan wants to tell something to the kids but he can’t do it TA - NS Monologue KR LA Set up Stan: Kids, there's something I, uh, something I should tell you. It's um…Well it's complicated.

Punch line Stan: I... I'm gonna go refresh my soda. Table 4.7. 1 Farce Analysis I

According to table 4.7.1, the script opposition was expectation vs. reality which Stan at first expected that he would just say about the truth but then in reality it was hard and he wasn’t able to say it to the kids. For the Logical

Mechanism, this humour used the word repetition where the word ‘I’ was repeated several times to show that Stan was in an unsure situation. Thus, in this verbal humour, the situation (SI) was when Stan wants to tell something to the kids but he can’t do it. Next, this joke used a monologue to deliver the joke.

Lastly, the verbalization on this humour was constructed as shown in the table which was started with the set up and continued to the punch line.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Verbal humour no.27 Transcript: Mable: There has to be some explanation. Maybe we're getting Ker-Prank'd! Justin Kerprank is gonna jump up from behind one of these plants any minute now! ...Any minute, Justin. SO Expectation vs. reality LM Word repetition SI Mable was expecting that she and Dipper were getting pranked by Kerprank’d. TA - KR NS Monologue LA Set up Mable: There has to be some explanation. Maybe we're getting Ker-Prank'd! Punch line Mable: Justin Kerprank is gonna jump up from behind one of these plants any minute now! ...Any minute, Justin. Table 4.7. 2 Farce Analysis II

In the table 4.7.2, the script opposition was also expectation vs. reality which Mable expected that what was happening was only a prank but in reality it was actually real and they didn’t get prank. For the Logical Mechanism, this humour used the word repetition where the word ‘any minute’ was repeated twice.

Also, in this verbal humour, the situation (SI) was when Stan Mable was expecting that she and Dipper were getting pranked by Kerprank’d. Thus, this joke used a monologue to deliver the joke. Lastly, the verbalization on this farce was constructed as shown in the table which was started with the set up and continued to the punch line.

4.3.2.7 Irony Analysis Verbal humour no.11 Transcript: Dipper: The government guys? I thought you got eaten by zombies! Trigger: We survived. Barely. Powers: I used Trigger as a human shield. He cried like a baby. SO Strength vs. weakness LM Insult/put down humour SI Dipper thinks that the government has got eaten by zombies

Universitas Sumatera Utara but they survived because of trigger which is cried like a baby TA Trigger KR NS Conversation LA Set up Dipper: The government guys? I thought you got eaten by zombies! Trigger: We survived. Barely.

Punch line Powers: I used Trigger as a human shield. He cried like a baby. Table 4.8. 1 Irony Analysis I

Table 4.8.1 shows the script opposition was strength vs. weakness which the human shield was usually strong but when Triggers became the human shield, he cried like a baby instead. For the Logical Mechanism, this humour used the insult/putdown humour where Powers targeted the humour to Trigger, the situation (SI) was when Dipper thinks that the government has got eaten by zombies but they survived because of trigger which is cried like a baby. Thus, this joke used a conversation to deliver the joke. Lastly, the verbalization was constructed as shown in the table which was started with the set up and continued to the punch line.

Verbal humour no.20 Transcript: Soos: Time for a repair guy to become a repair man. Drive-thru employee: Sir, your Junior Yum-Yum Baby-Time Kiddo Meal? SO Expectation vs. reality LM Insult/put down humour SI Soos wanted to change his childish side to be more mature but then a drive-thru employee ruins it TA Soos KR NS Conversation LA Set up Soos: Time for a repair guy to become a repair man.

Punch line Drive-thru employee: Sir, your Junior Yum-Yum Baby-Time Kiddo Meal?

Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 4.8. 2 Irony Analysis II

In table 4.8.2, the script opposition was the expectation vs. reality which

Soos who usually a childish man expected himself to be the real man but then a drive thru employee gave his a baby meal order which is so contrast to the real man concept. For the Logical Mechanism, this humour used the insult/put down humour where targeted to Soos, the situation (SI) was when Soos wanted to change his childish side to be more mature but then a drive-thru employee ruins it.

Thus, this joke used a conversation to deliver the joke. Lastly, the verbalization on this humour was constructed as shown in the table which was started with the set up and continued to the punch line.

Verbal humour no.20 Transcript: Soos: Aah! Attack glitter! It's pretty, but it hurts! SO Good vs. bad LM Insult/put down humour SI Soos was attacked by a glitter TA Glitter NS Monologue KR LA Set up Soos: Aah! Attack glitter!

Punch line Soos: It's pretty, but it hurts! Table 4.8. 3 Irony Analysis III

According to table 4.8.3, the script opposition was good vs. bad which talked about the pretty glitter but hurt people. For the Logical Mechanism, this humour used the insult/put down humour where targeted to the glitter, the situation (SI) was when Soos was attacked by a glitter. Thus, this joke used a monologue to deliver the joke. Lastly, the verbalization on this irony was constructed as shown in the table which was started with the set up and continued to the punch line.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.3.2.8 Sarcasm Analysis Verbal humour no.2 Transcript: Mable: Okay, so I was just opening random doors - because I'm a creep - when I found something amazing! Dipper: If it was worth waking up at seven AM for, that will be amazing. SO Praising vs. insulting LM Insult/put down humour SI Mable praises herself that the random doors was so amazing then Dipper claimed it’s amazing if it’s worth after messing with his sleep KR TA Mable NS Conversation LA Set up Mable: Okay, so I was just opening random doors - because I'm a creep - when I found something amazing!

Punch line Dipper: If it was worth waking up at seven AM for, that will be amazing. Table 4.9. 1 Sarcasm Analysis I

In the table 4.9.1, the script opposition was praising vs. insulting which

Mable wanted to get praise of her invention toward a random door while Dipper shows that he insulted his sister by using sarcasm. Thus, the Logical Mechanism for this humour was the insult/put down humour which targeted to Mable, the situation (SI) was when Mable praised herself that the random doors was so amazing then Dipper claimed it’s amazing if it’s worth after messing with his sleep. Moreover, this humour used conversation to deliver the joke. Lastly, the verbalization was constructed as shown in the table which was started with the set up and continued to the punch line.

Verbal humour no.5 Transcript: Blubs: Hold on a minute. Do you have a permit for those? Stan: Uh, do you have a permit for being totally lame? SO Old-fashion vs. modernity LM Insult/put down humour SI Stan insulted Blubs for being lame after he got a warning from

Universitas Sumatera Utara him. TA Blubs KR NS Dialogue LA Set up Blubs: Hold on a minute. Do you have a permit for those?

Punch line Stan: Uh, do you have a permit for being totally lame? Table 4.9. 2 Sarcasm Analysis II

From the table 4.9.2, it showed that the script opposition was the old- fashion vs. modernity where Stan mocked Blubs for being so lame in the modern era. Thus, the Logical Mechanism for this humour was the insult/put down humour which targeted to Blubs, the situation (SI) was when Stan insulted Blubs for being lame after he got a warning from him. In addition, this humour used dialogue to deliver the joke. Lastly, the verbalization on this humour was constructed as shown in the table 4.9.2 which was started by the set up and the punch line was placed last.

Verbal humour no.8 Transcript: Mable: To Grunkle Stan! Not just a great uncle… Dipper: The greatest uncle! Stan: Alright, alright. I tell you it’s unnatural for siblings to get along as well as you do. SO Actual vs. non-actual LM Insult/put down humour SI Stan Stereotyped that siblings do not get along so well. TA Siblings NS Conversation KR LA Set up Mable: To Grunkle Stan! Not just a great uncle… Dipper: The greatest uncle!

Punch line Stan: Alright, alright. I tell you it’s unnatural for siblings to get along as well as you do. Table 4.9. 3 Sarcasm Analysis III

Universitas Sumatera Utara From the table 4.9.3, it showed that the script opposition was the actual siblings would not get along so well vs. the non-actual siblings would get along so well based on Stan’s experience so he insulted the siblings. Then, the Logical

Mechanism for this humour was the insult/put down humour which targeted to siblings, the situation (SI) was when Stan Stereotyped that siblings do not get along so well. Next, this humour used conversation to deliver the joke. Lastly, the verbalization on this sarcasm was constructed as shown in the table 4.9.3 which the set up was placed first and the punch line was placed last.

4.3.2.9 Wit Analysis Verbal humour no.12 Transcript: Powers: Don't play dumb with us, Pines. Stan: But I actually am dumb! SO Expectation vs. reality LM Insult/put down humour SI Stan was claimed to play dumb with Powers, but it’s actually the truth. TA Stan KR NS Conversation LA Set up Powers: Don't play dumb with us, Pines.

Punch line Stan: But I actually am dumb! Table 4.10. 1 Wit Analysis I

According to table 4.10.1, the script opposition was expectation vs. reality which the expectation came from Powers that Stan was just playing dumb. But, the reality came from Stan that he claimed that he wasn’t playing dumb, he was really dumb. Then, the Logical Mechanism for this humour was the insult/put down humour which targeted to Stan, the situation (SI) was when Stan was claimed to play dumb with Powers, but it’s actually the truth. Furthermore, this humour used conversation to deliver the joke. At last, the verbalization on this

Universitas Sumatera Utara humour was constructed as shown in the table 4.10.1 which the set up was placed first and the punch line was placed last.

Verbal humour no.13 Transcript: Mable: Wait! Grunkle Stan! You've got the wrong guy! Our Grunkle Stan might shoplift the occasional tangerine, but he's not some evil super villain! SO Small thief vs. evil villain LM False analogy SI Mable tried to defend Stan by telling his other crime TA - NS Monologue KR LA Set up Mable: Wait! Grunkle Stan! You've got the wrong guy!

Punch line Mable: Our Grunkle Stan might shoplift the occasional tangerine, but he's not some evil super villain! Table 4.10. 2 Wit Analysis II

The table 4.10.2 showed that the script opposition was small this vs. evil villain. Then, the Logical Mechanism for this humour was the false analogy humour where Mable thought that a small thief would not be in jail meanwhile an evil villain would. Then, the situation (SI) was when Mable tried to defend Stan by telling his other crime. Moreover, this humour used monologue to deliver the joke. And finally, the verbalization was constructed as shown in the table 4.10.2 was placed the set up first and continued to the punch line last.

Verbal humour no.18 Transcript: Soos: Okay, gimme whatever you got that comes with a free toy. Stan: Soos! Soos: Mr. Pines? Is this some sort of... possession situation? SO Normal vs. abnormal LM Absurd interpretation SI Soos was panicked after getting phone by Stan while he was ordering something. TA - KR NS Dialogue

Universitas Sumatera Utara LA Set up Soos: Okay, gimme whatever you got that comes with a free toy. Stan: Soos! Soos: Mr. Pines?

Punch line Soos: Is this some sort of... possession situation? Table 4.10. 3 Wit Analysis III

From the table 4.10.3, we could get the script opposition was normal vs. abnormal where the normal way to say it was “kidnapping” but Soos used the abnormal word “possession situation” instead. Then, the Absurd Interpretation was claimed to be the Logical Mechanism. After that, the situation (SI) was when

Soos was panicked after getting phone by Stan while he was ordering something.

Moreover, this humour used dialogue to deliver the joke. At last, the verbalization on this humour was constructed as shown in the table 4.10.2 was placed the set up first and continued to the punch line last.

Verbal humour no.22 Transcript: Tyler: Is it just me, or did the entire world just hiccup? SO Actual vs. non-actual LM False analogy SI Stan and Tyler feel something get stronger on earth while Tyler is on his way TA - KR NS Monologue LA Set-up Tyler: is it just me,

Punch line Tyler: or did the entire world just hiccup? Table 4.10. 4 Wit Analysis IV

From the table 4.10.4, the SO contrasted the actual vs. non-actual. t is

being used to counteract two distinct scripts. The wit presented a strange

analogy in comparing two things toward an accident that occurred on his way

Universitas Sumatera Utara in need of laughs, using a false analogy for the Logical Mechanism (LM). With the SO and LM built, the wit has a certain circumstance, where Tyler was feeling something got stronger on earth while he was on his way. In that situation, the TA is none. The wit was written as a monologue for the NS.

Lastly, the wit on the table 4.10.4 showed a punch line was located at the end of the wit.

Based on the results of the analysis, it can be inferred that the verbal humour in the Gravity Falls transcription was linguistically examined using

Attardo's (1994) General Theory of Verbal Humour and six Knowledge

Resources (KRs). From the Script Opposition (SO) to the Language (LA), they were featured in a hierarchical structure. Every element in the verbal humours would be examined by each KR.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions The researcher gathered 29 verbal humours from the study's subject, with joke being the most common (eight out of the total of 29). Then wit, which appeared four times out of the 29 verbal humours. Out of 29 verbal humours, each pun, spoof, irony, and sarcasm appeared three times. Furthermore, out of 29 verbal humours, both riddle and farce appeared twice. Last but not least, satire emerged only once out of a total of 29 verbal humours.

After analysing linguistics of the verbal humour, which is utilizing the

Knowledge Resources of the General Theory of Verbal Humours (GTVH) in the hierarchical way started from Script Opposition (SO) and it was closed by the

Language (LA). The researcher concluded that it’s successfully done to employ the theory in analysing the linguistics of verbal humour found in the Gravity Falls transcription.

5.2. Suggestions The researcher encouraged readers to conduct more research on humour, particularly verbal humour, which is still a relatively new field with few researchers working on it. As a result, doing more research on verbal humour is a good idea. This research focused not only on the transcription of situation comedy

TV shows, but also on other works that include verbal humours, such as radio, songs, movies, poetry, comics, and so on.

Universitas Sumatera Utara The General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH) and its Knowledge

Resources (KRs) are also useful tools for linguistically analyzing verbal humour.

Thus, the researcher suggests the GTVH to be applied in conducting further analysis of verbal humour. By employing the GTVH, it allows the researcher to focus on the certain Knowledge Resources, such as SO, LM, SI, TA, NS, or LA.

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